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| '''Harriet Tubman''' (born ] or ] in ], died ], ] in ]), also known as ''Black Moses'', ''Grandma Moses'', or Moses of Her People, was an ] ]. An escaped slave, she worked as a ], laundress, nurse, and ]. As an ], she acted as intelligence gatherer, refugee organizer, raid leader, ], and fundraiser, all as part of the struggle for liberation from ] and ]. | '''Harriet Tubman''' (born ] or ] in ], died ], ] in ]), also known as ''Black Moses'', ''Grandma Moses'', or Moses of Her People, was an ] ]. An escaped slave, she worked as a ], laundress, nurse, and ]. As an ], she acted as intelligence gatherer, refugee organizer, raid leader, ], and fundraiser, all as part of the struggle for liberation from ] and ]. | ||
| == Early life == | == Early life == | ||
| She was born into slavery in Dorchester County, Maryland. Extensive research now reveals that Harriet Tubman was probably born in late February or early March, 1822, in an area south of ] called Peter's Neck. Harriet herself claimed she was born sometime between 1820-1825. Born Araminta Ross, she was the fifth of nine children, four boys and five girls, of Ben and Harriet Greene Ross. She rarely lived with her owner, Edward Brodess, but from the age of six was frequently hired out to other masters. She endured inhumane treatment from some masters, including an incident where an overseer who she had prevented from |
She was born into slavery in Dorchester County, Maryland. Extensive research now reveals that Harriet Tubman was probably born in late February or early March, 1822, in an area south of ] called Peter's Neck. Harriet herself claimed she was born sometime between 1820-1825. Born Araminta Ross, she was the fifth of nine children, four boys and five girls, of Ben and Harriet Greene Ross. She rarely lived with her owner, Edward Brodess, but from the age of six was frequently hired out to other masters. She endured inhumane treatment from some masters, including an incident where an overseer who she had prevented from captureing a runaway slave hurled a two-pound weight at her, striking her head. As a result of the severe blow, she suffered intermittent epileptic seizures for the rest of her life (though at times she also used her brain damage to her advantage). During this period Edward Brodess sold three of Harriet's sisters, Linah, Soph, and Mariah Ritty. When she was a young adult she took the name Harriet, possibly in honor of her mother. Around ] she married John Tubman, a free man. | ||
| == Escape and abolitionist career == | == Escape and abolitionist career == | ||
Revision as of 03:50, 28 March 2006
Harriet Tubman (born 1820 or 1822 in Dorchester County, Maryland, died March 10, 1913 in Auburn, New York), also known as Black Moses, Grandma Moses, or Moses of Her People, was an African-American freedom fighter. An escaped slave, she worked as a lumberjack, laundress, nurse, and cook. As an abolitionist, she acted as intelligence gatherer, refugee organizer, raid leader, nurse, and fundraiser, all as part of the struggle for liberation from slavery and racism.
Early life
She was born into slavery in Dorchester County, Maryland. Extensive research now reveals that Harriet Tubman was probably born in late February or early March, 1822, in an area south of Madison called Peter's Neck. Harriet herself claimed she was born sometime between 1820-1825. Born Araminta Ross, she was the fifth of nine children, four boys and five girls, of Ben and Harriet Greene Ross. She rarely lived with her owner, Edward Brodess, but from the age of six was frequently hired out to other masters. She endured inhumane treatment from some masters, including an incident where an overseer who she had prevented from captureing a runaway slave hurled a two-pound weight at her, striking her head. As a result of the severe blow, she suffered intermittent epileptic seizures for the rest of her life (though at times she also used her brain damage to her advantage). During this period Edward Brodess sold three of Harriet's sisters, Linah, Soph, and Mariah Ritty. When she was a young adult she took the name Harriet, possibly in honor of her mother. Around 1844 she married John Tubman, a free man.
Escape and abolitionist career
Edward Brodess died in early March 1849, leaving behind his wife, Eliza, and eight children. To pay her dead husband's mounting debts and to save her small farm from seizure, Eliza decided to sell some of the family's slaves. Fearing sale into the Deep South, Tubman took her emancipation into her own hands. Sometime in the fall of 1849 she escaped northward, leaving behind her free husband who did not want to follow. On her way she was assisted by sympathetic Quakers and other members of the Abolitionist movement, both black and white, who were instrumental in maintaining the Underground Railroad. She was called "Moses" by those she helped escape on the Underground Railroad. She made many trips to Maryland to help other slaves escape. According to her own estimates and those of her close associates, Tubman personally guided around 70 slaves to freedom in about 13 expeditions. She was never captured and, in her own words, "never lost a passenger." She also provided detailed instructions to many more who found their way to freedom on their own. Her owner, Eliza Brodess, posted a $100 reward for her return, but no one ever knew that it was Harriet Tubman who was responsible for spiriting away so many slaves from her old neighborhood in Maryland. Over the years, after the American Civil War, it was reported that there had been a $40,000 reward for Tubman's capture; but this was all a myth to further dramatize Harriet's greatness in the post-war period. She was successful in bringing away her four brothers: Ben, Robert, Henry, and Moses, but failed to rescue her beloved sister Rachel, and Rachel's two children, Ben and Angerine. Rachel died in 1859 before Harriet could rescue her. During the American Civil War, in addition to working as a cook and a nurse, she served as a spy for the North. Again she was never captured, and she guided hundreds of people trapped in slavery into Union camps during the Civil War.
In 1863, Tubman led a raid at Combahee River Ferry in Colleton County, South Carolina, allowing hundreds of slaves to run to their freedom. This was the first military operation in U.S. history planned and executed by a woman. Tubman, in disguise, had visited plantations in advance of the raid and instructed slaves to prepare to run in to the river where Union ships would be waiting for them. Union troops exchanged fire with Confederate troops in this incident; there were casualties on both sides.
Methods
The reason for her success in her adventures was partly due to her great intelligence, cunning, daring, and ruthlessness in following "well developed" plans for her expeditions. She relied upon the closely knit black community for many of her rescue missions to Maryland to help her bring away her family and friends. She was careful not to meet her charges near the plantations they were running away from. She sent messages to them so they could meet her at another secret location. She was well versed in disguises. She once took the precaution of carrying two chickens with her. One time she felt in danger when she recognized a former master nearby. She released the chickens and chased them to recapture them. This amused the master, who never realized the ineffectual chicken chaser was, in fact, a cunning slave stealer.
One time at a train station, she found that slave-catchers were watching the trains heading north in hopes of capturing her and her charges. Without hesitation, she had her group board a southbound train, successfully gambling that the retreat into enemy territory would never be anticipated by her pursuers and later resumed her planned route at a safer location.
In addition, she had a strict policy that while any slave could turn down the risk of going north, anyone who did decide to go north but then wanted to turn back halfway would be shot dead to prevent the dissenter from betraying the group. Fortunately, Tubman apparently never had to resort to such measures.
Post American Civil War life
Harriet Tubman was an activist for African-American and women's rights. With Sarah Bradford acting as her biographer and transcribing her stories, she was able to have an exaggerated story of her life published in 1869 as Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman. This was of considerable help to her sad financial state - she was not awarded a government pension for her military service until some 30 years after the fact. That same year she married Nelson Davis, another Civil War veteran twenty-two years her junior. They lived together in the home she purchased in Auburn, New York, from her famous friend William H. Seward, secretary of state of the United States of America under President Abraham Lincoln. She was surrounded by family and friends who chose to settle near her after the Civil War.
Eventually, due to crippling arthritis and fragile health, she moved into the home for sick and aged African Americans that she herself had helped to found. It was built on land, which she herself had purchased, abutting her own property in Auburn, New York. She died there in 1913. She told stories of her adventures until the end of her days. She was given a full military burial. In her honor, a memorial plaque was placed on the Cayuga County Courthouse in Auburn. Today, Harriet Tubman is honored every March 10, the day of her death.
In 1944, a United States Liberty ship named the SS Harriet Tubman was launched. She was scrapped in 1972.
Quotes by Harriet Tubman
- "If I could have convinced more slaves that they were slaves, I could have freed thousands more."
- "I never lost a passenger."
- "I can't die but once."
See also
- List of African-American abolitionists
- Slave narrative
- African American literature
- Underground Railroad
External links
- Harriet Tubman Biography
- Full text of Jailbreak Out Of History, a re-biography of Harriet Tubman, by Butch Lee
- Full text of Harriet, The Moses of Her People, from Project Gutenberg
- Harriet Tubman Famous Mother
- Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman fulltext
References
- "Work uncovers site where raid freed 700 slaves". December 1.
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Humez, Jean. Harriet Tubman: The Life and Life Stories. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 2003
Larson, Kate Clifford. Bound For the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman, Portrait of an American Hero. New York: Ballantine Books, 2004.
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