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A bong (also water pipe or moof) is a filtration device generally used for smoking cannabis, tobacco, or other herbal substances.

In construction and function a bong is similar to a hookah, except smaller and more portable. A bong may be constructed from any air- and water-tight vessel by adding a bowl and stem apparatus (or slide) which guides air downward to below water level whence it bubbles upward ("bubbler") during use. To get fresh air into the bong and harvest the last remaining smoke, a hole known as the "carburetor", "carb", "choke", "bink", "rush" or "shotty", somewhere on the lower part of the bong above water level, is first kept covered during the toke, then opened.

The word bong is an adaptation of the Thai word baung (Template:Lang-th [bɔːŋ]), which refers to a cylindrical wooden tube, pipe, or container cut from bamboo, and which also refers to the bong used for smoking.

Bongs have been in use by the Hmong, in Laos and Thailand, and all over Africa for centuries. One of the earliest recorded uses of the word in the West is in the McFarland Thai-English Dictionary, published in 1944, which describes one of the meanings of bong in the Thai language as, "a bamboo waterpipe for smoking kancha, tree, hashish, or the hemp-plant." A January 1971 issue of the Marijuana Review also used the term.

History

Yo who first invented the bong? deffently Cheech... The use of a water pipe for smoking was introduced in China during the late Ming Dynasty (16th century), along with tobacco, through Persia and the Silk Road. By the Qing Dynasty, it became the most popular method to smoke tobacco, but became less popular since the Republic era. While typically employed by commoners, the water pipe is known to have been preferred by Empress Dowager Cixi over snuff bottles or other methods of intake. According to the Imperial Household Department, she was buried with at least three water pipes; some of her collections can be seen in the Palace Museum.

The water pipe employed since the Qing dynasty can be divided into two types: the homemade bamboo bong commonly made and used by country people, and a more elegant metal version employed by Chinese merchants, urbanites, and nobility. Metal utensils are typically made out of bronze or brass, the nobility version of silver and decorated with jewelries. Typically, the metal version is made out of the following components:

• The water pipe itself, a single-piece construct consisting of the bowl-stem, the water container, and a drawtube at least 12-inches in length bent to resemble a crane. The size of the bowl is analogous to a one-hitter, typically the width of a thumbnail or smaller.
• The tobacco container with a lid.
• A pipe rack small enough to be held by one hand, and consisting of two large holes for the tobacco container and the water pipe. It may have smaller holes to hold various pipe tools.

During a smoking session, the user may keep all equipment inside the rack and just hold the entire assembly (rack, pipe, and container) in one hand, lighting the bowl with a slow-burning paper wick (纸煤) lit over a coal stove. Unlike in North America, the water pipe is typically employed by older generations.

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Use

The rationale behind the use of a bong is the claim that the cooling effect of the water helps to reduce the chance of burning the mouth, airways, and lungs, thus using a bong to smoke is safer. The water can trap some heavier particles and water-soluble molecules, preventing them from entering the smoker's airways. The mechanics of a bong are compared to those of a laboratory gas washing bottle.

Bongs are often either glass or plastic that use a bowl, stem, and water to produce smoke. After the bowl has been packed and water has been inserted into the bong, the substance is lit and the smoke is drawn through water to produce a smoother smoke than other methods of smoking do. To smoke a bong, the smoker must inhale in the bong so bubbles containing smoke begin to come from the stem. Once the bong has a fair amount of smoke built up, the stem is separated from the bong and the remaining smoke will go into the smoker's lungs.

However, a 2000 NORML-MAPS cannabis study found that "water pipes filter out more psychoactive THC than they do other tars, thereby requiring users to smoke more to reach their desired effect". In the study, smoke from cannabis supplied by the NIDA was drawn through a number of smoking devices and analyzed. This study looked at the tar to cannabinoid ratio in the gas outputted by various bongs, as well as unfiltered and filtered joints, and vaporizers. The results showed that only vaporizers produced a better tar to cannabinoid ratio than unfiltered joints, but that within the cannabinoids produced, even vaporizers warped the ratio of THC (the psychoactive component of the smoke) to CBN (capable of producing medial benefits but is not psychoactive) in favor of CBN. This showed an unfiltered joint had the best tar to THC ratio of all, and bongs were actually seriously detrimental in this respect.

MAPS also reviewed a study that examined the effects and composition of water-filtered and non-filtered cannabis and tobacco smoke. It found that when alveolar macrophages were exposed to unfiltered smoke, their ability to fight bacteria was reduced, unlike exposure to water-filtered smoke. It also found substantial epidemiological evidence of a lower incidence of carcinoma among tobacco smokers who used water-pipes, as opposed to cigarettes, cigars, and regular pipes. "It appears that water filtration can be effective in removing components from cannabis smoke that are known toxicants... The effectiveness of toxicant removal is related to the smoke's water contact area."

Specially designed water pipes, incorporating particulate filters and gas-dispersion frits, would likely be most effective in this regard; the gas-dispersion frit serves to break up the smoke into very fine bubbles, thereby increasing its water-contact area." These frits are commonly referred to as "diffusers" for the way that they diffuse (or disperse) the smoke as it exits the downstem, and usually consist of small holes or slats at the end of the downstem. This study suggests that a bong's smoke is less harmful than unfiltered smoke.

Legality

In the United States, under the Federal Drug Paraphernalia Statute, which is part of the Controlled Substances Act, it is illegal to sell, transport through the mail, transport across state lines, import, or export drug paraphernalia.

In countries where marijuana and hashish are illegal, some retailers specify that bongs are intended for use with tobacco in an attempt to circumvent laws against selling drug paraphernalia. While technically 'bong' does not mean a device used for smoking mainly marijuana, drug-related connotations have been formed with the word itself (partly due to punning with Sanskrit bhangah "hemp"). Thus for fear of the law some head shops will not serve customers who use the word "bong" or "bongs".

See also

• Drug paraphernalia
• Hookah
• One hitter (smoking)
• Operation Pipe Dreams
• Thuoc lao
• Water pipe percolator

References

1. "Office of National Drug Control Policy".
2. "Contraband: The Sale of Regulated Goods on the Internet".
3. Can a human skull be used as a bong?, retrieved 12 May 2008
4. "Thai dictionary entry for baawng".
5. "History of the Bong".
6. "Information on Chinese Water pipe from Hudong (chinese)".
7. "Information on Chinese Water pipe from Baidu (chinese)".
8. "Marijuana Consumption: Smoking, Eating, And Drinking Marijuana".
9. Keliher, Evan (2003). Grandpa's Marijuana Handbook (2nd ed. ed.). Chula Vista, California: Aventine Press. p. 37. ISBN 9781593301354. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
10. "MAPS/CaNORML vaporizer and waterpipe studies".
11. ^ Nicholas V. Cozzi, Ph.D. Effects of water filtration on marijuana smoke: a literature review
12. "DEA Definition of Paraphernalia".
13. "Phoenix New Times: Head Games".

Further reading

• Erika Dugas, Michèle Tremblay, Nancy C.P. Low, Daniel Cournoyer, Jennifer O'Loughlin: Water-Pipe Smoking Among North American Youths, Pediatrics, Published online May 10, 2010, doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2335 (Full Text free)

External links

• US Patent number:, Water pipe or bong William V. Erickson et al.

• Drug paraphernalia
• Cannabis smoking