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===Partisans in the Baltic States=== ===Partisans in the Baltic States===
Soviet Partisans also operated in the ]. In ], they were under the leadership of ]. In ] they were first under Russian and Belarussian command, and from Soviet Partisans operated also in the ]. In ], under the leadership of ]. In ] they were first subordinated to the Russian and Belarussian command, and from
January 1943, directly subordinated to the Central Staff in Moscow, under the leadership of ]. Another prominent commander was the historian ], head of a unit of 3000 men. He is responsible for destroying about 130 German military trains. In ], the partisans had a separate command from November 1942, under ]. In the ], a resistance organisation called FPO-Fareinikte Partisaner Organizatzie was established by Communist and Zionist partisans - their first leaders were ], a member of the Communist Party, and the writer ]. January 1943, directed subordinated to the Central Staff in Moscow, under the leadership of ] (a prominent commander was also the historian ], head of a unit strong of 3000 men he is responsible for destroying about 130 German military trains). In ] the partisans had a separate command since November 1942 under ]. In the ] a resistance organisation called FPO-Fareinikte Partisaner Organizatzie was established by Communist and Zionist partisans - their first leader was ] (member of the Communist Party), then the writer ].


In all three Baltic States the largest number of the Soviet partisans were ], ] as well some ]. The resistance movement of the Latvians, Lithuanians, and Estonians was separate, and generally hostile to the Soviet political sytem, therefore, only a small number of people of these nationalities joined the cause of the Soviet partisans. In all three Baltic States the largest number of the Soviet partisans were ], ] and in Lithuania and southeast Latvia as well some ]. The resitsance movement of the Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians and Poles was separate and pro-independence, therefore, only a small number of people of these nationalities has joined the cause of the Soviet partisans.


===Partisans in territories annexed by Soviet Union from Poland=== ===Partisans in the western Belarus and Ukraine===
When the ] was partitioned by the ] and ] in respect to the Secret Protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact most of the rural Belarusian and Ukrainian populations welcomed them. As during the brief time between the ] most of the land was briefely subjected to Sovietization and de-Polonisation which included Belarusifiaction and Ukrainization in the respectible states. Most of the local population became very allied to the Soviet regime and bravely joined the Partisan raids such as those lead by ] and ] as well as the ] in Western Belarus.
As Soviet partisans in territories occupied from ] by USSR consisted from former Soviet Army soldiers, Russians and Belarussians, and people of Jewish ethnicity, they weren't supported by local Polish population, which had seen them as representing former occupiers.

Soviet partisans engaged in plunder, terror against civilian population, mass murder and were despised by many locals
However the local population, which numbered up to a million people saw the Soviet Union differentely. Even today Polish sources give urge that the partisans consisted of former Soviet Army soldiers, Russians and Belarussians, and people of Jewish ethnicity .
<ref name="Forms">{{pl icon}}Forms of constraint applied by the Soviet authorities in relation to the people of Wilejka region Professor Franciszek Sielicki Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie, Wrocław, 1997

''Villagers couldn't stand Soviet partisans because they conducted shamefull robberies. They stole whatever they could, even children't toys .One doesn't have to mention they stealed horses, cows, pigs, underwear, etc. They were many cases, when faced with resistance, they hanged poor peasents by their legs, upside down, to force them into giving something. Behind Willa, in forests and swamps, they formed new units constantly-otriads, which opressed our villages''</ref>
Most of the Poles however, did ally with the partisans and combined operations between the Polish Home army was common.
Polish population was classified by Soviet partisans as an enemy target, just like German forces and Polish villages were constantly attacked, whole families murdered as well as Poles who formed the intellectual elite. Attacks on Poles were organised and reports were made in a manner similar to describing military operations. Soviet command also ordered their partisans to attack Polish underground groups. As Polish Home Army was a force of ], and reckognised as allied soldiers, this means that Soviets ordered an attack on Allied soldiers.
Soviet partisans have even massacred whole villages if faced with resistance, the most infamous one been the ].
In Poland there is ongoing research on mass murder of Polish citizens, including women and children in massacres conducted by Soviet partisans.


==Assessment== ==Assessment==

Revision as of 00:09, 11 April 2006

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Template:ImageStackRight The Soviet partisans were members of the anti-fascist resistance movement which fought against the Axis occupation of the Soviet Union during the Second World War.

Beginning of anti-German guerilla resistance

At the end of June 1941, immediately after German forces crossed the Soviet border, the Central Committee of the Communist Party ordered Party members to organize an underground resistance in the occupied territories (pre-war plans for such operation existed). Although formal creation was ordered in 1941, it was only in 1942-43 that underground cells sprang up throughout Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russian regions such as Bryansk occupied by the invaders. Partisans waged guerrilla warfare against the occupiers, and enjoyed increasing support from the local population which was antagonized by German brutality.

Partisans consisted of people left behind the German lines, including escapees from German prisoner of war camps, and refugees from the German terror. No formal recruitment procedures existed. While in some areas in Western Ukraine and Belarus only recently attached to the USSR from Poland parts of the local population was initially supportive to the German occupation that drove out the oppressive Stalinist regime, they soon found out that the Nazi rule was even more brutal as future of locals was seen as getting killed, expelled or used for slave labor. Naturally, under this circumstances, many locals rallied to join the anti-fascist resistance.

Areas of operations

Partisans in Belarus

Belorussian guerrillas liquidated, injured and took prisoner some 500 000 German soldiers.

Belarus had the largest number of Soviet partisans, numbering over 300,000 fighters under the leadership of Panteleymon Ponomarenko, Petr Masherov and others. As early as the spring of 1942 they were able to effectively harass German troops and significantly hamper their operations in the region.

Partisans in Ukraine

The first Ukrainian partisan detachments appeared in Chernihiv and Sumy regions. They developed out of Mykola Popudrenko's and Sydir Kovpak's underground groups, but only became a formidable force in 1943, by which stage they were operating throughout occupied Ukraine and numbered over 150,000 fighters.

Partisans in western Russia

In Bryansk region Soviet partisans controlled vast areas behind the German rear. In the summer of 1942 they effectively held territory of more than 14 000 square kilometers with population of over 200,000 people. Soviet partisans in the region were led by Alexei Fyodorov, Alexander Saburov and others and numbered over 60,000 men. Belgorod, Kursk, Novgorod, Pskov and Smolensk regions also had significant partisan activity during the occupation period.

Partisans in the Baltic States

Soviet Partisans operated also in the Baltic States. In Estonia, under the leadership of Nikolay Karotamm. In Latvia they were first subordinated to the Russian and Belarussian command, and from January 1943, directed subordinated to the Central Staff in Moscow, under the leadership of Arturs Sprongis (a prominent commander was also the historian Vilis Samsons, head of a unit strong of 3000 men he is responsible for destroying about 130 German military trains). In Lithuania the partisans had a separate command since November 1942 under Antanas Sniečkus. In the Vilnius Ghetto a resistance organisation called FPO-Fareinikte Partisaner Organizatzie was established by Communist and Zionist partisans - their first leader was Yitzhak Witenberg (member of the Communist Party), then the writer Abba Kovner.

In all three Baltic States the largest number of the Soviet partisans were Russians, Jews and in Lithuania and southeast Latvia as well some Belarussians. The resitsance movement of the Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians and Poles was separate and pro-independence, therefore, only a small number of people of these nationalities has joined the cause of the Soviet partisans.

Partisans in the western Belarus and Ukraine

When the Second Polish Republic was partitioned by the USSR and Nazi-Germany in respect to the Secret Protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact most of the rural Belarusian and Ukrainian populations welcomed them. As during the brief time between the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union most of the land was briefely subjected to Sovietization and de-Polonisation which included Belarusifiaction and Ukrainization in the respectible states. Most of the local population became very allied to the Soviet regime and bravely joined the Partisan raids such as those lead by Sidir Kovpak and Kuznetsov as well as the rail war campaign in Western Belarus.

However the local population, which numbered up to a million people saw the Soviet Union differentely. Even today Polish sources give urge that the partisans consisted of former Soviet Army soldiers, Russians and Belarussians, and people of Jewish ethnicity .

Most of the Poles however, did ally with the partisans and combined operations between the Polish Home army was common.

Assessment

The partisans' activities included disrupting the railroad communications and intelligence gathering and, typically, small hit and run operations. With the German supply lines already over extended the partisan operations in the rear of the front lines were able to severely disrupt the flow of supplies to the army that acted deep into the Soviet territory.

Among the targets of Soviet partizans were not only Axis military but also civilians accused to be Nazi collaborators or sometimes even those who did not supported partizans strong enough. According to the modern standards some of these attacks might be classified as war crimes, the most infamous one been the Koniuchy massacre. Today, in Latvia some former Soviet partisans are prosecuted for the alleged war crimes.

In the second half of the war, major partisan operations were coordinated with Soviet offensives. Partisans were often supported by airlifts. Upon liberation of parts of the Soviet territory the corresponding partisan detachments usually joined the regular Army.

Soviet partisans inflicted hundreds of thousands of casualties on Axis forces and contributed significantly to the Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War. In Belarus alone the guerillas liquidated, injured and took prisoner some 500 000 German soldiers

List of famous Soviet partisans


References


External links

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