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| ⚫ | '''Mafia state''' is a term which has been used to describe state systems of some countries |
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| ⚫ | '''Mafia state''' is a term which has been used to describe state systems of some countries.<ref> by Moisés Naím.</ref> | ||
| The term ] originated in the 19th century ],<ref name=peter-andreas/> where it is used to describe the organized crime groups strongly connected with the authorities. | The term ] originated in the 19th century ],<ref name=peter-andreas/> where it is used to describe the organized crime groups strongly connected with the authorities. | ||
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| According to the critics of the "mafia state" concept, the term "has now been so used and abused in popularized descriptions of organized criminal activity that it has lost much of its analytic value".<ref name=peter-andreas/> | According to the critics of the "mafia state" concept, the term "has now been so used and abused in popularized descriptions of organized criminal activity that it has lost much of its analytic value".<ref name=peter-andreas/> | ||
| Today, the term is often used to describe the ] of ]. | |||
| ==Balkan states== | |||
| ] has been called "mafia state" by Italian MEP Pino Arlacchi in 2011,<ref name=b92.net></ref> and also by Moisés Naím’s in his 2012 essay “Mafia States” in '']'' journal. Moisés Naím pointed out that ], ], allegedly is connected to the heroin trade. | |||
| Moisés Naím’s also has labeled ] as "mafia state" in the same essay,<ref name=allaboutitaly.us></ref> describing it as a hub for cigarette trafficing.<ref name=peter-andreas/> | |||
| ==Italy and Japan== | ==Italy and Japan== | ||
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| ==Russia== | ==Russia== | ||
| ]]] | |||
| The term has been used by some Western media to describe the ] in ] under ]'s rule.<ref>, ]</ref><ref>, ]</ref><ref>, ]</ref> The term came to prominence following the ], which revealed that US diplomats viewed Putin's Russia as a "a ], ] ] centred on the leadership of Vladimir Putin, in which officials, ] and ] are bound together to create a 'virtual ] state.'"<ref>, ]</ref><ref>, ]</ref> Former Russia correspondent of '']'', ], who was expelled from Russia in 2011, released the book ''Mafia State'' in 2011.<ref>, ]</ref><ref>Stephen Holmes, , ]</ref> According to Harding, Putin has "created a state peopled by ex ] and ] officers like himself, bent on making money above all."<ref>, abc.net.au</ref> In the estimation of American diplomats, "the government effectively the mafia."<ref>, ]</ref> | The term has been used by some Western media to describe the ] in ] under ]'s rule.<ref>, ]</ref><ref>, ]</ref><ref>, ]</ref> The term came to prominence following the ], which revealed that US diplomats viewed Putin's Russia as a "a ], ] ] centred on the leadership of Vladimir Putin, in which officials, ] and ] are bound together to create a 'virtual ] state.'"<ref>, ]</ref><ref>, ]</ref> Former Russia correspondent of '']'', ], who was expelled from Russia in 2011, released the book ''Mafia State'' in 2011.<ref>, ]</ref><ref>Stephen Holmes, , ]</ref> According to Harding, Putin has "created a state peopled by ex ] and ] officers like himself, bent on making money above all."<ref>, abc.net.au</ref> In the estimation of American diplomats, "the government effectively the mafia."<ref>, ]</ref> | ||
Revision as of 07:02, 11 March 2013
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Mafia state is a term which has been used to describe state systems of some countries.
The term mafia originated in the 19th century Italy, where it is used to describe the organized crime groups strongly connected with the authorities.
According to the critics of the "mafia state" concept, the term "has now been so used and abused in popularized descriptions of organized criminal activity that it has lost much of its analytic value".
Balkan states
Kosovo has been called "mafia state" by Italian MEP Pino Arlacchi in 2011, and also by Moisés Naím’s in his 2012 essay “Mafia States” in Foreign Affairs journal. Moisés Naím pointed out that Prime Minister of Kosovo, Hashim Thaçi, allegedly is connected to the heroin trade.
Moisés Naím’s also has labeled Montenegro as "mafia state" in the same essay, describing it as a hub for cigarette trafficing.
Italy and Japan
Historically, Italy was a birthplace of mafia, one of the most fabled forms of organised crime. In a critical review of Moisés Naím’s essay in Foreign Affairs, Peter Andreas pointed out to the long existence of Italian mafia and Japanese Yakuza, citing close relationships between those illicit organisations and respective governments. According to Andreas, these examples speak against the concept of "mafia state" as historically new threat.
Russia
The term has been used by some Western media to describe the political system in Russia under Vladimir Putin's rule. The term came to prominence following the United States diplomatic cables leak, which revealed that US diplomats viewed Putin's Russia as a "a corrupt, autocratic kleptocracy centred on the leadership of Vladimir Putin, in which officials, oligarchs and organised crime are bound together to create a 'virtual mafia state.'" Former Russia correspondent of The Guardian, Luke Harding, who was expelled from Russia in 2011, released the book Mafia State in 2011. According to Harding, Putin has "created a state peopled by ex KGB and FSB officers like himself, bent on making money above all." In the estimation of American diplomats, "the government effectively the mafia."
According to the New Statesman, "the term had entered the lexicon of expert discussion" several years before the cables leak, "and not as a frivolous metaphor. Those most familiar with the country had come to see it as a kleptocracy with Vladimir Putin in the role of capo di tutti capi, dividing the spoils and preventing turf wars between rival clans of an essentially criminal elite." In 2008, Stephen Blank noted that Russia under Putin is "a state that European officials privately call a Mafia state" that "naturally gravitates toward Mafialike behavior."
Nikolay Petrov, an analyst at the Carnegie Moscow Centre, said "it's pretty hard to damage the Russian image in the world because it’s already not very good," referring to Russia's image as a "mafia state."
References
- Mafia States: Organized Crime Takes Office by Moisés Naím.
- ^ Measuring the Mafia-State Menace: Are Government-Backed Gangs a Grave New Threat?
- Kosovo is "mafia state", says Italian MEP
- Measuring the Mafia-State Menace
- Putin's Russia 'now a mafia state', BBC
- Wikileaks: Russia branded 'mafia state' in cables, BBC
- British MPs paint scary picture of Putin's Russia, EUObserver
- WikiLeaks cables condemn Russia as 'mafia state', The Guardian
- 'Mafia state' leader Putin knew of poison plot that killed former KGB spy in London, Daily Mail
- Russia - Mafia State: It's important to tell the truth about Putin's Russia, CNN
- Stephen Holmes, Fragments of a Defunct State, London Review of Books
- Expelled Moscow correspondent claims Russia is mafia state, abc.net.au
- Below Surface, U.S. Has Dim View of Putin and Russia, The New York Times
- Review: Mafia State, New Statesman
- Stephen Blank (2008): What Comes After the Russo–Georgian War? What's at Stake in the CIS, American Foreign Policy Interests, 30:6, 379-391
- Russia’s “mafia state” image no disaster, euronews
Literature
- Luke Harding, Mafia State, The Guardian (Publishing), 2011, ISBN 085265247X, 320 pages
See also
| Authoritarian and totalitarian forms of government | |
|---|---|
| Forms | |
| Ideologies | |
| See also | |