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{{Barelvi}} {{Barelvi}}
'''Barelvi''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|بریلوی}}}}, {{IPA|/bəreːlviː/}}) is a term used for a movement of ] ] originating in ]. The name derives from the north Indian town of ] where its main leader ] (1856–1921) shaped the movement by his writings.<ref name="journals.cambridge.org">Usha Sanyal. . Modern Asian Studies (1998), Cambridge University Press.</ref> Although Barelvi is the commonly used term in the media and academia, the followers of the movement often prefer to be known by the title of ''Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at'', a reference to their perception as forming an international majority movement.<ref name=hewer>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=Cu9eo1MFiYgC&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=barelvi+death+celebration&source=bl&ots=WzZ3iksFfB&sig=6KI2E4Y7t8OyhM9QmDzypJBWSwo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W0EqUJykHe2XiAeQ2oHoCw&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=barelvi%20death%20celebration&f=false |title=Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps - C. T. R. Hewer - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref> '''Barelvi''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|بریلوی}}}}, {{IPA|/bəreːlviː/}}) is a term used for a movement of ] ] originating in ]. The name derives from the north Indian town of ] where its main leader ] (1856–1921) shaped the movement by his writings.<ref name="journals.cambridge.org">Usha Sanyal. . Modern Asian Studies (1998), Cambridge University Press.</ref> Although Barelvi is the commonly used term in the media and academia, the followers of the movement often prefer to be known by the title of ''Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at'', a reference to their perception as forming an international majority movement.<ref name=hewer>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=Cu9eo1MFiYgC&pg=PA204&lpg=PA204&dq=barelvi+death+celebration&source=bl&ots=WzZ3iksFfB&sig=6KI2E4Y7t8OyhM9QmDzypJBWSwo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W0EqUJykHe2XiAeQ2oHoCw&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=barelvi%20death%20celebration&f=false |title=Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps - C. T. R. Hewer - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref>
The movement is much influenced by ] and the traditional ] practices of the Indian subcontinent, which were a reaction to the reformist attempts of the ] movement.<ref name=riaz>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HxOOwy-4J4UC&pg=PA75&dq=fatwa+thanvi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8NR1T7SoIsji0QG8qaicDQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=fatwa%20thanvi&f=false |title=Faithful Education: Madrassahs in South Asia - Ali Riaz - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2001-09-11 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref name=roy>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=barelvi+sufi+deobandi&source=bl&ots=Sq0MTt2YJe&sig=8dBH1DYIqBlvlnv5H9Ug7W_LR1A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H3MqUICrHIPZrQe_woCgBw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=barelvi%20sufi%20deobandi&f=false |title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism - Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date=2007-09-26 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref> The movement is much influenced by ] and the traditional ] practices of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=riaz>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HxOOwy-4J4UC&pg=PA75&dq=fatwa+thanvi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8NR1T7SoIsji0QG8qaicDQ&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=fatwa%20thanvi&f=false |title=Faithful Education: Madrassahs in South Asia - Ali Riaz - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2001-09-11 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref name=roy>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=barelvi+sufi+deobandi&source=bl&ots=Sq0MTt2YJe&sig=8dBH1DYIqBlvlnv5H9Ug7W_LR1A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H3MqUICrHIPZrQe_woCgBw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=barelvi%20sufi%20deobandi&f=false |title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism - Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date=2007-09-26 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref>


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
To its followers, the movement is known as ''Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at'' ("People of the traditions ]] and the community"). This terminology is used to lay exclusive claim to be the only legitimate form of Sunni Islam, in opposition to the ], ], ] and ] movements.<ref name=riaz/><ref name=hewer/><ref>]: 148</ref> To its followers, the movement is known as ''Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at'' ("People of the traditions ]] and the community"). This terminology is used to lay exclusive claim to be the only legitimate form of Sunni Islam, in opposition to the ], ], ] and ] movements.<ref name=riaz/><ref name=hewer/><ref>]: 148</ref>

==History==
The Barelvi movement was founded by Ahmad Reza Khan who, after two failed attempts at establishing Islamic schools, finally succeeded in 1904 with the ].<ref name=riaz/> Though very much linked to Pakistan today, the movement's foundation predated Pakistan's nationhood; the movement was, essentially, founded as a defense of traditional Islam as understood and practiced in India.<ref name=roy/> Defense of these beliefs sometimes brought the Barelvis into conflict with other movements and creeds. Unlike most other Muslim movements in the region, the Barelvis opposed the ] due to its leadership under ], who was not a Muslim.<ref name=saag>R. Upadhyay, . Eurasia Review, courtesy of the South Asia Analysis Group. January 28, 2011.</ref> On the other hand, Khan and his movement, being among the foremost campaigners for Sufism, were largely responsible for pulling Muslims into conflict with ]s and were primary supporters of the ].<ref name=saag/> The Barelvis were joined in this by all major Islamic movements in the Indian subcontinent - including Shi'ites, ] and Ahmadiyya - except the Deobandis, the Barelvis main rivals.

Historically, relations between the movement and Britain have been better than those of other Islamic movements with the country.<ref name=hewer/> The majority of Pakistani and ]i immigrants to the ] are still descended from Barelvi-majority villages,<ref name=hewer/><ref name=deobandcite>http://en.wikipedia.org/Deobandi#cite_note-10</ref> and the Barelvi movement in Pakistan has received funding from the country, in part as a reaction to rival movements also receiving funding from abroad.<ref>Karamat Bhatty, . ], September 7, 2011.</ref> Still, according to Western analysts the foreign funding the Barelvi movement receives from abroad is minor, thus being the likely reason why Barelvi jihadist groups have been unable to get involved in Islamist and sectarian politics.<ref name=jihad>Sushant Sareen, ''The Jihad Factory: Pakistan's Islamic Revolution in the Making'', pg. 282. ]: Har Anand Publications, 2005.</ref> Having been supportive of the creation of the republic of Pakistan,<ref name=hewer/> the Barelvi movement has traditionally held a strong following in the country as well.

As a ] '']'', a conglomerate of forty Barelvi parties called for a boycott of Western goods, while at the same time condemning violence which had taken place in protest against the film.<ref>. The Express Tribune, October 5, 2012.</ref>


==Presence== ==Presence==
'']'' estimates that the vast majority of ]s in ] adhere to the Barelvi movement,<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandeep Unnithan and Uday Mahurkar |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12343&Itemid=1&issueid=67&limit=1&limitstart=0 |title=The radical sweep |publisher=India Today |date=2008-07-31 |accessdate=2009-09-30}}</ref> and ] gives a similar assessment for the vast majority of Muslims in ].<ref name="ww4report.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ww4report.com/node/7500 |title=Pakistan plays Sufi card against jihadis &#124; World War 4 Report |publisher=Ww4report.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-30}}</ref> More than 35% of British mosques are administered by Barelvis as well.<ref name=deobandcite>http://en.wikipedia.org/Deobandi#cite_note-10</ref> Many of these mosques have been usurped by Saudi-funded radical organizations.<ref>http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009/03/26/story_26-3-2009_pg3_1</ref> According to Pakistani journalist ], the switchover from Barelvism to Deobandism and the gradual decline of Barelvism in the UK has resulted in the conversion of some mystically-minded Kashmiri expatriates to hardline Muslims,<ref name=khaled>], . ], March 28, 2006.</ref> though political analysts in the region have described the idea that Barelvism is more tolerant and moderate than Deobandism as a myth.<ref name=saag/> '']'' estimates that the vast majority of ]s in ] adhere to the Barelvi movement,<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandeep Unnithan and Uday Mahurkar |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12343&Itemid=1&issueid=67&limit=1&limitstart=0 |title=The radical sweep |publisher=India Today |date=2008-07-31 |accessdate=2009-09-30}}</ref> and ] gives a similar assessment for the vast majority of Muslims in ].<ref name="ww4report.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ww4report.com/node/7500 |title=Pakistan plays Sufi card against jihadis &#124; World War 4 Report |publisher=Ww4report.com |date= |accessdate=2009-09-30}}</ref> More than 35% of British mosques are administered by Barelvis as well.<ref name=deobandcite>http://en.wikipedia.org/Deobandi#cite_note-10</ref> Many of these mosques have been usurped by Saudi-funded radical organizations.<ref>http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009/03/26/story_26-3-2009_pg3_1</ref> The switchover from Barelvi Islam to Deobandi Islam has resulted in the conversion of some mystically-minded Kashmiri expatriates to hardline Muslims.<ref>. Daily Times (Pakistan), 28 March 2006</ref>


==Beliefs and practices== ==Beliefs and practices==
Like other Sunni Muslims, Barelvis claim to base their beliefs on the ] and ], and to believe in ] and the ] of Muhammad. Barelvis follow the ] and ] schools of ], the ] ] of ], and the ], ] or ] ]. Like other Sunni Muslims, Barelvi base their beliefs on the ] and ], and believe in ] and the ] of Muhammad. Barelvis follow the ] and ] schools of '']'', any one of the four ] of '']'', and the ], ], ] or ] ].


===Beliefs regarding Muhammad=== ===Beliefs regarding Muhammad===
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*Public celebration of the '']'' (Muhammad's birthday).<ref>]: 49</ref><ref>]: 111</ref> *Public celebration of the '']'' (Muhammad's birthday).<ref>]: 49</ref><ref>]: 111</ref>


*], including asking '']'' (Muslim saints) for intercession to God on behalf of the living. This consists of the intervention of an ascending, linked and unbroken chain of holy personages, pirs (Sufi teacher) reaching ultimately to Muhammad, who Barelvis believe intercede on their behalf with God.<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-barelvi.htm</ref><ref name="Parsons2006">{{cite book|author=Martin Parsons|title=Unveiling God: Contextualizing Christology for Islamic Culture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HPTovQ7s2_EC&pg=PA147|accessdate=20 April 2011|date=1 January 2006|publisher=William Carey Library|isbn=978-0-87808-454-8|pages=149–}}</ref> *Asking '']'' (Muslim saints) for intercession to God on behalf of the living. This consists of the intervention of an ascending, linked and unbroken chain of holy personages, pirs (Sufi saints) reaching ultimately to Muhammad, who intercede on their behalf with God.<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-barelvi.htm</ref><ref name="Parsons2006">{{cite book|author=Martin Parsons|title=Unveiling God: Contextualizing Christology for Islamic Culture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HPTovQ7s2_EC&pg=PA147|accessdate=20 April 2011|date=1 January 2006|publisher=William Carey Library|isbn=978-0-87808-454-8|pages=149–}}</ref>


*'']'' (visiting) the '']'' (tombs) of Muhammad, his companions and of pious Muslims, an act the Barelvis claim is supported by Islamic scripture, but which opponents call “shrine-worshipping” and “grave-worshiping” and consider to be a form of ].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=Barelvi+graves&source=bl&ots=mkTs0hcb8f&sig=Oj9vBECN1qaGbX8CXL4SMUKBdyg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lBQhUMa-NsPyrQfTqoCACw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20graves&f=false |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=barelvi+grave+worship&source=bl&ots=mkTr2j8hcg&sig=at1IpyyxxGDrFaoBvVrY-VAvkZ0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=liAVUP-dKeiwiQf00oCQCg&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=barelvi%20grave%20worship&f=false |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=281563 |title=outlookindia.com |publisher=M.outlookindia.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=XQXY-iD9N2cC&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185&dq=Barelvi+graves&source=bl&ots=bJT32XVoNS&sig=cfQ1vqCtsRoX_vz_TmrU5cQk7Rg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lBQhUMa-NsPyrQfTqoCACw&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20graves&f=false |title=Curriculum in Today's World: Configuring Knowledge, Identities, Work and ... - Lyn Yates, Madeleine Grumet - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date=2011-02-25 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref> *'']'' (visiting) the '']'' (tombs) of Muhammad, his companions and of pious Muslims, an act the Barelvis claim is supported by the Quran, Sunnah and acts of the Companions by Barelvis, but which opponents call “shrine-worshipping” and “grave-worshiping” and consider to be un-Islamic.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=Barelvi+graves&source=bl&ots=mkTs0hcb8f&sig=Oj9vBECN1qaGbX8CXL4SMUKBdyg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lBQhUMa-NsPyrQfTqoCACw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20graves&f=false |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=barelvi+grave+worship&source=bl&ots=mkTr2j8hcg&sig=at1IpyyxxGDrFaoBvVrY-VAvkZ0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=liAVUP-dKeiwiQf00oCQCg&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=barelvi%20grave%20worship&f=false |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=4&aid=281563 |title=outlookindia.com |publisher=M.outlookindia.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=XQXY-iD9N2cC&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185&dq=Barelvi+graves&source=bl&ots=bJT32XVoNS&sig=cfQ1vqCtsRoX_vz_TmrU5cQk7Rg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=lBQhUMa-NsPyrQfTqoCACw&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20graves&f=false |title=Curriculum in Today's World: Configuring Knowledge, Identities, Work and ... - Lyn Yates, Madeleine Grumet - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date=2011-02-25 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref>


*Use of devotional music ('']'').<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=Barelvi+music&source=bl&ots=Sq0MPtZXIb&sig=ZFaz63vgNasCk9d8mlvizQ4bR8c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=p0QkUL-cLOaTiQeBiYDwBg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20music&f=false |title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism - Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date=2007-09-26 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=n_9owz06LRMC&pg=PA191&lpg=PA191&dq=Barelvi+music&source=bl&ots=CVoFrYPmoF&sig=5EwnxwjBjsn63ycBi7M4jN7ACuc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qkAkUPeeLJGUiAenrIHQDg&sqi=2&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20music&f=false |title=Tremors of Violence: Muslim Survivors of Ethnic Strife in Western India - Rowena Robinson - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=Barelvi+music&source=bl&ots=mkTs2iaa89&sig=0_AFm4ffFpx_BV8bfcCPOApP6gE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qkAkUPeeLJGUiAenrIHQDg&sqi=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20music&f=false |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=fEg8rqzLMykC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=Barelvi+music&source=bl&ots=v0EWGKGUJn&sig=Tr7vxrJbE0Q-VzEnRWP9CFGuTzA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qkAkUPeeLJGUiAenrIHQDg&sqi=2&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20music&f=false |title=Indian Defence Review: April - June 2007 - Bharat Verma - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date=2008-02-19 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref> *Use of devotional music ('']'').<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=Barelvi+music&source=bl&ots=Sq0MPtZXIb&sig=ZFaz63vgNasCk9d8mlvizQ4bR8c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=p0QkUL-cLOaTiQeBiYDwBg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20music&f=false |title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism - Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date=2007-09-26 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=n_9owz06LRMC&pg=PA191&lpg=PA191&dq=Barelvi+music&source=bl&ots=CVoFrYPmoF&sig=5EwnxwjBjsn63ycBi7M4jN7ACuc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qkAkUPeeLJGUiAenrIHQDg&sqi=2&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20music&f=false |title=Tremors of Violence: Muslim Survivors of Ethnic Strife in Western India - Rowena Robinson - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67&dq=Barelvi+music&source=bl&ots=mkTs2iaa89&sig=0_AFm4ffFpx_BV8bfcCPOApP6gE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qkAkUPeeLJGUiAenrIHQDg&sqi=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20music&f=false |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date= |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com.my/books?id=fEg8rqzLMykC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=Barelvi+music&source=bl&ots=v0EWGKGUJn&sig=Tr7vxrJbE0Q-VzEnRWP9CFGuTzA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qkAkUPeeLJGUiAenrIHQDg&sqi=2&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20music&f=false |title=Indian Defence Review: April - June 2007 - Bharat Verma - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com.my |date=2008-02-19 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref>
<!-- PLEASE ELABORATE ON MAJOR THEOLOGICAL POINTS HERE. SEE ] FOR IDEAS AS TO HOW TO STRUCTURE THE SECTION. --> <!-- PLEASE ELABORATE ON MAJOR THEOLOGICAL POINTS HERE. SEE ] FOR IDEAS AS TO HOW TO STRUCTURE THE SECTION. -->

*Leaving the beard to grow for men; the movement views a man who trims his beard to less than a fist-length as a sinner, and shaving the beard is considered abominable.<ref>], ''The World of Fatwas or the Sharia in Action'', pg. 135. ASA Publications, 1995.</ref>


===Mosques=== ===Mosques===
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==Relations with other movements== ==Relations with other movements==
Having formed as a reaction against the reformist Deobandi movement, relations between the two groups have often been strained. Ahmad Raza Khan, the founder of Barelvism, went as far as to declare not only all Deobandis ] and ], but also any non-Deobandis who doubted the apostasy of Deobandis.<ref>Shourie, pg. 646.</ref>

Although conflict has occurred, relations with other Muslim movements in South Asia have not always been hostile. In mid-2012, leaders of both the Barelvi and Ahl al-Hadith movements in Kashmir Valley denied that there was any animosity between the two sects in the region.<ref>Sheikh Qayoom, . Thaindian, courtesy of ]: Saturday, April 28, 2012.</ref> In more recent times, the Barelvi movement as a whole has begun to mix with Shi'ites more often than before.<ref name=khaled/>


===Support=== ===Support===
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{{quote|Not only did Ahmad Raza Khan obtain confirmatory signatures from other scholars in the subcontinent, he managed to get agreement from a number of prominent ] in ]. That occurred in the first years of the twentieth century—long before the ] and their Wahhabi allies got control of the Haramayn.<ref>Haramayn refers to the ] ("Sacred Mosque") in ] and the ] ("Mosque of the Prophet") in ]. </ref> The feat was, nevertheless, stunning. The antipathy of the Deobandis toward the Ahl-i Sunnah on the emotional level becomes more comprehensible when Ahmad Riza's fatwa receives a full explication.<ref>Gregory C. Doxlowski. . The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Oct-Dec, 1999</ref>}} {{quote|Not only did Ahmad Raza Khan obtain confirmatory signatures from other scholars in the subcontinent, he managed to get agreement from a number of prominent ] in ]. That occurred in the first years of the twentieth century—long before the ] and their Wahhabi allies got control of the Haramayn.<ref>Haramayn refers to the ] ("Sacred Mosque") in ] and the ] ("Mosque of the Prophet") in ]. </ref> The feat was, nevertheless, stunning. The antipathy of the Deobandis toward the Ahl-i Sunnah on the emotional level becomes more comprehensible when Ahmad Riza's fatwa receives a full explication.<ref>Gregory C. Doxlowski. . The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Oct-Dec, 1999</ref>}}

Although the Nadwatul Ulema council was founded in 1893 to reconcile the Indian Subcontinent's Muslim sectarian differences, the Barelwis eventually withdrew their support of the council and criticized its efforts.<ref name=riaz/>


====Opposition to the Taliban==== ====Opposition to the Taliban====
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===Sectarian violence=== ===Sectarian violence===
In the 1990s and 2000s, sporadic violence resulted from disputes over control of Pakistani mosques between the Barelvi and Deobandi movements, with the conflict coming to a head in May 2001 when sectarian riots broke out after the assassination of ] leader Saleem Qadri.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/18/stories/2006041805780800.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Serious threat to Pakistan's civil society | date=April 18, 2006}}</ref> In April 2006 in ], a ] in celebration of Muhammad's birthday killed at least 57 people, including several central leaders of the Sunni Tehreek.<ref>, ], 11 April 2006</ref><ref>, ] Online</ref> South Asian analysts have claimed that the Barelvi movement is as affected by intolerance and radicalism as other Islamic movements in the region, despite contrary perceptions in intellectual circles.<ref name=saag/> In the 1990s and 2000s, sporadic violence resulted from disputes over control of Pakistani mosques between the Barelvi and Deobandi movements, with the conflict coming to a head in May 2001 when sectarian riots broke out after the assassination of Saleem Qadri, leader of the Barelvi political party ].<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/18/stories/2006041805780800.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Serious threat to Pakistan's civil society | date=April 18, 2006}}</ref> In April 2006 in ], a ] in celebration of Muhammad's birthday killed at least 57 people, including several central leaders of the Sunni Tehreek.<ref>, ], 11 April 2006</ref><ref>, ] Online</ref> In the 1990s and 2000s, sporadic violence resulted from disputes over control of Pakistani mosques between the Barelvi and Deobandi movements, with the conflict coming to a head in May 2001 when sectarian riots broke out after the assassination of ] leader Saleem Qadri.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/18/stories/2006041805780800.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Serious threat to Pakistan's civil society | date=April 18, 2006}}</ref> In April 2006 in ], a ] in celebration of Muhammad's birthday killed at least 57 people, including several central leaders of the Sunni Tehreek.<ref>, ], 11 April 2006</ref><ref>, ] Online</ref> In April 2007, Sunni Tehreek activists attempted forcibly to gain control of a mosque in Karachi, opening fire on the mosque and those inside, killing one person and injuring three others.<ref> ], April 11, 2007</ref> On February 27, 2010, militants believed to be affiliated with the Taliban and ] attacked Barelvis celebrating mawlid in ] and ], again sparking tensions among the rival sects.<ref>, ] via ], February 28, 2010</ref>

In April 2007, Sunni Tehreek activists attempted forcibly to gain control of a mosque in Karachi, opening fire on the mosque and those inside, killing one person and injuring three others.<ref> ], April 11, 2007</ref> On February 27, 2010, militants believed to be affiliated with the Taliban and ] attacked Barelvis celebrating mawlid in ] and ], again sparking tensions among the rival sects.<ref>, ] via ], February 28, 2010</ref>

On January 4, 2011, former ] ] was assassinated by a member of the Barelvi movement due to his opposition to the ].<ref>{{cite news|title=Assassin linked with Dawat-i-Islami|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/01/05/assassin-linked-with-dawat-i-islami.html|newspaper=]|date=4 January 2011}}</ref> Over five-hundred scholars of the Barelvi movement voiced support for the crime and urged a boycott of Taseer's funeral.<ref name=saag/> Supporters attempted to prevent police from bringing the perpetrator to an anti-terrorism court, blocking the way and cheering on the assassin.<ref name="Demonstrators Prevent">{{cite news| url= http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/south/Disruptions-Mark-Remand-of-Alleged-Pakistani-Assassin-113016474.html| title= Demonstrators Prevent Court Appearance of Alleged Pakistani Assassin| publisher= ]| date= 6 January 2011}}</ref>


==Notable scholars== ==Notable scholars==

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Barelvi (Template:Lang-ur, /bəreːlviː/) is a term used for a movement of Sunni Islam originating in South Asia. The name derives from the north Indian town of Bareilly where its main leader Ahmed Raza Khan (1856–1921) shaped the movement by his writings. Although Barelvi is the commonly used term in the media and academia, the followers of the movement often prefer to be known by the title of Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at, a reference to their perception as forming an international majority movement. The movement is much influenced by Sufism and the traditional folk Islam practices of the Indian subcontinent.

Etymology

To its followers, the movement is known as Ahle Sunnat wal Jama'at ("People of the traditions and the community"). This terminology is used to lay exclusive claim to be the only legitimate form of Sunni Islam, in opposition to the Deobandi, Ahl al-Hadith, Salafi and Nadwatul Ulama movements.

Presence

India Today estimates that the vast majority of Muslims in India adhere to the Barelvi movement, and The Heritage Foundation gives a similar assessment for the vast majority of Muslims in Pakistan. More than 35% of British mosques are administered by Barelvis as well. Many of these mosques have been usurped by Saudi-funded radical organizations. The switchover from Barelvi Islam to Deobandi Islam has resulted in the conversion of some mystically-minded Kashmiri expatriates to hardline Muslims.

Beliefs and practices

Like other Sunni Muslims, Barelvi base their beliefs on the Qur'an and Sunnah, and believe in monotheism and the prophethood of Muhammad. Barelvis follow the Ash'ari and Maturidi schools of aqidah, any one of the four school of fiqh, and the Qadri, Chishti, Naqshbandi or Suhrawardi Sufi orders.

Beliefs regarding Muhammad

Barelvis have several beliefs regarding Muhammad's nature, which distinguish them from Deobandi, Salafi and Shia groups in South Asia:

  • He is noori bashar: a human (bashar) made from God's light (noor).
  • He is hazir (present in many places at the same time).
  • He is nazir (witnessing all that goes on in the world).
  • He has ilm-e-ghaib (knowledge of the unseen/unknown).
  • He is mukhtaar kul (having the authority to do whatever he desires as granted to him by God).

Practices

  • Public celebration of the Mawlid (Muhammad's birthday).
  • Asking auliyā' (Muslim saints) for intercession to God on behalf of the living. This consists of the intervention of an ascending, linked and unbroken chain of holy personages, pirs (Sufi saints) reaching ultimately to Muhammad, who intercede on their behalf with God.
  • Ziyarat (visiting) the mazar (tombs) of Muhammad, his companions and of pious Muslims, an act the Barelvis claim is supported by the Quran, Sunnah and acts of the Companions by Barelvis, but which opponents call “shrine-worshipping” and “grave-worshiping” and consider to be un-Islamic.

Mosques

Major Landmarks

Shuddhi movement

In Pre-Independence India, the Shuddhi movement sought to re-convert the nominally converted Muslims back into the Hindu fold, specially in the areas of Mathura, Aligarh , Rajputana, Punjab and Agra of United Province.All India Jamaat Raza-e-Mustafa,a prominent organization of undivided India worked to stop conversion of Muslims into Hindu fold.Under the leadership of Maulana Hamid Raza and later Maulana Mustafa Raza Khan various preaching teams were formed which camped in the affected villages and hold debates with workers of Shuddhi movement..Subsequently the Shuddhi movement became controversial and antagonized the Muslims populace to no end

Relations with other movements

Support

The Barelwi movement formed as a defense of the traditional mystic practices of South Asia, which it sought to prove and support. The All India Ulema & Mashaikh Board, representing the movement as a whole, has demanded protection and reconstruction of shrines in Hijaz Mecca and Medina, destroyed in 1803 and 1804 by the Saudis, calls which have been echoed by most practitioners of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world.

Opposition

The movement's founder, Ahmad Raza Khan, and other Barelvi religious figures have issued fatwās of apostasy against the founders of the Deobandi, Shia Islam and the Ahmadiyya Community. The conflict with the Deobandi movement, against which the Barelwi movement formed as a reaction, has been particularly heated and uncivil. Whiel both the Barelvi and Deobandi movements tend to prefer the Hanafi school of Islamic law and accept Sufism, their fundamental beliefs and way in practicing Sufism has kept them at odds. Commenting on this, historian Usha Sanyal, in her research entitled Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Raza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870-1920, stated:

Not only did Ahmad Raza Khan obtain confirmatory signatures from other scholars in the subcontinent, he managed to get agreement from a number of prominent ulama in Mecca. That occurred in the first years of the twentieth century—long before the Al-Saud and their Wahhabi allies got control of the Haramayn. The feat was, nevertheless, stunning. The antipathy of the Deobandis toward the Ahl-i Sunnah on the emotional level becomes more comprehensible when Ahmad Riza's fatwa receives a full explication.

Opposition to the Taliban

The Barelvi movement has taken a stance against Taliban movements in South Asia, organising rallies and protests in India and Pakistan, condemning what they perceive as unjustified sectarian violence. The Sunni Ittehad Council (SIC), an amalgamation of eight Sunni organizations, launched the Save Pakistan Movement to stem the process of Talibanisation. Terming the Taliban a product of global anti-Islam conspiracies, the leaders of SUC charged the Taliban with playing into the hands of the United States to divide Muslims and bring a bad name to Islam.

Supporting this movement, the Pakistan Minister of Foreign Affairs, Shah Mehmood Qureshi, said:

The Sunni Tehreek has decided to activate itself against Talibanisation in the country. A national consensus against terrorism is emerging across the country.

Sectarian violence

In the 1990s and 2000s, sporadic violence resulted from disputes over control of Pakistani mosques between the Barelvi and Deobandi movements, with the conflict coming to a head in May 2001 when sectarian riots broke out after the assassination of Sunni Tehreek leader Saleem Qadri. In April 2006 in Karachi, a bomb attack on a Barelvi gathering in celebration of Muhammad's birthday killed at least 57 people, including several central leaders of the Sunni Tehreek. In April 2007, Sunni Tehreek activists attempted forcibly to gain control of a mosque in Karachi, opening fire on the mosque and those inside, killing one person and injuring three others. On February 27, 2010, militants believed to be affiliated with the Taliban and Sipah-e-Sahaba attacked Barelvis celebrating mawlid in Faisalabad and Dera Ismail Khan, again sparking tensions among the rival sects.

Notable scholars

Early scholars

Present scholars

Notable organizations

In Pakistan, prominent Sunni Barelvi religious and political organizations include:

In the United Kingdom:

In the United States:

In India:

South Africa:

Main institutions

See also

Notes

  1. Usha Sanyal. Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century. Modern Asian Studies (1998), Cambridge University Press.
  2. ^ Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps - C. T. R. Hewer - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  3. ^ Faithful Education: Madrassahs in South Asia - Ali Riaz - Google Books. Books.google.com. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  4. ^ The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism - Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  5. Geaves 2006: 148
  6. Sandeep Unnithan and Uday Mahurkar (2008-07-31). "The radical sweep". India Today. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
  7. "Pakistan plays Sufi card against jihadis | World War 4 Report". Ww4report.com. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
  8. http://en.wikipedia.org/Deobandi#cite_note-10
  9. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009/03/26/story_26-3-2009_pg3_1
  10. title missing]. Daily Times (Pakistan), 28 March 2006
  11. Ahmed Raza. "Noor o Bashar ::Islamic Books, Books Library". Faizaneraza.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  12. ^ N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal. Urban Terrorism : Myths And Realities. Publisher Pointer Publishers, 2009 ISBN 81-7132-598-X, 9788171325986. pg. 67
  13. Clinton Bennett. Muslims and modernity: an introduction to the issues and debates. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005 ISBN 0-8264-5481-X, 9780826454812. pg. 189
  14. Muḥammad Yūsūf Ludhiyānvī (1999). Differences in the Ummah and the straight path. Zam Zam Publishers. pp. 35–38. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  15. Sirriyeh 1999: 49
  16. Sirriyeh 2004: 111
  17. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-barelvi.htm
  18. Martin Parsons (1 January 2006). Unveiling God: Contextualizing Christology for Islamic Culture. William Carey Library. pp. 149–. ISBN 978-0-87808-454-8. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
  19. Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  20. Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  21. "outlookindia.com". M.outlookindia.com. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  22. Curriculum in Today's World: Configuring Knowledge, Identities, Work and ... - Lyn Yates, Madeleine Grumet - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. 2011-02-25. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  23. The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism - Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  24. Tremors of Violence: Muslim Survivors of Ethnic Strife in Western India - Rowena Robinson - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  25. Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities - N. C. Asthana & A.Nirmal - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  26. Indian Defence Review: April - June 2007 - Bharat Verma - Google Books. Books.google.com.my. 2008-02-19. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  27. http://www.taajushshariah.com/HUjjatul%20Islam.htm
  28. http://www.ala-hazrat.org/MMRK.htm
  29. untouchable assertion The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-century India, by Nandini Gooptu. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-44366-0. Page 157.
  30. Haramayn refers to the Masjid al-Haram ("Sacred Mosque") in Mecca and the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi ("Mosque of the Prophet") in Medina. Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
  31. Gregory C. Doxlowski. Devotional Islam and Politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 1870-1920. The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Oct-Dec, 1999
  32. Indian Muslims protest against Talibani terrorism. TwoCircles.net 17 June 2009
  33. Pakistan’s Sunnis unite against Talibanisation. Thaindian News. May 9, 2009
  34. Clashing interpretations of Islam. Daily Times (Pakistan), May 5, 2009
  35. "Serious threat to Pakistan's civil society". The Hindu. Chennai, India. April 18, 2006.
  36. Bomb carnage at Karachi prayers, BBC Online, 11 April 2006
  37. Special Coverage of Nishtar Park bombing, Jang Group Online
  38. "One dead as ST tries to take control of Ahle Hadith mosque" Daily Times (Pakistan), April 11, 2007
  39. Sectarian clashes kill seven in Pakistan, Agence France-Presse via Sydney Morning Herald, February 28, 2010

References

External links

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