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| {{Infobox person | |||
| |birth_name = Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey | |||
| |image = Frederick Douglass portrait.jpg | |||
| |image_size = 240px | |||
| |caption = Douglass, circa 1874 | |||
| |birth_date = c. February 1818<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1539.html |title=Frederick Douglass |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref> | |||
| |birth_place = ], ], United States | |||
| |death_date = February 20, 1895 (aged about 77) | |||
| |death_place = ], United States | |||
| |occupation = ], author, editor, diplomat | |||
| |spouse = ] (1838–1882)<br/>] (1884-1895) (his death) | |||
| |parents = Harriet Bailey and perhaps Aaron Anthony<ref>http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aafamilies.htm</ref> | |||
| |Political Party = Republican | |||
| |children = 5 | |||
| |signature = Douglass Signature.svg | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Frederick Douglass''' (born '''Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey''', c. February 1818<ref name="Birthdate">{{cite web | |||
| | url = http://www.africawithin.com/bios/frederick_douglass.htm | |||
| | title = Frederick Douglass | |||
| | accessdate = May 10, 2011 | |||
| }}</ref> – February 20, 1895) was an American social reformer, ], ] and ]. After escaping from ], he became a leader of the ] movement, gaining note for his dazzling oratory<ref name=oratory>{{Cite journal | |||
| | jstor = 30147499 | |||
| | title = Frederick Doulass and the Building of a "Wall of Anti-Slavery Fire," 1845-1846. An Essay Review | |||
| | author = Willard B. Gatewood Jr. | |||
| | date = January, 1981| journal = The Florida Historical Quarterly | |||
| | volume = 59 | |||
| | issue = 3 | |||
| | pages = 340–344 | |||
| }}</ref> and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens.<ref name="Service2005">{{cite book|author=Social Studies School Service|title=Big Ideas in U.S. History|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Hzo1l0zHV3UC&pg=PA27|accessdate=March 18, 2011|year=2005|publisher=Social Studies|isbn=9781560042068|page=27}}</ref><ref name="LawsonKirkland1999">{{cite book|author1=Bill E. Lawson|author2=Frank M. Kirkland|title=Frederick Douglass: a critical reader|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S8AXgZJ4I10C&pg=PA155|accessdate=March 18, 2011|date=January 10, 1999|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=9780631205784|pages=155–156}}</ref> Many Northerners also found it hard to believe that such a great orator had been a slave.<ref name=slave-orator>{{cite web | url = http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=629| title =Radical Reform and Antislavery| accessdate =March 17, 2011}} "When many Northerners refused to believe that this eloquent orator could have been a slave, he responded by writing an autobiography that identified his previous owners by name."</ref> | |||
| Douglass wrote several autobiographies, eloquently describing his experiences in slavery in his 1845 autobiography, '']'', which became influential in its support for abolition. He wrote two more autobiographies, with his last, '']'', published in 1881 and covering events through and after the Civil War. After the ], Douglass remained active in the United States' struggle to reach its potential as a "land of the free". Douglass actively supported ]. Without his approval he became the first African American nominated for ] ] ] on the impracticable and small ] ticket. Douglass held multiple public offices. | |||
| Douglass was a firm believer in the ] of all people, whether ], ], ], or recent ], famously quoted as saying, "I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong." <ref name=uniteQuote>{{Cite book | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wN9Dj-_wM0IC&pg=PA33&dq=%22I+would+unite+with+anybody+to+do+right+and+with+nobody+to+do+wrong.%22#v=onepage&q=%22I%20would%20unite%20with%20anybody%20to%20do%20right%20and%20with%20nobody%20to%20do%20wrong.%22&f=false | |||
| | title = The Anti-Slavery Movement, A Lecture by Frederick Douglass before the Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society | |||
| | author = Frederick Douglass | |||
| | year = 1855 | |||
| | unused_data = | |||
| | accessdate = October 6, 2010 | |||
| }} From page 33: 'My point here is, first, the Constitution is, according to its reading, an anti-slavery document; and, secondly, to dissolve the Union, as a means to abolish slavery, is about as wise as it would be to burn up this city, in order to get the thieves out of it. But again, we hear the motto, "no union with slave-holders;" and I answer it, as the noble champion of liberty, ], answered it with a more sensible motto, namely—''"No union with slave-holding."'' I would unite with anybody to do right; and with nobody to do wrong.'</ref> | |||
| ==Life as a slave== | |||
| ] in ]]] | |||
| Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, who later became known as Frederick Douglass, was born a ] in ], between ]<ref name="Narrative" /> and ], probably in his grandmother's shack east of Tappers Corner ({{Coord|38.8845|-75.958|region:US-WI_type:landmark|display=inline}}) and west of ].<ref name=Barker1996>{{cite web | |||
| | url = http://www.choptankriverheritage.org/douglass/ | |||
| | title = The Search for Frederick Douglass' Birthplace | |||
| | author = Amanda Barker | |||
| | year = 1996 | |||
| | accessdate = 8 Jan 2012 | |||
| }} | |||
| </ref> The exact date of Douglass' birth is unknown. He chose to celebrate it on Feb. 14.<ref name="Birthdate" /> The exact year is also unknown (on the first page of '']'', he stated: "I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.")<ref name="Narrative">{{cite book | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=k5c1THo4xpUC&pg=PA16&dq=autobiography+frederick+douglass#v=onepage&q=autobiography%20frederick%20douglass&f=false | |||
| | title = Narrative of the Life of an American Slave | |||
| | author = Frederick Douglass | |||
| | year = 1845 | |||
| | accessdate = 8 Jan 2012 | |||
| }}<br/>Frederick Douglass began his own story thus: "I was born in Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, and about twelve miles from Easton, in Talbot county, Maryland." (Tuckahoe is not a town; it refers to the area west of the creek in Talbot County.) In successive autobiographies, Douglass gave more precise estimates of when he was born, his final estimate being 1817. He adopted February 14 as his birthday because his mother Harriet Bailey used to call him her "little ]".</ref><ref>Slaves were punished for learning to read or write and so could not keep records. Based on the records of Douglass' former owner Aaron Anthony, historian ] determined that Douglass was born in February 1818. McFeely, 1991, p. 8.</ref> | |||
| {{Quote box |quote = The opinion was ... whispered that my master was my father; but of the correctness of this opinion I know nothing.... My mother and I were separated when I was but an infant.... It common custom, in the part of Maryland from which I ran away, to part children from their mothers at a very early age. | |||
| I do not recollect ever seeing my mother by the light of day. ... She would lie down with me, and get me to sleep, but long before I waked she was gone.| source = Chapter I <ref>{{Cite book | last = Douglass | first = Frederick | title = Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave. Written by himself. | publisher = H.G. Collins | edition = 6 | year = 1851 | location = London | page = 10 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=U69bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> | align = center | width = 70% | salign = right}} | |||
| After this separation, he lived with his maternal grandmother, Betty Bailey. His mother died when Douglass was about 10. At age seven, Douglass was separated from his grandmother and moved to the ] ], where Aaron Anthony worked as ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hstc.org/frederickdouglass.htm|title= "Frederick Douglass: Talbot County's Native Son", The Historical Society of Talbot County, Maryland}}</ref> When Anthony died, Douglass was given to Lucretia Auld, wife of Thomas Auld. She sent Douglass to serve Thomas' brother Hugh Auld in ]. | |||
| {{Slavery}} | |||
| When Douglass was about twelve years old, Hugh Auld's wife Sophia started teaching him the ] despite the fact that it was against the law to teach slaves to read. Douglass described her as a kind and tender-hearted woman, who treated Douglass like one human being ought to treat another. When Hugh Auld discovered her activity, he strongly disapproved, saying that if a slave learned to read, he would become dissatisfied with his condition and desire freedom. Douglass later referred to this statement as the "first decidedly antislavery lecture" he had ever heard.<ref>Douglass, Frederick. ''The life and times of Frederick Douglass: his early life as a slave, his escape from bondage, and his complete history'', p. 50. Dover Value Editions, Courier Dover Publications, 2003. ISBN 0-486-43170-3</ref> As told in his autobiography, Douglass succeeded in learning to read from white children in the neighborhood and by observing the writings of men with whom he worked. Mrs. Auld one day saw Douglass reading a newspaper; she ran over to him and snatched it from him, with a face that said education and slavery were incompatible with each other. | |||
| He continued, secretly, to teach himself how to read and write. Douglass is noted as saying that "knowledge is the pathway from slavery to freedom."<ref>Jacobs, H. and Appiah, K. (2004). ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave & Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.'' Mass Market Paperback, pp. xiii, 4.</ref> As Douglass began to read newspapers, political materials, and books of every description, he was exposed to a new realm of thought that led him to question and condemn the institution of slavery. In later years, Douglass credited '']'', which he discovered at about age twelve, with clarifying and defining his views on freedom and human rights. | |||
| When Douglass was hired out to William Freeland, he taught other slaves on the plantation to read the ] at a weekly ]. As word spread, the interest among slaves in learning to read was so great that in any week, more than 40 slaves would attend lessons. For about six months, their study went relatively unnoticed. While Freeland was complacent about their activities, other plantation owners became incensed that their slaves were being educated. One Sunday they burst in on the gathering, armed with clubs and stones, to disperse the congregation permanently. | |||
| In 1833, Thomas Auld took Douglass back from Hugh after a dispute ("s a means of punishing Hugh," Douglass wrote). Dissatisfied with Douglass, Thomas Auld sent him to work for ], a poor farmer who had a reputation as a "slave-breaker." He whipped Douglass regularly. The sixteen-year-old Douglass was nearly broken psychologically by his ordeal under Covey, but he finally rebelled against the beatings and fought back. After losing a physical confrontation with Douglass, Covey never tried to beat him again.<ref>Bowers, Jerome. . . Accessed June 3, 2010.</ref> | |||
| ==From slavery to freedom== | |||
| Douglass first tried to escape from Freeland, who had hired him out from his owner Colonel Lloyd, but was unsuccessful. In 1836, he tried to escape from his new owner Covey, but failed again. In 1837, Douglass met and fell in love with ], a ] in Baltimore about five years older than him. Her freedom strengthened his belief in the possibility of his own.<ref name="ThompsonConyers2010PA124" /> | |||
| On September 3, 1838, Douglass successfully escaped by boarding a train to ]. He was dressed in a ]'s ], provided to him by Murray, who also gave him part of her savings to cover his travel costs, and carried identification papers which he had obtained from a free black seaman.<ref name="ThompsonConyers2010PA124">{{Cite book|author1=Julius Eric Thompson|author2=James L. Conyers|title=The Frederick Douglass encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sTV8OsmDQPcC&pg=PA124|accessdate=February 27, 2011|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313319884|page=124}}</ref><ref name=blackpast>{{cite web | url=http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/douglass-anna-murray-c-1813-1882 | title=Anna Murray Douglass | work=] | accessdate=February 27, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Martin1986">{{Cite book|author=Waldo E. Martin|title=The mind of Frederick Douglass|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bZaZbr2xox8C&pg=PA15|accessdate=March 7, 2011|date=March 1, 1986|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=9780807841488|page=15}}</ref> He crossed the ] by ] at Havre de Grace, then continued by train to ], ]. From there he went by steamboat to "Quaker City" (], ]) and continued to the safe house of abolitionist ] in ]; the whole journey took less than 24 hours.<ref name=SouthCoast>{{Cite news | title= Discovering Anna Murray Douglass | date=February 17, 2008| work=] | url=http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080217/NEWS/802170364| accessdate=February 27, 2011}}</ref> | |||
| Frederick Douglass later wrote of his arrival in New York: | |||
| {{quote|I have often been asked, how I felt when first I found myself on free soil. And my readers may share the same curiosity. There is scarcely anything in my experience about which I could not give a more satisfactory answer. A new world had opened upon me. If life is more than breath, and the 'quick round of blood,' I lived more in one day than in a year of my slave life. It was a time of joyous excitement which words can but tamely describe. In a letter written to a friend soon after reaching New York, I said: 'I felt as one might feel upon escape from a den of hungry lions.' Anguish and grief, like darkness and rain, may be depicted; but gladness and joy, like the rainbow, defy the skill of pen or pencil.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Times of Frederick Douglass |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |year=1882 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=X8ILAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170 |page=170 |accessdate=December 20, 2009}}</ref>}} | |||
| ], Douglass' wife for 44 years]] | |||
| Once he had arrived, he sent for Murray to follow him to New York; she arrived with the necessary basics for them to set up home. They were married on September 15, 1838, by a black Presbyterian minister eleven days after his arrival in New York.<ref name="ThompsonConyers2010PA124" /><ref name=SouthCoast /> At first, they adopted Johnson as their married name.<ref name="ThompsonConyers2010PA124" /> | |||
| ==Abolitionist activities== | |||
| ] of the Johnsons, where Douglass lived in New Bedford]] | |||
| The couple settled in ]. After meeting and staying with ], they adopted Douglass as their married name.<ref name="ThompsonConyers2010PA124" /> Douglass joined several organizations, including a ], and regularly attended abolitionist meetings. He subscribed to ]'s weekly journal '']''. In 1841 he first heard Garrison speak at a meeting of the Bristol Anti-Slavery Society. At one of these meetings, Douglass was unexpectedly invited to speak. | |||
| After he told his story, he was encouraged to become an anti-slavery lecturer. Douglass was inspired by Garrison and later stated that "no face and form ever impressed me with such sentiments as did those of William Lloyd Garrison." Garrison was likewise impressed with Douglass and wrote of him in ''The Liberator''. Several days later, Douglass delivered his first speech at the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society's annual convention in ]. Then 23 years old, Douglass conquered his nervousness and gave an eloquent speech about his rough life as a slave. | |||
| In 1843, Douglass participated in the ]'s Hundred Conventions project, a six-month tour of meeting halls throughout the ] and ]. During this tour, he was frequently accosted, and at a lecture in ], was chased and beaten by an angry mob before being rescued by a local Quaker family, the Hardys. His hand was broken in the attack; it healed improperly and bothered him for the rest of his life.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Times of Frederick Douglass |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |year=1882 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=X8ILAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170 |pages=287–288 |accessdate=March 15, 2011}}</ref> A stone marker in Falls Park in the ] commemorates this event. | |||
| ===Autobiography=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Douglass' best-known work is his first ] '']'', published in 1845. At the time, some skeptics questioned whether a black man could have produced such an eloquent piece of literature. The book received generally positive reviews and became an immediate ]. Within three years of its publication, it had been reprinted nine times with 11,000 copies circulating in the United States; it was also translated into ] and ] and published in Europe. | |||
| Douglass published three versions of his autobiography during his lifetime (and revised the third of these), each time expanding on the previous one. The 1845 ''Narrative'', which was his biggest seller, was followed by '']'' in 1855. In 1881, after the ], Douglass published '']'', which he revised in 1892. | |||
| ===Travels to Ireland and Britain=== | |||
| ], ].]] | |||
| Douglass' friends and mentors feared that the publicity would draw the attention of his ex-owner, Hugh Auld, who might try to get his "property" back. They encouraged Douglass to tour ], as many former slaves had done. Douglass set sail on the ''Cambria'' for ] on August 16, 1845, and arrived in Ireland as the ] was beginning. | |||
| <blockquote>"Eleven days and a half gone and I have crossed three thousand miles of the perilous deep. Instead of a democratic government, I am under a monarchical government. Instead of the bright, blue sky of America, I am covered with the soft, grey fog of the Emerald Isle . I breathe, and lo! the chattel becomes a man. I gaze around in vain for one who will question my equal humanity, claim me as his slave, or offer me an insult. I employ a cab—I am seated beside white people—I reach the hotel—I enter the same door—I am shown into the same parlour—I dine at the same table—and no one is offended... I find myself regarded and treated at every turn with the kindness and deference paid to white people. When I go to church, I am met by no upturned nose and scornful lip to tell me, 'We don't allow niggers in here!'" – from '']''.</blockquote> He also met and befriended the ] ]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Life and Times of Frederick Douglass |last=Douglass |first=Frederick |year=1882 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RXQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=205#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=205 |accessdate=December 8, 2010}}</ref> who was to prove to be a great inspiration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/25/frederick-douglasss-irish-liberty/ |title=Frederick Douglass's Irish Liberty |last=Chaffin |first=Tom |date=February 25, 2011 |work=] |accessdate=February 26, 2011 }}</ref> | |||
| Douglass spent two years in ] and ], where he gave many lectures in churches and chapels. His draw was such that some facilities were "crowded to suffocation"; an example was his hugely popular London Reception Speech, which Douglass delivered at ] Finsbury Chapel in May 1846. Douglass remarked that in England he was treated not "as a color, but as a man."<ref name="Ruuth">Marianne Ruuth (1996). p.117-118. Holloway House Publishing, 1996</ref> | |||
| During this trip Douglass became legally free, as British supporters raised funds to purchase his freedom from his American owner Thomas Auld.<ref name="Ruuth"/> British sympathizers led by Ellen Richardson of ] collected the money needed.<ref>{{Cite book | |||
| | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=GWQDuizyvD0C&pg=PA59&dq=Frederick+douglass+buys+freedom#v=onepage&q&f=false | |||
| | title = Frederick Douglass: Rising Up from Slavery | |||
| | author = Frances E. Ruffin | |||
| | page = 59 | |||
| | year = 2008 | |||
| | accessdate =April 28, 2011 | |||
| | isbn = 9781402741180 | |||
| }}</ref> In 1846 Douglass met with ], one of the last living British abolitionists, who had persuaded Parliament to abolish slavery in Great Britain and its colonies.<ref>Simon Schama, ''Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution'', New York: HarperCollins, 2006 Pbk, pp. 415–421</ref> Many tried to encourage Douglass to remain in England to be truly free of the fear of chains, but with three million of his black brethren in bondage in the US, he left England in spring of 1847.<ref name="Ruuth"/> | |||
| ===Return to the United States=== | |||
| After returning to the US, Douglass produced some abolitionist newspapers: '']'', ''Frederick Douglass Weekly'', ''Frederick Douglass' Paper'', ''Douglass' Monthly'' and ''New National Era''. The ] of ''The North Star'' was "Right is of no Sex – Truth is of no Color – God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren." The abolitionist newspapers were mainly funded by supporters in England, who had sent him five hundred pounds to use as he so chose.<ref name="Ruuth"/> | |||
| In September 1848, Douglass published a letter addressed to his former master, Thomas Auld, berating him for his conduct, and enquiring after members of his family still held by Auld.<ref name="Finkelman2006-105" /><ref name="Douglass1848"/> In a graphic passage, Douglass asked Auld how he would feel if Douglass had come to take away his daughter Amanda as a slave, treating her the way he and members of his family had been treated by Auld.<ref name="Finkelman2006-105">{{cite book|author=Paul Finkelman|title=Encyclopedia of African American history, 1619–1895: from the colonial period to the age of Frederick Douglass|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-y0OAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=February 2, 2011|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=104–105|isbn=9780195167771}}</ref><ref name="Douglass1848">{{cite web|url=http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/02/i-am-your-fellow-man-but-not-your-slave.html|title=I am your fellow man, but not your slave,|accessdate=2012-03-03}}</ref> | |||
| ===Women's rights=== | |||
| ] | |||
| In 1848, Douglass was the only African American to attend the first ] convention, the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/doc/seneca_falls |title=Seneca Falls Convention |publisher=Virginia Memory |date=1920-08-18 |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref><ref>Stanton, 1997, p. 85.</ref> ] asked the assembly to pass a resolution asking for ].<ref>USConstitution.net. . Retrieved on April 24, 2009.</ref> Many of those present opposed the idea, including influential Quakers ] and ].<ref name=McMillen93/> Douglass stood and spoke eloquently in favor; he said that he could not accept the right to vote as a black man if women could not also claim that right. He suggested that the world would be a better place if women were involved in the political sphere. <blockquote>"In this denial of the right to participate in government, not merely the degradation of woman and the perpetuation of a great injustice happens, but the maiming and repudiation of one-half of the moral and intellectual power of the government of the world."<ref name=McMillen93>McMillen, 2008, pp. 93–94.</ref></blockquote> Douglass' powerful words rang true with enough attendees that the resolution passed.<ref name=McMillen93/><ref>National Park Service. Women's Rights. . Retrieved on April 24, 2009.</ref> | |||
| ===Douglass refines his ideology=== | |||
| In 1851, Douglass merged the ''North Star'' with ]'s ''Liberty Party Paper'' to form ''Frederick Douglass' Paper'', which was published until 1860. Douglass came to agree with Smith and ] that the ] was an anti-slavery document. | |||
| This reversed his earlier agreement with ] that it was pro-slavery. Garrison had publicly expressed his opinion by burning copies of the document. Further contributing to their growing separation, Garrison was worried that the ''North Star'' competed with his own '']'' and Marius Robinson's ''Anti-Slavery Bugle''. | |||
| Douglass' change of position on the Constitution was one of the most notable incidents of the division in the abolitionist movement after the publication of Spooner's book '']'' in 1846. This shift in opinion, and other political differences, created a rift between Douglass and Garrison. Douglass further angered Garrison by saying that the Constitution could and should be used as an instrument in the fight against slavery. | |||
| On July 5, 1852, Douglass delivered an address to the Ladies of the Rochester Anti-Slavery Sewing Society, which eventually became known as "What to the slave is the 4th of July?" It was a blistering attack on the hypocrisy of the United States in general and the Christian church in particular.<ref>University of Rochester Frederick Douglass Project. . Retrieved on November 26, 2010.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Douglass believed that education was the key for African Americans to improve their lives. For this reason, he was an early advocate for desegregation of schools. In the 1850s, he was especially outspoken in New York. The facilities and instruction for African-American children were vastly inferior. Douglass criticized the situation and called for court action to open all schools to all children. He stated that inclusion within the educational system was a more pressing need for African Americans than political issues such as suffrage. | |||
| Douglass was acquainted with the radical abolitionist ] but disapproved of Brown's plan to start an armed ] in the ]. Brown visited Douglass' home two months before he led the raid on the federal ] in ]. After the raid, Douglass fled for a time to Canada, fearing guilt by association and arrest as a co-conspirator. Douglass believed that the attack on federal property would enrage the American public. Douglass later shared a stage at a speaking engagement in Harpers Ferry with ], the prosecutor who successfully convicted Brown. | |||
| In March 1860, Douglass' youngest daughter Annie died in ], while he was still in England. Douglass returned from England the following month. He took a route through Canada to avoid detection. | |||
| ==Civil War years== | |||
| ===Before the Civil War=== | |||
| By the time of the ], Douglass was one of the most famous black men in the country, known for his orations on the condition of the black race and on other issues such as ]. His eloquence gathered crowds at every location. His reception by leaders in England and Ireland added to his stature. | |||
| ===Fight for emancipation and suffrage=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Douglass and the abolitionists argued that because the aim of the Civil War was to end slavery, African Americans should be allowed to engage in the fight for their freedom. Douglass publicized this view in his newspapers and several speeches. Douglass conferred with ] ] in 1863 on the treatment of black soldiers, and with President ] on the subject of black ]. | |||
| President ]'s ], which took effect on January 1, 1863, declared the freedom of all slaves in Confederate-held territory.<ref>Slaves in Union-held areas were not covered by this war-measures act.</ref> (Slaves in Union-held areas and Northern states would become freed with the adoption of the 13th Amendment on December 6, 1865.) Douglass described the spirit of those awaiting the proclamation: "We were waiting and listening as for a bolt from the sky ... we were watching ... by the dim light of the stars for the dawn of a new day ... we were longing for the answer to the agonizing prayers of centuries."<ref name="thecivilwaryears-thefightforemancipation">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/part4.html|title=The Fight For Emancipation |accessdate=April 19, 2007}}</ref> | |||
| During the ], Douglass supported ]. Douglass was disappointed that President Lincoln did not publicly endorse ] for black freedmen. Douglass believed that since ] men were fighting in the ], they deserved the right to vote.<ref>Stauffer (2008), ''Giants'', p. 280</ref> | |||
| With the North no longer obliged to return slaves to their owners in the South, Douglass fought for equality for his people. He made plans with Lincoln to move the liberated slaves out of the South. During the war, Douglass helped the Union by serving as a recruiter for the ]. His son Frederick Douglass Jr. also served as a recruiter and his other son, Lewis Douglass, fought for the 54th Massachusetts Regiment at the Battle of ]. | |||
| Slavery everywhere in the United States was outlawed by the post-war (1865) ratification of the ]. The ] provided for citizenship and equal protection under the law. The ] protected all citizens from being discriminated against in voting because of race. Douglass' support for the 15th Amendment, which failed to give women the vote, led to a temporary estrangement between him and the women's rights movement.<ref name="DouglassO'Meally2003">{{cite book|author1=Frederick Douglass|author2=Robert G. O'Meally|title=Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IVIwdPfWvjMC&pg=PR11|accessdate=February 1, 2011|date=November 30, 2003|publisher=Spark Educational Publishing|isbn=9781593080419|page=xi}}</ref> | |||
| ===Lincoln's death=== | |||
| ] | |||
| At the unveiling of the ] in Washington's Lincoln Park, Douglass was the keynote speaker. In his speech, Douglass spoke frankly about Lincoln, noting what he perceived as both the positive and negative attributes of the late President. He called Lincoln "the white man's president" and cited his tardiness in joining the cause of emancipation. He noted that Lincoln initially opposed the expansion of slavery but did not support its elimination. But Douglass also asked, "Can any colored man, or any white man friendly to the freedom of all men, ever forget the night which followed ], when the world was to see if Abraham Lincoln would prove to be as good as his word?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=39 |title=Oration in Memory of Abraham Lincoln by Frederick Douglass|publisher=Teachingamericanhistory.org |date= |accessdate=2008-09-04}}</ref> At this speech he also said: "Though Mr. Lincoln shared the prejudices of his white fellow-countrymen against the Negro, it is hardly necessary to say that in his heart of hearts he loathed and hated slavery...." | |||
| The crowd, roused by his speech, gave him a standing ovation. A long-told anecdote claims that the widow ] gave Lincoln's favorite ] to Douglass in appreciation. Lincoln's walking stick still rests in Douglass' house known as ]. | |||
| In his last autobiography ''The Life & Times of Frederick Douglass'', Douglass referred to Lincoln as America's "greatest President." | |||
| ==Reconstruction era== | |||
| ] of ] He built 2000–2004 17th Street, ], in 1875.]] | |||
| After the Civil War, Douglass was appointed to several political positions. He served as president of the ]-era ]; and as chargé d'affaires for the Dominican Republic. After two years, he resigned from his ambassadorship because of disagreements with U.S. government policy. In 1872, he moved to Washington, D.C., after his house on South Avenue in Rochester, New York burned down; arson was suspected. Also lost was a complete issue of ''The North Star''. | |||
| In ], Douglass supported the presidential campaign of ]. President Grant signed into law the ] and the second and third ]. Grant used their provisions vigorously, suspending '']'' in South Carolina and sending troops there and into other states; under his leadership over 5,000 arrests were made and the ] received a serious blow. Grant's vigor in disrupting the Klan made him unpopular among many whites, but Frederick Douglass praised him. An associate of Douglass wrote of Grant that African Americans "will ever cherish a grateful remembrance of his name, fame and great services." | |||
| In 1872, Douglass became the first African American nominated for ], as ]'s running mate on the ] ticket. He was nominated without his knowledge. During the campaign, he neither campaigned for the ticket nor acknowledged that he had been nominated. | |||
| ]'', Douglass' house in the ] neighborhood of Washington, D.C., is preserved as a ].]] | |||
| Douglass continued his speaking engagements. On the lecture circuit, he spoke at many colleges around the country during the Reconstruction era, including ] in ] in 1873. He continued to emphasize the importance of voting rights and exercise of suffrage. | |||
| In a speech delivered on November 15, 1867, Douglass said "A man's rights rest in three boxes. The ballot box, jury box and the cartridge box. Let no man be kept from the ballot box because of his color. Let no woman be kept from the ballot box because of her sex".<ref name=auken>{{cite book | |||
| |page=57 | |||
| |title=Williamsport: Boomtown on the Susquehanna | |||
| |author=Robin Van Auken, Louis E Hunsinger | |||
| |publisher=Arcadia Publishing | |||
| |year=2003 | |||
| |isbn=0738524387 | |||
| |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=zFclDyk2LTEC&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>This is an early version of the ] concept later used by conservatives opposed to gun control</ref> | |||
| In 1877, Douglass visited Thomas Auld, who was by then on his deathbed, and the two men reconciled. Douglass had met with Auld's daughter, Amanda Auld Sears, some years prior; she had requested the meeting and had subsequently attended and cheered one of Douglass' speeches. Her father told her she had done well in reaching out to Douglass. The visit appears to have brought closure to Douglass, although he received some criticism for making it.<ref name="Finkelman2006-105" /> | |||
| White insurgents had quickly arisen in the South after the war, organizing first as secret ] groups like the ]. Through the years, armed insurgency took different forms, the last as powerful ] groups such as the ] and the ] during the 1870s in the Deep South. They operated as "the military arm of the Democratic Party", turning out Republican officeholders and disrupting elections.<ref>George C. Rable, ''But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction'', Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p. 132</ref> Their power continued to grow in the South; more than 10 years after the end of the war, Democrats regained political power in every state of the former Confederacy and began to reassert white supremacy. They enforced this by a combination of violence, late 19th century laws imposing ] and a concerted effort to ] African Americans. From 1890–1908, Democrats passed new constitutions and statutes in the South that created requirements for voter registration and voting that effectively disfranchised most blacks and tens of thousands of poor whites.<ref>, accessed March 10, 2008</ref> This disfranchisement and segregation were enforced for more than six decades into the 20th century. | |||
| Douglass' stump speech for 25 years after the end of the Civil War was to emphasize work to counter the racism that was then prevalent in unions.<ref>Olasky, Marvin. "History turned right side up". ''WORLD magazine''. February 13, 2010. p. 22.</ref> | |||
| ==Family life== | |||
| Douglass and ] had five children: Rosetta Douglass, Lewis Henry Douglass, Frederick Douglass, Jr., Charles Remond Douglass, and Annie Douglass (died at the age of ten). Charles and Rossetta helped produce his newspapers. Anna Douglass remained a loyal supporter of her husband's public work, even though Douglass' relationships with ] and ], two women he was professionally involved with, caused recurring speculation and scandals.<ref name="ThompsonConyers2010PA125">{{cite book|author1=Julius Eric Thompson|author2=James L. Conyers|title=The Frederick Douglass encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sTV8OsmDQPcC&pg=PA125|accessdate=February 27, 2011|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313319884|page=125}}</ref> | |||
| In 1877, Douglass bought the family's final home in ], on a hill above the ]. He and Anna named it '']'' (also spelled ''CedarHill''). They expanded the house from 14 to 21 rooms, and included a china closet. One year later, Douglass purchased adjoining lots and expanded the property to 15 acres (61,000 m²). The home has been designated the ]. | |||
| Anna Murray-Douglass died in 1882, leaving him with a sense of great loss and ] for a time. He found new meaning from working with activist ]. | |||
| ] (sitting). The woman standing is her sister Eva Pitts.]] | |||
| In 1884, Douglass married again, to ], a white feminist from ]. Pitts was the daughter of ]., an abolitionist colleague and friend of Douglass. A graduate of ] (then called Mount Holyoke Female Seminary), she worked on a radical feminist publication named ''Alpha'' while living in Washington, D.C. The couple faced a storm of controversy with their marriage, since Pitts was both white and nearly 20 years younger than Douglass. Her family stopped speaking to her; his family connection was bruised, as his children felt his marriage was a repudiation of their mother. But feminist ] congratulated the couple.<ref name="winningthevote"> at winningthevote.org. Retrieved October 3, 2006.</ref> Douglass responded to the criticisms by saying that his first marriage had been to someone the color of his mother, and his second to someone the color of his father.<ref name="ThompsonConyers2010PA46">{{cite book|author1=Julius Eric Thompson|author2=James L. Conyers|title=The Frederick Douglass encyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sTV8OsmDQPcC&pg=PA46|accessdate=February 27, 2011|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313319884|page=46}}</ref> The new couple traveled to England, France, Italy, ] and ] from 1886 to 1887. | |||
| ==After Reconstruction== | |||
| As white Democrats regained power in the state legislatures of the South after ], they began to impose new laws that ] blacks and to create labor and criminal laws limiting their freedom. Many African Americans, called ]s, moved to large northern cities and to places like ]. In the latter case it was to form all-black towns where it was felt they could have a greater level of freedom and autonomy. Douglass spoke out against the movement, urging blacks to stick it out. He had become out of step with his audiences, who condemned and booed him for this position. | |||
| In 1877, Douglass was appointed a ]. In 1881, he was appointed ] for the ]. | |||
| In 1888, Douglass spoke at ], a black college in ] and the oldest such institution in the state.<ref>Richard Reid, ''The Times and Democrat'', (February 22, 2011). Retrieved June 3, 2011</ref> He urged his audiences to struggle and protest against slavery. | |||
| At the ], Douglass became the first African American to receive a vote for President of the United States in a ]'s roll call vote.<ref>"." Republican Convention 2000. ]/AllPolitics.com. Retrieved 2008-07-01.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YSENAAAAIAAJ|title=Official Proceedings of the Republican National Convention Held at Chicago, June 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 25, 1888|author1=National Convention|first1=Republican Party (U.S. : 1854- )|year=1903}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/25/dems.convention.trivia/index.html|title=CNN: Think you know your Democratic convention trivia? | date=August 26, 2008 | accessdate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> | |||
| He was appointed minister-resident and ] to the Republic of Haiti (1889–1891). In 1892 the Haitian government appointed Douglass as its commissioner to the ] ]. He spoke for ] and the efforts of leader ] in Ireland. He briefly revisited Ireland in 1886. | |||
| Also in 1892, Douglass constructed rental housing for blacks, now known as ], in the ] area of Baltimore. The complex was listed on the ] in 2003.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2008a}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mht.maryland.gov/nr/NRDetail.aspx?HDID=764&COUNTY=Baltimore%20City&FROM=NRCountyList.aspx?COUNTY=Baltimore%20City|title=Maryland Historical Trust|date=2008-11-21|work= Douglass Place, Baltimore City|publisher=Maryland Historical Trust}}</ref> | |||
| ===Death=== | |||
| ], ], ]]] | |||
| On February 20, 1895, Douglass attended a meeting of the National Council of Women in Washington, D.C. During that meeting, he was brought to the platform and given a standing ovation by the audience. Shortly after he returned home, Frederick Douglass died of a massive ] or ] in Washington, D.C. His funeral was held at the ] where thousands passed by his coffin paying tribute. He was buried in ] in ]. | |||
| ==Legacy and honors== | |||
| <br style="clear: both;" />] | |||
| *In 1921, members of the ] fraternity (the first African-American intercollegiate fraternity) designated Frederick Douglass as an honorary member. And so Douglass is the only man to receive an honorary membership posthumously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.albany.edu/~aphia/newsite/famousas.html|title=Prominent Alpha Men |accessdate=May 6, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071014054223/http://albany.edu/~aphia/newsite/famousas.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = October 14, 2007}}</ref> | |||
| * The ], sometimes referred to as the South Capitol Street Bridge, just south of the ] in ], was built in 1950 and named in his honor. | |||
| *In 1962, his home in ] (Washington, DC) became part of the National Park System,<ref>{{cite news|title=Frederick Douglass Bill is Approved by President: Bill making F Douglass home, Washington, DC, part of natl pk system signed|date=September 6, 1962|work=]}}</ref> and in 1988 was designated the ]. | |||
| *In 1965, the ] honored Douglass with a stamp in the ]. | |||
| *In 1999, ] established the Frederick Douglass Book Prize for works in the history of slavery and abolition, in his honor. The annual $25,000 prize is administered by the Gilder Lehrman Institute for American History and the ] at Yale. | |||
| *In 2002, scholar ] named Frederick Douglass to his list of ].<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). ''100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.</ref> | |||
| *In 2003, ], the rental housing units that Douglass built in Baltimore in 1892 for blacks, was listed on the ]. | |||
| * Douglass is honored with a ] on the ] on February 20. | |||
| *In 2007, the former Troup–Howell bridge which carried Interstate 490 over the Genesee River was redesigned and renamed the ]. | |||
| *In 2010, a statue (by Gabriel Koren) and memorial (designed by Algernon Miller) of Douglass<ref>{{cite news|title=Summoning Frederick Douglass|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|date=November 3, 2006|work=]|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> were unveiled at ] at the northwest corner of ] in ].<ref>{{cite news|url=A Slow Tribute That Might Try the Subject’s Patience|title=A Slow Tribute That Might Try the Subject’s Patience|last=Dominus|first=Susan|date=May 21, 2010|work=]|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> | |||
| *On June 12, 2011, Talbot County, Maryland, honored Douglass by installing a seven-foot bronze statue of Douglass on the lawn of the county courthouse in ].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stardem.com/news/local_news/article_9e0593e4-7451-5169-ad2d-19dd35652672.html|title=Douglass statue arrives in Easton|last=Holt|first=Dustin|date=June 12, 2011|work=]|accessdate=July 12, 2011}}</ref> | |||
| * Many public schools have been named in his honor. | |||
| ==Works== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ===Writings=== | |||
| * '']'' (1845) | |||
| * "]". ''Autographs for Freedom''. Ed. Julia Griffiths, Boston: Jewett and Company, 1853. pp. 174–239. | |||
| * '']'' (1855) | |||
| * '']'' (1881, revised 1892) | |||
| * Douglass founded and edited the abolitionist newspaper '']'' from 1847 to 1851. He merged ''The North Star'' with another paper to create the ''Frederick Douglass' Paper''. | |||
| *. Edited by John R. McKivigan and Heather L. Kaufman. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-8014-4790-7 | |||
| ===Speeches=== | |||
| * "The Church and Prejudice" | |||
| * ] | |||
| * "Speech at National Hall, Philadelphia July 6, 1863 for the Promotion of Colored Enlistments"<ref></ref> | |||
| * "What to a slave is the 4th of July?"<ref></ref> | |||
| ==Cultural representation== | |||
| * The 1989 film '']'' featured Frederick Douglass as a friend of Francis George Shaw. He was played by ]. | |||
| * Douglass is the protagonist of the novel ''Riversmeet'' (Richard Bradbury, Muswell Press, 2007), a fictionalized account of his 1845 speaking tour of the British Isles.<ref>, ''Socialist Worker'' online, December 1, 2007</ref> | |||
| * The 2004 ] film, an alternative history called '']'', featured the figure of Douglass. | |||
| * The 2008 documentary film called '']'' tells the story of Frederick Douglass in Ireland and the relationship between African Americans and Irish Americans during the ]. | |||
| * Frederick Douglass is a major character in the ] novel '']'' by ]. | |||
| * Frederick Douglass appears in ''],''by ]. | |||
| * Frederick Douglass appears as a Great ] in the 2008 strategy ] ].<ref> "CivFanatics" Retrieved on September 3, 2009</ref> | |||
| * Douglass, his wife, and his mistress, ], are the main characters in ]' ''Douglass' Women'', a novel (New York: Atria Books, 2002). | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Portal|Biography|Maryland}} | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *], defender of the Constitution | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|colwidth=20em}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| ;Scholarship | |||
| *], ed. ''Frederick Douglass, Autobiography'' (], 1994) ISBN 978-0-940450-79-0 | |||
| *]. ''The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass''. New York: International Publishers, 1950. | |||
| *Houston A. Baker, Jr., Introduction, ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass'', Penguin, 1986 edition. | |||
| *], and Oscar Handlin. ''Slave and Citizen: The Life of Frederick Douglass.'' Library of American Biography. Boston: Little, Brown, 1980; Longman (1997). ISBN 0-673-39342-9 | |||
| *Lampe, Gregory P. ''Frederick Douglass: Freedom's Voice.'' Rhetoric and Public Affairs Series. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998. ISBN-X (alk. paper) ISBN (pbk. alk. paper) (on his oratory) | |||
| *Levine, Robert S. ''Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, and the Politics of Representative Identity.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. ISBN (alk. paper). ISBN (pbk.: alk. paper) (cultural history) | |||
| *] New York: Norton, 1991. ISBN 0-393-31376-X | |||
| * McMillen, Sally Gregory. Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-19-518265-0 | |||
| *Oakes, James. ''The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics.'' New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2007. ISBN 0-393-06194-9 | |||
| *Quarles, Benjamin. ''Frederick Douglass.'' Washington: Associated Publishers, 1948. | |||
| * Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; edited by Theodore Stanton and Harriot Stanton Blatch. , Harper & Brothers, 1922. | |||
| *Webber, Thomas, ''Deep Like Rivers: Education in the Slave Quarter Community 1831–1865.'' New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. (1978). | |||
| *Woodson, C.G., ''The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861: A History of the Education of the Colored People of the United States from the Beginning of Slavery to the Civil War''. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, (1915); Indy Publ. (2005) ISBN 1-4219-2670-9 | |||
| ;For young readers | |||
| *Miller, William. ''Frederick Douglass: The Last Day of Slavery''. Illus. by Cedric Lucas. Lee & Low Books, 1995. ISBN 1-880000-42-3 | |||
| *Weidt, Maryann N. ''Voice of Freedom: a Story about Frederick Douglass.'' Illus. by Jeni Reeves. Lerner Publications, (2001). ISBN 1-57505-553-8 | |||
| ;Documentary films | |||
| *'']'' / Writer/Director John J Doherty, produced by Camel Productions, Ireland. Irish Film Board/TG4/BCI.; 2008 | |||
| *''Frederick Douglass'' / produced by Greystone Communications, Inc. for A&E Network ; executive producers, Craig Haffner and Donna E. Lusitana.; 1997 | |||
| *''Frederick Douglass: When the Lion Wrote History'' / a co-production of ROJA Productions and WETA-TV. | |||
| *''Frederick Douglass, Abolitionist Editor'' /a production of Schlessinger Video Productions. | |||
| *''Race to Freedom'' : the story of the underground railroad / an Atlantis | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Sister project links|Frederick Douglass}} | |||
| '''Douglass sources online''' | |||
| * : A Critical Edition of Douglass' Complete Works, including speeches, autobiographies, letters, and other writings. | |||
| * at ] (scanned books original editions illustrated) | |||
| *{{gutenberg author|id=Frederick_Douglass_(1818–1895) | name=Frederick Douglass}} | |||
| * at ] | |||
| * Boston: Anti-Slavery Office, 1845. | |||
| * Boston: John P. Jewett and Company. Cleveland, Ohio: Jewett, Proctor, and Worthington. London: Low and Company., 1853. | |||
| * New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1855. | |||
| * Hartford, Conn.: Park Publishing Co., 1881. | |||
| * – Given at the World's Fair in Chicago, January 1893. | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| *, Items concerning Frederick Douglass from Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's ''The Liberator'' original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts. | |||
| * | |||
| *Video. January 27, 2012. | |||
| '''Resource Guides''' | |||
| * from the Library of Congress | |||
| '''Biographical information''' | |||
| * at the University of Rochester. | |||
| * (American Memory, ]) Includes timeline. | |||
| * | |||
| * – Features key political events | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * ] site | |||
| * Western New York Suffragists | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * at ]'s '']'' | |||
| '''Memorials to Frederick Douglass''' | |||
| * The Washington, DC home of Frederick Douglass | |||
| * Frederick Douglass Gardens | |||
| * in Harlem overlooking ] has a North of this point, 8th Avenue is referred to as Frederick Douglass Boulevard | |||
| * A national book prize | |||
| * as a ] in the ] | |||
| * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.ntis.ava16378vnb1|name=Fighter for Freedom: The Frederick Douglass Story (1984)}} | |||
| {{S-start}} | |||
| {{S-ppo}} | |||
| {{Succession box | |||
| |before = New title | |||
| |title = ] | |||
| |years = 1872 | |||
| |after = ] ''(National Equal Rights Party)'' | |||
| }} | |||
| {{S-end}} | |||
| {{American Civil War|expanded=Origins}} | |||
| {{Authority control|LCCN=n/80/013236}} | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
| |NAME = Douglass, Frederick | |||
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | |||
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION = American abolitionist | |||
| |DATE OF BIRTH = February 1818 | |||
| |PLACE OF BIRTH = Talbot County, Maryland, United States | |||
| |DATE OF DEATH = February 20, 1895 | |||
| |PLACE OF DEATH = ], United States | |||
| }} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Douglass, Frederick}} | |||
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Revision as of 19:07, 17 April 2012
i hate black people