| Revision as of 22:37, 31 May 2006 view sourceBlueshirts (talk | contribs)4,524 editsm rmv space← Previous edit | Revision as of 18:45, 1 June 2006 view source 142.22.186.7 (talk)No edit summaryNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| hi my name uis lhjdfh | |||
| {{Infobox War | |||
| |image=] | |||
| |caption=Members of the victorious People's Liberation Army entered Beijing in June 1949. | |||
| |conflict=Nationalist-Communist Civil War | |||
| |date=April ] — present; | |||
| full-scale war from June ] to December ]. | |||
| |place=] | |||
| |result=] established<br>Nationalists ] | |||
| |combatant1=<center>]<br>] | |||
| |combatant2=<center>]<br>] | |||
| |commander1=] | |||
| |commander2=] | |||
| |strength1= 3,600,000 circa June 1948 | |||
| |strength2= 2,800,000 circa June 1948 | |||
| |casualties1= | |||
| |casualties2= | |||
| }}'' | |||
| The '''Chinese Civil War''' ({{zh-tspl|t=國共内戰|s=国共内战|p=guógòng neìzhàn|l=Nationalist-Communist Civil War}}) was a conflict in ] between the ] (Chinese Nationalist Party; KMT) and the ] (CCP). It began in ] after the ] when the right-wing faction of the KMT, led by ], purged the Communists from a KMT-CCP alliance. The primary conflict ended in ] with an unofficial cessation of major hostilities, with the Communists controlling ] (including ]) and the Nationalists restricted to their remaining territories of ], ], and several outlying ]ese islands. | |||
| ==The First United Front== | |||
| To defeat the ] who had seized control of much of Northern China since the collapse of the ], ] leader ] sought the help of foreign powers. His efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored, however, and in ] he turned to the ]. For political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established ]. The Soviets hoped for Communist consolidation but were prepared for either side to emerge victorious. Thus the struggle for power in China began between the Nationalists and the Communists. | |||
| In ] a joint statement by Sun and Soviet representative ] in ] pledged Soviet assistance for China's national unification, and issued the ], calling for a unified and independent China, and arranged a ] between the KMT and CCP. Soviet advisers — the most prominent of whom was an agent of the ], ] — began to arrive in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization and consolidation of the KMT along the lines of the ]. The CCP was under Comintern instructions to cooperate with the KMT, and its members were encouraged to join while maintaining their party identities, forming the '''First United Front''' between the two parties. The CCP was still small at the time, having a membership of 300 in 1922 and only 1,500 by ]. The KMT in 1922 already was 150,000 strong. Soviet advisers also helped the Nationalists set up a political institute to train party cadres in mass mobilization techniques and in ] sent ], one of Sun's lieutenants from ] days, for several months' military and political study in ]. After Chiang's return in late 1923, he participated in the establishment of the ] outside Guangzhou, which was the seat of government under the KMT-CCP alliance. In ] Chiang became head of the academy and began the rise to prominence that would make him Sun's successor as head of the KMT, but it was Chiang's harsh policies against the CCP that started the Civil War. | |||
| == Northern Expedition (1926–1928) and KMT split == | |||
| Just months after Sun's death in ], Chiang, as commander-in-chief of the ], set out on the long-delayed ] against the northern warlords to unite China under KMT control. | |||
| By ], however, the KMT had divided into left- and right-wing factions, and the Communist bloc within it was also growing. In March 1926, after thwarting an alleged kidnapping attempt against him, Chiang abruptly dismissed his Soviet advisers, imposed restrictions on CCP members' participation in the top leadership, and emerged as the preeminent KMT leader. The Soviet Union, still hoping to prevent a split between Chiang and the CCP, ordered Communist underground activities to facilitate the Northern Expedition, which was finally launched by Chiang from Guangzhou in July 1926. | |||
| ] | |||
| In early ] the KMT-CCP rivalry led to a split in the revolutionary ranks. The CCP and the left wing of the KMT had decided to move the seat of the Nationalist government from Guangzhou to ]. But Chiang, whose Northern Expedition was proving successful, set his forces out to destroy the Shanghai CCP apparatus. Arguing that communist activities were socially and economically disruptive, Chiang turned on Communists and unionists in ], arresting and executing hundreds on ], ]. The purge widened the rift between Chiang and ]'s Wuhan government (a contest won by Chiang) and destroyed the urban base of the CCP. Chiang, expelled from the KMT for his actions, formed a rival government in ]. There now were three ]: the internationally recognized warlord regime in Beijing; the Communist and left-wing civilian-military regime at Wuhan; and the right-wing Kuomintang regime at Nanjing, which would remain the Nationalist capital for the next decade. | |||
| The ] cause appeared bankrupt. A new policy was instituted calling on the CCP to foment armed insurrections in both urban and rural areas in preparation for an expected rising tide of revolution. Unsuccessful attempts were made by Communists to take cities such as ], ], ], and ], and an armed rural insurrection, known as the ], was staged by peasants in ] Province. The insurrection was led by ]. | |||
| But in mid-] the CCP was at a low ebb. The Communists had been expelled from Wuhan by their left-wing KMT allies, who in turn were toppled by a military regime. | |||
| The KMT resumed the campaign against warlords and captured ] in June 1928, after which most of eastern China was under Chiang's control, and the Nanjing government received prompt international recognition as the sole legitimate government of China. The Nationalist government announced that in conformity with Sun Yat-sen's formula for the three stages of revolution — military unification, political tutelage, and constitutional democracy — China had reached the end of the first phase and would embark on the second, which would be under KMT direction. | |||
| == Anti-Communist campaigns (1927–1937) == | |||
| During the Agrarian Revolution, Communist Party activists retreated underground or to the countryside where they fomented a military revolt, beginning the ] on ], ]. They combined the force with remnants of ] rebels, and established control over several areas in southern China. Attempts by the Nationalist armies to suppress the rebellion were unsuccessful but extremely damaging to the Communist forces. | |||
| After Chiang Kai-shek had foiled the coup to oust him launched by ], ], and ] (1929–30), he immediately turned his attention to rooting out the remaining pockets of Communist activity. The first two campaigns failed and the third was aborted due to the ]. The fourth campaign (1932-1933) achieved some early successes, but Chiang’s armies were badly mauled when they tried to penetrate into the heart of Mao’s ]. Finally in late 1933 Chiang launched a fifth campaign orchestrated by his German advisors that involved the systematic encirclement of the ] Soviet region with fortified blockhouses. By the fall of 1934, the Communists faced the possibility of total annihilation. It seemed that the time was now ripe to finish off the CCP, then turn against the remaining warlords. However, the intervention of the Japanese by invading Manchuria a little later would greatly alter the course of the Civil War. | |||
| ] | |||
| In October of 1934, the Communists took advantage of gaps in the ring of blockhouses (manned by the troops of a warlord ally of Chiang's, rather than the Nationalists themselves) to escape Jiangxi. This marked the beginning of a massive military retreat to the west to escape the pursuing KMT forces. It was under this legendary year-long, 6000 km retreat, called the ], which ended when the Communists reached the interior of ], that ] emerged as the top Communist leader. Along the way, the Communist Army confiscated property and weapons from local warlords and landlords, while recruiting peasants and the poor, solidifying its appeal to the masses. 80,000 people began the Long March and only 8000 made it to Shaanxi. | |||
| == Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) == | |||
| ] | |||
| During the Japanese invasion and occupation of ], ], who saw the Communists as a greater threat, refused to ally with the Communists to fight against the Japanese. On ], ], Kuomintang Generals ] and ] kidnapped Chiang and forced him to a truce with the Communists. The incident became known as the ]. Both parties agreed to suspend fighting and form a Second United Front to focus their energies against the Japanese. In 1937 Japanese airplanes bombed Chinese cities and well-equipped troops overran north and coastal China. | |||
| The alliance that was created with the Communists was in name only and the Communists hardly ever engaged the Japanese in major battles but proved efficient in guerilla warfare. The level of actual cooperation and coordination between the CCP and KMT during the Second World War was minimal. In the midst of the '''Second United Front''', the Communists and the Kuomintang were still vying for territorial advantage in "Free China" (i.e. those areas not occupied by the Japanese or ruled by puppet governments). The situation came to a head in late 1940 and early 1941 when there were major clashes between the Communist and KMT forces. In December 1940, Chiang Kai-shek demanded that the CCP’s ] evacuate ] and ] Provinces. Under intense pressure, the New Fourth Army commanders complied, but they were ambushed by Nationalist troops and soundly defeated in January 1941. This clash, which would be known as the ], weakened the CCP position in Central China and effectively ended any substantive cooperation between the Nationalists and the Communists and both sides concentrated on jockeying for position in the inevitable Civil War. | |||
| In general, developments in the Second Sino-Japanese War were to the advantage of the Communists. Kuomintang's resistance to the Japanese proved costly to Chiang Kai-shek. The war against Japan greatly sapped the KMT's military resource, and Chiang's own central army was never to recover from the devastating losses it had sustained in the early stages of the war. In addition, in the last major Japanese offensive, Operation Ichigo of fall 1944, the Japanese were able to maneuver far inland and destroy much of what remained of Chiang's material strength. In contrast, thanks to the brutal mass retaliation policies of the Imperial Japanese Armies, huge numbers of dispossessed villagers were able to be recruited to the Communist ranks. Although the guerrilla operations conducted by the Communists inside occupied China were of limited military value, they greatly heightened popular perception that the Communists were at the vanguard of the fight against the Japanese. By the end of the war large portions of the peasant masses of occupied China were politically mobilized in support of the Communists; however, the Communists had a severe shortage of war material, including small arms. | |||
| ==Post-war power struggle (1945–1947)== | |||
| ] | |||
| The dropping of the atomic bomb caused Japan to surrender | |||
| much more quickly than anyone in China had imagined. Under the terms of the unconditional ]ese surrender dictated by the United States, Japanese troops were ordered to surrender to KMT troops and not the Communists. | |||
| In the last month of the ] in ], ] forces | |||
| launched the mammoth ] in Manchuria. This operation destroyed the fighting capability of the ] and left the USSR in occupation of all of Manchuria at the end of the war. Consequently, they took the surrender of the 700,000 Japanese troops still stationed in the region. They seized the arms of these surrendering Japanese and handed them over to the Chinese Communists, providing them with the initial military means to face the Nationalists in open warfare. | |||
| Later in the year Chiang Kai-shek came to the painful realization that he lacked the resources to prevent a CCP takeover of Manchuria following the scheduled Soviet departure, he therefore made a deal with the Russians to delay their withdrawal until he had moved enough of his best-trained men and modern material into the region. The Soviets spent the extra time systematically dismantling the entire Manchurian industrial plant (worth up to 2 billion dollars) and shipping it back to their war-ravaged Motherland. | |||
| American General ] arrived in China and was part of negotiations over a cease-fire between the KMT and the CCP, the terms of which would build a coalition government that would include all of the contending political/military groups in China. Neither the Communists (represented by ]) nor Chiang Kai-shek’s representatives were willing to compromise on certain fundamental issues or relinquish the territories they had seized in the wake of the Japanese surrender. Notably, however, was the fact that the Nationalists demilitarized 1.5 million troops in an effort to support the Marshall Mission, whereas the Communists did not; they used the cease-fire period to arm and train the huge numbers of peasants who had joined the People's Liberation Army throughout the war with Japan. The truce fell apart in the spring of 1946, and although negotiations continued, Marshall was recalled in January 1947. | |||
| ==Final stage of fighting (1946–1950)== | |||
| With the breakdown of talks, an all out war resumed. This stage is referred to in Communist media and historiography as the War of Liberation ({{zh-tsp|t=解放戰爭|s=解放战争|p=Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng}}). While the Soviet Union provided limited aid to the Communists, the United States assisted the Nationalists with hundreds of millions of dollars worth of new surplus military supplies and generous loans of hundreds of millions of dollars worth of military equipment. They also airlifted many Nationalist troops from central China to ], the defense of which the Generalissimo saw as vital to his cause. Nevertheless, the Communists, who had already situated themselves in the north and northeast, were poised to strike. | |||
| Belatedly, the Nationalist government sought to enlist popular support through internal reforms. The effort was in vain, however, because of rampant ] in government and accompanying political and economic chaos including massive ]. By late 1948 the Nationalist position was bleak. The Nationalists had already taken the brunt of heavy fighting against the Japanese during WWII, while the Communists (for the most part) took part in ]. As a result, the demoralized Nationalist troops proved unable to stop the ]'s advance. Although the Nationalists had an advantage in their numbers and weapons, and benefitted from considerable international support, their low morale hindered their ability to fight. Furthermore, though they administered a larger and more populous territory, their corruption effectively stifled any civilian support. | |||
| The Communists were ultimately able to seize Manchuria after struggling through numerous set-backs while trying to take the cities, with the decisive ]. The capture of large Nationalist formations provided them with the tanks, heavy artillery, and other combined-arms assets needed to prosecute offensive operations south of the Great Wall. The ] (]) of late 1948 and early 1949 secured east-central China for communist forces, while the Pingjin Campaign (]) resulted in the Communist conquest of northern China, including Beiping (now ]), which was taken by the Communists without a fight on ], ]. On ], Communist forces crossed the ], capturing ], capital of the Nationalist's Republic of China, two days later. In most cases the surrounding countryside and small towns had come under Communist influence long before the cities. | |||
| By late 1949, the People's Liberation Army was pursuing remnants of Nationalist forces southwards in southern China. On ], ] ] proclaimed the ] with its capital at Beiping, which was renamed ]. Chiang Kai-shek and 600,000 Nationalist troops and 2,000,000 refugees, predominantly from the government and business community, retreated from the ] to the island of ], and there remained only isolated pockets of resistance, particularly in the far south. A PRC attempt to take the ROC controlled island of ] was thwarted in the ] halting the PLA advance towards Taiwan. In December 1949 Chiang proclaimed ], Taiwan, the temporary capital of the ] and continued to assert his government as the sole legitimate authority in China. The last of the fighting ended with the Communist conquest of ] in May 1950. | |||
| ==Relationship between the two sides since 1950== | |||
| Most observers expected Chiang's government to eventually fall in response to a Communist invasion of Taiwan, and the United States initially showed no interest in supporting Chiang's government in its final stand. Things changed radically with the North Korean invasion of South Korea on ], ], thus triggering the ]. At this point, allowing a total Communist victory over Chiang became politically impossible in the United States, and President ] ordered the ] into the Taiwan straits, ending any immediate possibility for a successful Communist invasion. | |||
| Some American historians have theorized that the loss of mainland China to the Communists enabled ] to purge the ] from the ]. In turn, it is possible that ] lacked the advice of any real experts on ] when he was trying to formulate a policy on ], which would imply that the Chinese Civil War can be linked causally to the ]. In addition, the belief of ] that the loss of China cost ] and the ] its political support led the later President to determine to uphold ] at all costs. | |||
| Meanwhile, on Taiwan, throughout the ] and ], intermittent skirmishes occurred throughout mainland's coastal and peripheral regions, though American reluctance to be drawn into a larger conflict left Chiang Kai-shek too weak to "retake the mainland" as he constantly vowed. ROC fighter aircraft bombed mainland targets and commandos, sometimes numbering up to 80 and sent by the U.S. military, landed repeatedly on the mainland to kill PLA soldiers, kidnap CCP cadres, destroy infrastructure, and seize documents. The ROC lost about 150 men in one raid in 1964. | |||
| The ROC navy conducted low intensity naval raids, and lost some ships in several small battles with the PLA. In June 1949, the ROC declared a "closure" of all mainland ports and its navy attempted to intercept all foreign ships, mainly of British and Soviet-bloc origin. Since the mainland's railroad network was underdeveloped, north-south trade heavily depended on sea lanes. ROC naval activity also caused severe hardship for mainland fishermen. | |||
| After losing the mainland, a group of approximately 1,200 KMT soldiers escaped to ] and continued launching guerrilla attacks into south China. Their leader, General ], was paid a salary by the ROC government and given the nominal title of Governor of ]. Initially, the United States supported these remnants and the ] provided them with aid. After the Burmese government appealed to the ] in 1953, the U.S. began pressuring the ROC to withdraw its loyalists. By the end of 1954, nearly 6,000 soldiers had left Burma and Li Mi declared his army disbanded. However, thousands remained, and the ROC continued to supply and command them, even secretly supplying reinforcements at times. Raids into mainland China gradually ended by the late 1960s as PLA infrastructure improved. Remnants of these KMT loyalists remain in the area and are active in the ]. | |||
| After the Republic of China complained to the United Nations against the Soviet Union supporting the Chinese Communists, the ] was adopted on ] ] to condemn the Soviet Union. | |||
| Though viewed as a military liability by the United States, the ROC viewed its remaining islands in Fujian as vital for any future campaign to retake the mainland. On ], ], the ] began when the PLA started shelling ] and threatened to take the ]. On ], ], the PLA took nearby ], with the entire ROC garrison of 720 troops killed defending the island. On ] of the same year, the ] passed the ] authorizing the President to defend the ROC's offshore islands. Instead of committing to defend the ROC's offshore islands, President Eisenhower pressured Chiang Kai-shek to evacuate his 11,000 troops and 20,000 civilians from the Dachen Islands, leaving them for PLA takeover. ] was abandoned as well, leaving Quemoy and ] the only major islands remaining. The First Taiwan Straits crisis ended in March 1955 when the PLA ceased its bombardment, amid United States threats of escalation and use of nuclear weapons. | |||
| The ] began on ], ] with another intense artillery bombardment of Quemoy and ended on November of the same year. PLA patrol boats blockaded the islands from ROC supply ships. Though the United States rejected Chiang Kai-shek's proposal to bomb mainland artillery batteries, it quickly moved to supply fighter jets and anti-aircraft missiles to the ROC. It also provided ] ships to land supply, as a sunken ROC naval vessel was blocking the harbor. On ], the United States escorted a convoy of ROC supply ships and the PRC refrained from firing. On ], the PRC announced an "even-day ceasefire" — the PLA would only shell Quemoy on odd-numbered days. By the end of the crisis, Quemoy had been struck with 500,000 artillery rounds and 3000 civilians and 1000 soldiers had been killed or wounded. Quemoy and Matsu were major campaign issues in the ]. Gradually through the 1960s live artillery was replaced by propaganda. | |||
| In January 1979, the PRC announced it would stop shelling Quemoy and Matsu. Though the PRC ] in 1995–96 and escalated tensions, armed clashes between the two sides have ceased. Since the late 1980s, there has been growing economic exchanges on both sides while the Taiwan straits remain a dangerous flashpoint. | |||
| ==People== | |||
| {{col-begin}} | |||
| {{col-break}} | |||
| ===Kuomintang=== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| {{col-break}} | |||
| ===Communist Party=== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| {{col-break}} | |||
| === Warlords === | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| {{col-end}} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{Cold War}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 18:45, 1 June 2006
hi my name uis lhjdfh