| Revision as of 10:30, 13 June 2006 editMusical Linguist (talk | contribs)13,591 edits Rv to Str1977, but with slight changes. Using correct tag (this is an article, not a section). Left out "practise" from main text, but left it in footnote. Clarified CCC wording in footnote← Previous edit | Revision as of 19:55, 13 June 2006 edit undoThemillofkeytone (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users522 edits Content was same as section in parent page, so changed to redirect. Will update template as well.Next edit → | ||
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| Adolf Hitler was raised as a ] by his parents, as was customary where he grew up. According to historian Bradley F. Smith, Hitler's father, though nominally a Catholic, was a ],<ref>"Closely related to his support of education was his tolerant skepticism concerning religion. He looked upon religion as a series of conventions and as a crutch for human weakness, but, like most of his neighbors, he insisted that the women of his household fulfill all religious obligations. He restricted his own participation to donning his uniform to take his proper place in festivals and processions. As he grew older Alois shifted from relative passivity in his attitude toward the power and influence of the institutional Church to a firm opposition to "clericalism," especially when the position of the Church came into conflict with his views on education." - Bradley F. Smith: ''Adolf Hitler: His Family, Childhood and Youth'' Stanford/California, 1967 p.27</ref> while his mother was a devoted Catholic.<ref>Historian Bradley F. Smith: "Alois insisted she attend regularly as an expression of his belief that the woman's place was in the kitchen and in church....Happily, Klara really enjoyed attending services and was completely devoted to the faith and teachings of Catholicism, so her husband's requirements worked to her advantage. "Bradley F. Smith: ''Adolf Hitler: His Family, Childhood and Youth'' Stanford/California, 1967 p.42</ref> According to historian Michael Rissmann young Adolf was influenced in school by ] and ] and began to reject the Church and Catholicism as an adolescent. After he had left home, he completely stopped attending mass, although attendance at mass on Sundays and holy days was an absolute requirement of the Catholic Church, except in cases where illness or distance made it impossible.<ref>Michael Rissmann, Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators, Zürich München: Pendo, 2001, pp. 94-96 ISBN 3858424218; The ] explains: "to practise religion : to perform the religious duties which the Church requires of its members; to be a practising and not merely a nominal member (esp. in R.C. Ch.)." The ] (sections 2041–2043) defines Mass attendance on Sundays and Holy Days the "First Precept of the Church", an absolute minimum requirement.</ref> | |||
| Hitler's religious beliefs have to be gathered from his public and private statements and present a discrepant picture and are disputed. In public statements, Hitler frequently spoke positively about the Christian heritage of German culture and his belief in Christ. For example, on March 23, 1933, he addressed the Reichstag: <cite>"The National Government regards the two Christian confessions (i.e. ''Catholicism and Protestantism'') as factors essential to the soul of the German people. ... We hold the spiritual forces of Christianity to be indispensable elements in the moral uplift of the German people."</cite><ref> quoted by Dennis Barton..</ref></blockquote> At one point<!--please provide the year of this utterance--> he described his religious status:"<cite>I am now as before a Catholic and will always remain so.</cite>"<ref>cited by ], ''Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography'', New York: Anchor Publishing, 1992, p. 507 ISBN 0385420536.</ref> Hitler never ended his church membership, but according to Albert Speer, <cite>"he had no real attachment to it."</cite><ref>], <cite>]</cite>, p. 96</ref> | |||
| Hitler’s private statements were more mixed. There are negative statements about Christianity reported by Hitler’s intimates, Goebbels, Speer, and Bormann.<ref>The collection called ''Table Talk'' is questioned by some; while most historians consider it a useful source, they do not regard it as wholly reliable. Ian Kershaw alludes to the questionable nature of Table Talk as a historical source; see his Hitler 1889-1936 Hubris London, 1998, xiv. Richard Carrier goes further contending that certain portions of Table Talk, especially those regarding Hitler's alleged hatred of Christianity, are outright inventions: see his "Hitler's Table Talk, Troubling Finds" German Studies Review26:3 (forthcoming 2003). However, although Kershaw recommends treating the work with caution, he does not suggest dispensing with it altogether. (The Holy Reich, p. 253)</ref>. Joseph Goebbels, for example, notes in a diary entry in 1939: “The Führer is deeply religious, but deeply anti-Christian. He regards Christianity as a symptom of decay.” Albert Speer reports a similar statement: “You see, it’s been our misfortune to have the wrong religion. Why didn’t we have the religion of the Japanese, who regard sacrifice for the Fatherland as the highest good? The Mohammedan religion too would have been much more compatible to us than Christianity. Why did it have to be Christianity with its meekness and flabbiness?<ref> Steigmann-Gall, pp. 252-253; Albert Speer, <cite>Inside the Third Reich, </cite> Orion Pub., 1997 ISBN 1857992180, p. 96.</ref> | |||
| In contrast to other Nazi leaders, Hitler did not adhere to ] ideas, ] or ] and even ridiculed such beliefs in private. Drawing on ] and some branches of theologically liberal Protestantism, Hitler advocated what he termed ], purged of everything that he found objectionable. Hitler never directed his attacks on Jesus himself,<ref>Richard Steigmann-Gall, ''The Holy Reich'' p.255</ref> but viewed traditional Christianity as a corruption of the original ideas of Jesus,<ref>Richard Steigmann-Gall, ''The Holy Reich'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 257, 260</ref> whom Hitler regarded as an ] opponent of the ].<ref>Richard Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich p. 260 </ref>In ''Mein Kampf'' he wrote that Jesus <cite>"made no secret of his attitude toward the Jewish people, and when necessary he even took the whip to drive from the temple of the Lord this adversary of all humanity, who then as always saw in religion nothing but an instrument for his business existence. In return, Christ was nailed to the cross</cite>". Hitler rejected the idea of Jesus' redemptive suffering, stating in 1927: "My feeling as a Christian points me to my Lord and Savior as a fighter. It points me to the man who once in loneliness, surrounded by a few followers, recognized these Jews for what they were and summoned men to fight against them and who, God's truth! was greatest not as a sufferer but as a fighter."<ref>Cited in Norman H. Baynes, <cite>The Speeches of Adolf Hitler: April 1922-August 1939,</cite> Vol. 1, New York: Oxford University Press, 1942, pp. 19-20 ISBN 0598758933. In a speech delivered on 12 April 1922, Munich</ref> | |||
| Hitler did not believe in a "remote, rationalist divinity" but in an "active, deity,"<ref>Richard Steigmann-Gall, ''The Holy Reich'' Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 26</ref>, to which he frequently referred to as "Creator" or "Providence". In Hitler's belief God created a world in which different races fought each other for survival along ] lines. The "Aryan race", supposedly the bearer of civilisation, is allocated a special place: | |||
| <blockquote><cite>"What we must fight for is to safeguard the existence and the reproduction of our race...so that our people may mature for the fulfillment of the mission alloted it by the creator of the universe...Peoples that bastardize themselves, or let themselves be bastardized, sin against the will of eternal Providence."<ref name="Gall"/></blockquote> | |||
| The Jews he viewed as enemies of all civilisation and as materialistic, unspiritual beings, writing in ''Mein Kampf'': <cite>"His life is only of this world, and his spirit is inwardly as alien to true Christianity as his nature two thousand years previous was to the great founder of the new doctrine.</cite> He also fed on the old accusation of ] and desribed his supposedly divine mandate for his anti-semitism: <cite>"Hence today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord.</cite> | |||
| As Protestantism was more open to such reinterpretations and some branches had similar views, Hitler demonstrated a preference for Protestantism over Catholicism.<ref>Steigmann-Gall, p.84</ref> His views were supported by the ] movement, but rejected by the ]. According to Steigmann-Gall, Hitler regretted that "the churches had failed to back him and his movement as he had hoped;"<ref>Steigmann-Gall, p.260</ref> and he stated according to Albert Speer: "Through me the Protestant Church could become the established church, as in England”. | |||
| From childhood, Hitler admired the pomp of Catholic ritual and the hierarchical organisation of the clergy. Later, he drew on these elements, organizing his party along hierarchical lines and including liturgical forms into events or using phraseology taken from hymns.<ref>Michael Rissmann, p. 96.</ref> Because of these liturgical elements, Hitler's Messiah-like status and the ideology's all-encompassing nature, the Nazi movement is sometimes termed a "]".<ref>Especially Eric Voegelin: in <cite>Political Religions, </cite> (Edward Mellen Press, 1986) ISBN 0889467676, advocated such a classification. Discussion at Rissmann, p. 191-197.</ref> Hitler himself, however, deplored the idea that Nazism was in any way a religion. | |||
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