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A mash-up novel (also called "mashup" "mashed-up novel"), is a work of fiction which combines a pre-existing literature text, often a classic work of fiction, with another genre, such as horror genre into a single narrative. Marjorie Kehe of the Christian Science Monitor renders this admixture of classic text as "somewhere between 60 and 85 percent original text, with new plot twists added by contemporary co-authors".. These "twists" often include horror fiction elements like vampires, werewolves or zombies.

History

The term mashup or mash-up originated within the music industry. (also mesh, mash up, mash-up, blend and bastard pop/rock) Songs within the genre are described as a song or composition created by blending two or more pre-recorded songs, usually by overlaying the vocal track of one song seamlessly over the instrumental track of another. To the extent that such works are "transformative" of original content, they may find protection from copyright claims under the "fair use" doctrine of copyright law.. Adam Cohen of the New York Times notes that even before that, "the idea of combining two data sources into a new product began in the tech world" before spreading to other media, including book publishing.

The term appears to have first been coined in a review of Seth Grahame-Smith's 2009 novel, Pride and Prejudice and Zombies. Initially calling it a 'parody' and 'literary hybrid', Caroline Kellogg, lead blogger for Jacket Copy, The New York Times' book blog, later describes the work as "novel-as-mashup". As the popularity of the novel grew and a bidding war commenced over the film rights to the book, the term spread. Subsequent mash-up novel include Sense and Sensibility and Seamonsters, "Little Women and Werewolves" and Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter (also by Grahame-Smith), the last of which was adapted into a film of the same name.

As a genre

Mashup books are seen as distinct from parody novels such as Bored of the Rings, and parallel works like The Wind Done Gone or Wicked since they do not merely satirize the original text, or tell an alternative version of it, but also introduce the themes and characteristics of a wholly different genre.

While most works in mash-up genre rely on fictional texts as their basis, other works like Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter superimpose the same sort of contrasting genre upon historical figures and events. A more recent phenomenon within the genre is the combination of more than two original works, or genres, as in the case of Robinson Crusoe (The Eerie Adventures of the Lycanthrope), which combines the original novel with elements borrowed from the works of H.P. Lovecraft as well as the popular genre of werewolf fiction, and is accordingly attributed to three authors - Daniel Defoe, H.P. Lovecraft, and Peter Clines.

Exemplars

As previously noted, Pride and Prejudice and Zombiesis a 2009 parody novel by Seth Grahame-Smith. It is a mashup combining Jane Austen's classic 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice with elements of modern zombie fiction, crediting Austen as co-author. It was first published in April 2009 by Quirk Books and in October 2009 a Deluxe Edition was released, containing full-color images and additional zombie scenes.

Copyright issues

Mashup novels constitute derivative works since they include major elements borrowed from an original, previously created work. Most authors of such novels, however, avoid potential legal issues (and the payment of royalties to the original writers) by basing their books on texts that are in the public domain. One notable exception is The Late Gatsby, which combines F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby with a vampire narrative - since the original text is still protected by the Copyright Term Extension Act (until 2020) in the United States, the book was published outside the U.S. and remains unavailable to its residents.

Notable examples

References

1. Kehe, Marjorie. "" 'Android Karenina': no end in sight to mash-up novels"". Chapter & Verse. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
2. Rojas, Pete. "Bootleg Culture". August 1, 2002. Accessed Wednesday, January 2, 2008.
3. Geoghegan, Michael and Klass, Dan (2005). Podcast Solutions: The Complete Guide to Podcasting, p.45. ISBN 1-59059-554-8.
4. Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Online Video, American University, Center for Social Media
5. Cohen, Adam. Mr. Darcy Woos Elizabeth Bennet While Zombies Attack. April 13, 2009, The New York Times.
6. Kellogg, Carolyn. "'Pride and Prejudice and Zombies' by Seth Grahame-Smith: The undead meet Jane Austen in L.A. author's horror mashup". Jacket Copy. New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
7. Cite error: The named reference LATimes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
8. "Pride & Prejudice & Zombies Deluxe Edition Available Soon". Dreadcentral.com. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
9. The Late Gatsby

External links

• Quirk Classics website - imprint of Quirk Books dedicated to Mashups.
• Sussex Chainsaw Massacre: The horrification of Jane Austen - overview of genre and review of Sense and Sensibility and Sea Monsters, New York Magazine, 6 September 2009.
• Pride And Prejudice And Zombies Spin-Offs Are Out Of Control! 11 Classic Monster Mashups - The Huffington Post, 28 April 2010.

• Parody novels
• Literary genres
• Horror fiction