Period 8 element: Difference between revisions

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	A '''period 8 element''' is any one of 46 hypothetical ]s (] through unhexquadium) belonging to an eighth ] of the ]. They may be referred to using ] ]s. None of these elements have been ],<ref group="note">The heaviest element that has been synthesized to date is ] with atomic number 118, which is the last ].</ref> and it is possible that none have isotopes with stable enough nuclei to receive significant attention in the near future. It is also probable that, due to ], only the lower period 8 elements are physically possible and the periodic table may end soon after the ] at ] with atomic number 126.<ref name="emsley">{{cite book\|last=Emsley\|first=John\|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements\|edition=New\|year=2011\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=New York, NY\|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}</ref>{{Rp\|593\|date=November 2012}} The names given to these unattested elements are all ].		A '''period 8 element''' is any one of 46 hypothetical ]s (] through unhexquadium) belonging to an eighth ] of the ]. They may be referred to using ] ]s. None of these elements have been ],<ref group="note">The heaviest element that has been synthesized to date is ] with atomic number 118, which is the last ].</ref> and it is possible that none have isotopes with stable enough nuclei to receive significant attention in the near future. It is also probable that, due to ], only the lower period 8 elements are physically possible and the periodic table may end soon after the ] at ] with atomic number 126.<ref name="emsley">{{cite book\|last=Emsley\|first=John\|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements\|edition=New\|year=2011\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=New York, NY\|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}</ref>{{Rp\|593\|date=November 2012}} The names given to these unattested elements are all ].

	If it were possible to produce sufficient quantities of sufficiently long-lived isotopes of these elements that would allow the study of their chemistry, these elements may well behave very differently from those of previous periods. This is because their ]s may be altered by ] and ] effects, as the energy levels of the 5g, 6f, 7d and 8p ] are so close to each other that they may well exchange electrons with each other.<ref>{{cite doi\|10.1063/1.1672054}}</ref> This would result in a large number of elements in the ] series that would have extremely similar chemical properties that would be quite unrelated to elements of lower atomic number.<ref name="Fricke"/>		If it were possible to produce sufficient quantities of sufficiently long-lived isotopes of these elements that would allow the study of their chemistry, these elements may well behave very differently from those of previous periods. This is because their ]s may be altered by ] and ] effects, as the energy levels of the 5g, 6f, 7d and 8p<sub>1/2</sub> ] are so close to each other that they may well exchange electrons with each other.<ref>{{cite doi\|10.1063/1.1672054}}</ref> This would result in a large number of elements in the ] series that would have extremely similar chemical properties that would be quite unrelated to elements of lower atomic number.<ref name="Fricke"/>

	==History==		==History==

Revision as of 08:26, 28 November 2012

A period 8 element is any one of 46 hypothetical chemical elements (ununennium through unhexquadium) belonging to an eighth period of the periodic table of the elements. They may be referred to using IUPAC systematic element names. None of these elements have been synthesized, and it is possible that none have isotopes with stable enough nuclei to receive significant attention in the near future. It is also probable that, due to drip instabilities, only the lower period 8 elements are physically possible and the periodic table may end soon after the island of stability at unbihexium with atomic number 126. The names given to these unattested elements are all IUPAC systematic names.

If it were possible to produce sufficient quantities of sufficiently long-lived isotopes of these elements that would allow the study of their chemistry, these elements may well behave very differently from those of previous periods. This is because their electronic configurations may be altered by quantum and relativistic effects, as the energy levels of the 5g, 6f, 7d and 8p_1/2 orbitals are so close to each other that they may well exchange electrons with each other. This would result in a large number of elements in the superactinide series that would have extremely similar chemical properties that would be quite unrelated to elements of lower atomic number.

History

There are currently seven periods in the periodic table of chemical elements, culminating with atomic number 118. If further elements with higher atomic numbers than this are discovered, they will be placed in additional periods, laid out (as with the existing periods) to illustrate periodically recurring trends in the properties of the elements concerned. Any additional periods are expected to contain a larger number of elements than the seventh period, as they are calculated to contain elements with filled g-orbitals in their ground state. An eight-period table containing these elements was suggested by Glenn T. Seaborg in 1969. No elements in this region have been synthesized or discovered in nature. While Seaborg's version of the extended period had the heavier elements following the pattern set by lighter elements, as it did not take into account relativistic effects, models that take relativistic effects into account do not. Pekka Pyykkö and B. Fricke used computer modeling to calculate the positions of elements up to Z = 172 (comprising periods 8 and 9), and found that several were displaced from the Madelung rule.

Predicted properties

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Synthesis

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Notes

The heaviest element that has been synthesized to date is ununoctium with atomic number 118, which is the last period 7 element.

References

Emsley, John (2011). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements (New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.
Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1063/1.1672054, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1063/1.1672054 instead.
^ Fricke, B.; Greiner, W.; Waber, J. T. (1971). "The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements". Theoretica chimica acta. 21 (3). Springer-Verlag: 235–260. doi:10.1007/BF01172015. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Seaborg, Glenn (August 26, 1996). "An Early History of LBNL".
Frazier, K. (1978). "Superheavy Elements". Science News. 113 (15): 236–238. doi:10.2307/3963006. JSTOR 3963006.
"Extended elements: new periodic table". 2010.

Periodic table

Periodic table forms

Sets of elements

By periodic table structure

Groups	1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals) 2 (Alkaline earth metals) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 (Triels) 14 (Tetrels) 15 (Pnictogens) 16 (Chalcogens) 17 (Halogens) 18 (Noble gases)
Periods	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8+ Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö
Blocks	Aufbau principle

By metallicity

Metals	Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Post-transition metals
Metalloids	Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line
Nonmetals	Noble gases

Other sets

Elements

Lists	By: Abundance (in humans) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Symbol
Properties	Aqueous chemistry Crystal structure Electron configuration Electronegativity Goldschmidt classification Term symbol
Data pages	Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure

History

Revision as of 08:26, 28 November 2012 editDouble sharp (talk \| contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, File movers, Pending changes reviewers102,066 edits time to write← Previous edit		Revision as of 08:26, 28 November 2012 edit undoDouble sharp (talk \| contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, File movers, Pending changes reviewers102,066 edits 8p3/2 is way higherNext edit →
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	A '''period 8 element''' is any one of 46 hypothetical ]s (] through unhexquadium) belonging to an eighth ] of the ]. They may be referred to using ] ]s. None of these elements have been ],<ref group="note">The heaviest element that has been synthesized to date is ] with atomic number 118, which is the last ].</ref> and it is possible that none have isotopes with stable enough nuclei to receive significant attention in the near future. It is also probable that, due to ], only the lower period 8 elements are physically possible and the periodic table may end soon after the ] at ] with atomic number 126.<ref name="emsley">{{cite book\|last=Emsley\|first=John\|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements\|edition=New\|year=2011\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=New York, NY\|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}</ref>{{Rp\|593\|date=November 2012}} The names given to these unattested elements are all ].		A '''period 8 element''' is any one of 46 hypothetical ]s (] through unhexquadium) belonging to an eighth ] of the ]. They may be referred to using ] ]s. None of these elements have been ],<ref group="note">The heaviest element that has been synthesized to date is ] with atomic number 118, which is the last ].</ref> and it is possible that none have isotopes with stable enough nuclei to receive significant attention in the near future. It is also probable that, due to ], only the lower period 8 elements are physically possible and the periodic table may end soon after the ] at ] with atomic number 126.<ref name="emsley">{{cite book\|last=Emsley\|first=John\|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements\|edition=New\|year=2011\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|location=New York, NY\|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}</ref>{{Rp\|593\|date=November 2012}} The names given to these unattested elements are all ].

	If it were possible to produce sufficient quantities of sufficiently long-lived isotopes of these elements that would allow the study of their chemistry, these elements may well behave very differently from those of previous periods. This is because their ]s may be altered by ] and ] effects, as the energy levels of the 5g, 6f, 7d and 8p ] are so close to each other that they may well exchange electrons with each other.<ref>{{cite doi\|10.1063/1.1672054}}</ref> This would result in a large number of elements in the ] series that would have extremely similar chemical properties that would be quite unrelated to elements of lower atomic number.<ref name="Fricke"/>		If it were possible to produce sufficient quantities of sufficiently long-lived isotopes of these elements that would allow the study of their chemistry, these elements may well behave very differently from those of previous periods. This is because their ]s may be altered by ] and ] effects, as the energy levels of the 5g, 6f, 7d and 8p<sub>1/2</sub> ] are so close to each other that they may well exchange electrons with each other.<ref>{{cite doi\|10.1063/1.1672054}}</ref> This would result in a large number of elements in the ] series that would have extremely similar chemical properties that would be quite unrelated to elements of lower atomic number.<ref name="Fricke"/>

	==History==		==History==

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