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{{redirect|Siam}} | |||
'''Islam in Thailand | |||
{{missing information| Thai history from 1933 to 1997|date=July 2012}} | |||
''' | |||
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2013}} | |||
''By'': mohamed From Algeria | |||
{{Infobox country | |||
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Thailand | |||
| native_name = {{lang|th|ราชอาณาจักรไทย}}<br/>''Ratcha Anachak Thai'' | |||
| common_name = Thailand | |||
| image_flag = Flag of Thailand.svg | |||
| image_coat = Garuda Emblem of Thailand.svg | |||
| symbol_type = Emblem | |||
| national_motto = <br/>{{native phrase|th|{{big|ชาติ ศาสนา พระมหากษัตริย์}}|italics=off}}<br/>''Chat Satsana Phramahakasat''<br/>{{small|"Nation, Religion, King"}} {{small|(unofficial)}} | |||
| national_anthem = '']''<br/>''Thai National Anthem (Instrumental)''<br/><center>]</center> | |||
| royal_anthem = '']''<br/>''Thai Royal Anthem (instrumental)''<br/><center>]</center> | |||
| image_map = Thailand (orthographic projection).svg | |||
| capital = ] | |||
| latd=13 |latm=45 |latNS=N |longd=100 |longm=29 |longEW=E | |||
| largest_city = capital | |||
| official_languages = ]<ref name=CIA/><!--Thai is the official language. English is a non-official secondary language.--> | |||
| languages_type = ] | |||
| languages = ] | |||
| ethnic_groups = | |||
{{unbulleted list | |||
| 75% ] | |||
| 14% Thai Chinese<br/> | |||
| 11% Other (incl. ], ], "]") | |||
}} | |||
| ethnic_groups_year = 2009<ref name=CIA/><ref>{{citation |author=Barbara A. West |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |publisher=Facts on File |year=2009 |page=794|isbn=1438119135}}</ref> | |||
| demonym = ] | |||
| government_type = ] ] ] | |||
| leader_title1 = ] | |||
| leader_name1 = ]<br/>(]) | |||
| leader_title2 = ] | |||
| leader_name2 = {{nowrap|] (])}}<small>(Acting)</small> | |||
| legislature = ] | |||
| upper_house = ] | |||
| lower_house = {{nowrap|]}} | |||
| sovereignty_type = ] | |||
| established_event1 = ] | |||
| established_date1 = 1238–1448 | |||
| established_event2 = ] | |||
| established_date2 = 1351–1767 | |||
| established_event3 = ] | |||
| established_date3 = 1768–1782 | |||
| established_event4 = ] | |||
| established_date4 = 6 April 1782 | |||
| established_event5 = {{nowrap|]}} | |||
| established_date5 = 24 June 1932 | |||
| area_rank = 51st | |||
| area_magnitude = 1 E11 | |||
| area_km2 = 513,120 | |||
| area_sq_mi = 198,115 <!--Do not remove per ]--> | |||
| percent_water = {{nowrap|0.4 (2,230 km{{smallsup|2}})}} | |||
| population_estimate = 66,720,153<ref>. Web.archive.org (2011-07-16). Retrieved 20 May 2012.</ref> | |||
| population_estimate_rank = 20th | |||
| population_estimate_year = 2011 | |||
| population_census = 65,479,453<ref>{{th icon}} National Statistics Office, . popcensus.nso.go.th.</ref> | |||
| population_census_year = 2010 | |||
| population_density_km2 = 132.1 | |||
| population_density_sq_mi = 342 <!--Do remove per ]--> | |||
| population_density_rank = 88th | |||
| GDP_PPP = $701.554 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2011&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=49&pr1.y=10&c=578&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= | |||
|title=Thailand |publisher=] |accessdate=18 April 2013}}</ref> | |||
| GDP_PPP_rank = | |||
| GDP_PPP_year = 2013 | |||
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $10,849<ref name=imf2/> | |||
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | |||
| GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$424.985 billion<ref name=imf2/>}} | |||
| GDP_nominal_rank = | |||
| GDP_nominal_year = 2013 | |||
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $6,572<ref name=imf2/> | |||
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | |||
| Gini_year = 2010 | |||
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | |||
| Gini = 39.4 <!--number only--> | |||
| Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> | |||
| Gini_rank = | |||
| HDI_year = | |||
| HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | |||
| HDI = 0.690 <!--number only--> | |||
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDP">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Tables.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2011 – Human development statistical annex |publisher=] ] |pages=127–130 |accessdate=2 November 2011}}</ref> | |||
| HDI_rank = 103rd | |||
| currency = ] (฿) | |||
| currency_code = THB | |||
| time_zone = | |||
| utc_offset = +7 | |||
| time_zone_DST = | DST_note = | utc_offset_DST = <!-- +N, where N is number of hours --> | |||
| drives_on = left | |||
| calling_code = ] | |||
| itu_prefix = HS, E2 | |||
| cctld = {{unbulleted list |] |]}} | |||
}} | |||
{{contains Thai text|compact=yes}} | |||
'''Thailand''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aɪ|l|æ|n|d}} {{respell|TY|land}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aɪ|l|ə|n|d}} {{respell|TY|lənd}};<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thailand |title=Merriam-Webster Online |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=25 April 2007 |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> {{lang-th|ประเทศไทย}}, {{RTGS|''Prathet Thai''}}), officially the '''Kingdom of Thailand''' ({{lang-th|ราชอาณาจักรไทย}}, {{RTGS|''Ratcha Anachak Thai''}}; {{IPA-th|râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj|IPA|Th-pratheidthai raachaanaajakthai.ogg}}<!--See and listen here: http://www.thai-language.com/id/210678-->), formerly known as '''Siam''' ({{lang-th|สยาม}}; {{RTGS|Sayam}}), is a country located at the centre of the ] peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by ] and ], to the east by Laos and ], to the south by the ] and ], and to the west by the ] and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include ] in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and ] and ] in the Andaman Sea to the southwest. | |||
'''Historical studies of Islam in Thailand | |||
The country is a ], headed by King ], the ] of the ], who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's ] current ] and the ] ] in ].<ref name="longestthai">{{cite web |year=1996 |url=http://www.worldhop.com/Journals/J5/ROYAL.HTM |title=A Royal Occasion speeches |publisher=Worldhop.com Journal |accessdate=5 July 2006}}</ref> The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Adherent of Buddhism, and Upholder of religions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.go.th/th_senate/English/constitution2007.pdf|title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E 2550|author=] |publisher=]|date=November 2007|accessdate=2012-11-07}}</ref> | |||
Thailand is the world's ] in terms of total area, with an area of approximately {{convert|513000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and is the ], with around 64 million people. The capital and largest city is ], which is Thailand's political, commercial, industrial and cultural hub. About 75% of the population is ethnically ], 14% ], and 3% is ethnically ];<ref name=CIA>, CIA World Factbook.</ref> the rest belong to minority groups including ], ] and various ]. The country's official language is ]. The primary religion is ], which is practiced by around 95% of the population. | |||
'''"When I mention Islam in Thailand , GOES mind quickly to the three regions in the far south ( Pattani , Yala , Narathiwat ) , but new research included over Thailand , warned the spread of Islam in the country , revealing new aspects of Muslims in Thailand in other areas." . In-depth analysis is provided by Dr. " Joseph privilege " , about Islam in the Kingdom of Thailand , a country which is located in Southeast Asia , where Muslims are suffering , under the Buddhist majority . | |||
Thailand experienced rapid economic growth between 1985 and 1996, and is presently a ] and a major exporter. ] also contributes significantly to the Thai economy.<ref name="middleIncomeCountry">, World Bank on Thailand country overview.</ref><ref name="GuardianThailandOverview">The Guardian, , 25 April 2009.</ref> There are approximately 2.2 million legal and ] in Thailand,<ref>. IRIN Asia. 15 June 2009.</ref> and the country has also attracted a number of ]s from developed countries.<ref>. BBC News. 14 December 2006.</ref> | |||
Brought to this research, which is published in the Bangkok Post, the light on new areas includes an Muslims , within that kingdom , such as : ( Nakhon Si Thammarat , Songkhla , Phuket , Phang Nga , Trang and Satun ), all areas are located in areas adjacent to the north . As explained by the presence of Muslims in the central region , in the ( capital, Bangkok , and owes Ayutthaya ) , and others, and in the North ( Chiang Mai , Chiang RI) , in addition to ( Khon Kaen , Kalasin , Sakon Nakhon , and without a second ) in the north -east. | |||
==Etymology==<!--linked--> | |||
The search to those interested in the new areas specifically for two main reasons ; | |||
The country has always been called '']'' by her citizens; but by others, by the ] '''''Siam''''' ({{lang-th|]}} {{RTGS|Sayam}}, {{IPA-th|sàjǎːm|pron}}). Also spelled ''Siem'', ''Syâm'' or ''Syâma'', it has been identified with the ] ''Śyâma'' (], meaning "dark" or "brown"). The names ] and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word, and Śyâma is possibly not its origin but a learned and artificial distortion.<ref>{{cite book | author = Charles Eliot| title = The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch, Vol. 3 (of 3) | publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. | year = 1921 | location = London | pages = Ch. xxxvii 1; citing in turn Footnote 189: The name is found on ]n inscriptions of 1050 A.D. and according to Gerini appears in ]'s ] = Sâmaraṭṭha. See Gerini, Ptolemy, p. 170. But Samarade is located near Bangkok and there can hardly have been Thais there in Ptolemy's time; and Footnote 190: So too in Central Asia Kustana appears to be a learned distortion of the name ], made to give it a meaning in Sanskrit.}}</ref> | |||
] | |||
The first : that most previous studies on Islam in Thailand have focused only on the area of the far south , and thus gave the impression to many that there is no Islam in Thailand , but in those three regions . | |||
The signature of King ] (r. 1851 – 1868) reads ''SPPM'' (Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha) ''Mongkut King of Siam'', giving it official status until 23 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand.<ref name="ThaiCSM">, CSMngt-Thai.</ref> Thailand was renamed Siam from 1945 to 11 May 1949, after which it again reverted to Thailand. | |||
The word ''Thai'' (]) is not, as commonly believed,{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} derived from the word ''Thai'' (]) meaning "independence" in the Thai language; it is, however, the name of an ] from the central plains (the ]).{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} A famous Thai scholar argued that Thai (ไท) simply means "people" or "human being" since his investigation shows that in some rural areas the word "Thai" was used instead of the usual Thai word "khon" (]) for people.<ref>จิตร ภูมิศักดิ์ 1976: "ความเป็นมาของคำสยาม ไทย ลาวและขอม และลักษณะทางสังคม ของชื่อชนชาติ" (Jid Phumisak 1976: "Coming Into Existence for the Siamese Words for Thai, Laotian and Khmer and Societal Characteristics for Nation-names")</ref> | |||
The second is that those regions and provinces with a large number of the population , and then they shed light on the importance of the geographic reach of the Muslims of Thailand , in addition to ethnic diversity , sectarian and inside the fold of Islam. " | |||
The Thai use the phrase "land of the free" to express pride in the fact that Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia never colonized by a European power. | |||
The study focused on the target population in the country of Muslim scholars , community leaders , teachers, and their mosques , youth, activists and even women , in addition to working in the informal community organizations , such as the regional Islamic councils . Through meetings focused on knowing the views of Muslims in Thailand the following issues : | |||
While the Thai people will often refer to their country using the polite form ''Prathet Thai'' (Thai: ประเทศไทย), they most commonly use the more colloquial word ''Mueang Thai'' (Thai: เมืองไทย) or simply ''Thai'' (Thai: ไทย); the word ''mueang'' (Thai: เมือง) meaning nation but most commonly used to refer to a city or town. ''Ratcha Anachak Thai'' ({{lang-th|ราชอาณาจักรไทย}}) means "Kingdom of Thailand" or "Kingdom of Thai". | |||
Etymologically, its components are: ''-Ratcha-'' (from Sanskrit '']'', meaning "king, royal, realm") ; ''-ana-'' (from ] ''{{unicode|āṇā}}'', "authority, command, power", itself from Sanskrit ''{{unicode|ājñā}}'', same meaning) ''-chak'' (from Sanskrit '']'' or '']'' meaning "wheel", a symbol of power and rule). The ] ({{lang-th|เพลงชาติ}}), composed and written by ] during the extremely "patriotic" 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as: prathet-thai (Thai: ประเทศไทย). The first line of the national anthem is: ''prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai'' (Thai: ประเทศไทยรวมเลือดเนื้อชาติเชื้อไทย) and was translated in 1939 by Colonel Luang Saranuprabhandi as: "Thailand is the unity of Thai blood and body." | |||
(1 ) The concept of ethnic , religion and citizenship . | |||
==History== | |||
(2) religious divisions within the Muslim community of Thailand . | |||
{{Main|History of Thailand}} | |||
There is evidence of human habitation in Thailand that has been dated at 40,000 years before the present. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the ], starting with the ] around the 1st century ] to the ].<ref>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online</ref> | |||
(3) Islamic Relations - Buddhism in Thailand. | |||
] at ]. The city was ] in 1767 by a ] army under the King ].]] | |||
After the fall of the Khmer Empire in the 13th century, various states thrived there, such as the various ], ], ] and ] kingdoms, as seen through the numerous archaeological sites and artifacts that are scattered throughout the Siamese landscape. Prior to the 12th century however, the first Thai or Siamese state is traditionally considered to be the ] kingdom of ], which was founded in 1238. | |||
Following the decline and fall of the Khmer empire in the 13th–15th century, the Buddhist Tai kingdoms of Sukhothai, ] and ] (now Laos) were on the ascension. However, a century later, the power of Sukhothai was overshadowed by the new ], established in the mid-14th century in the lower ] or ] area. | |||
(4) the role of Islamic education and place , and the position of the Muslims of public education. | |||
]]] | |||
Ayutthaya's expansion centred along the Menam while in the northern valley the Lanna Kingdom and other small Tai city-states ruled the area. In 1431, the Khmer abandoned ] after the Ayutthaya forces invaded the city.<ref>"". ''The Washington Post''. 13 April 2010.</ref> Thailand retained a tradition of trade with its neighbouring states, from China to India, ] and ] lands. Ayutthaya became one of the most vibrant trading centres in Asia. European traders arrived in the 16th century, beginning with the ], followed by the French, Dutch and English. | |||
After the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767 to the Burmese, King ] the Great moved the capital of Thailand to ] for approximately 15 years. The current Rattanakosin era of Thai history began in 1782, following the establishment of ] as capital of the ] under King ] the Great. According to ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "A quarter to a third of the population of some areas of Thailand and Burma were ]s in the 17th through the 19th centuries."<ref>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref><ref>. Kyoto Review of South East Asia.</ref> | |||
(5) the position of Muslims in Thailand from the government's policies and the state. | |||
Despite European pressure, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian nation that has never been colonized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/king-country-and-the-coup/13140/0 |title=King, country and the coup |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=22 September 2006 |accessdate=3 November 2011}}</ref> This has been ascribed to the long succession of able rulers in the past four centuries who exploited the rivalry and tension between ] and the ]. As a result, the country remained a ] between parts of Southeast Asia that were colonized by the two colonizing powers, Great Britain and France. Western influence nevertheless led to many reforms in the 19th century and major concessions, most notably being the loss of a large territory on the east side of the ] to the French and the step-by-step absorption by Britain of the ]. | |||
(6) Personal Status Law and Muslims . | |||
=== 20th century === | |||
(7) ethnic dimension - religious conflict flared south of the kingdom . | |||
The losses initially included Penang and eventually culminated in the loss of four predominantly ethnic-Malay southern provinces, which later became ]'s four northern states, under the ]. | |||
In 1932, a ] carried out by the ] group of military and civilian officials resulted in a transition of power, when King ] was forced to grant the people of Siam their first constitution, thereby ending centuries of ]. | |||
(8) the general attitude of Muslims in Thailand's southern conflict . | |||
In 1939, the name of the kingdom, 'Siam', was changed to 'Thailand.' | |||
(9) the actions required to be taken by the government to enhance security . | |||
During World War II, the ] demanded the right to move troops across Thailand to the Malayan frontier. ] and engaged the ] for six to eight hours before ] ordered an ]. Shortly thereafter Japan was granted free passage, and on 21 December 1941, Thailand and Japan signed a military alliance with a secret protocol wherein Tokyo agreed to help Thailand regain territories lost to the British and French. Subsequently, Thailand declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on 25 January 1942 and undertook to 'assist' Japan in its war against the Allies, while at the same time maintaining an active anti-Japanese resistance movement known as the ]. Approximately 200,000 Asian labourers (mainly ]) and 60,000 ] POWs worked on the Thailand–Burma ].<ref>Werner Gruhl, '''', Transaction Publishers, 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8</ref> | |||
Among other things, this research showed the term " Muslims in Thailand " , which some see as racial abuse , especially for " Malay Muslims " in the south , as a result of the imposition of this term after the Bangkok Declaration of 1945 , which was launched in Thailand in which the Islamic Center officially . So the Muslims of the south prefer launching the term " Malay Muslims " on themselves , despite what surrounds the term limits of ethnic , regional and sectarian , Bigvalh other sectors of Thailand 's Muslims , who are characterized by differences for many of those who live in the south of the country . | |||
After the war, Thailand emerged as an ally of the United States. As with many of the developing nations during the ], Thailand then went through decades of political instability characterised by ] as one military regime replaced another, but eventually progressed towards a stable prosperity and democracy in the 1980s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} | |||
As for non- Muslims in the south do not believe in the term " Muslims in Thailand " any abuse , but find them proud of releasing it on themselves ; result of the emphasis on their national identity . | |||
<gallery> | |||
The number of Muslims in Thailand's five million citizens , so they make up approximately 7.5 - 8 % of the population , 44 % of whom live in the south , and the rest were distributed to the rest of the regions of the Kingdom . | |||
File:BlackCeramicBanChiangCultureThailand1200-800BCE.jpg|An example of pottery discovered near ] in Udon Thani province, the earliest dating to 2100 BCE. | |||
File:Pimai1.jpg|], Prasat Phimai is the largest temple in the country from the ]. | |||
File:Wat Phanan Choeng 01.jpg|The immense 19 metre high gilded statue of a seated Buddha in ], the latter from 1324, pre-dates the founding of the city. | |||
File:Wat Si Chum in Sukhothai.jpg|15 metre high Buddha image in ], Phra Achana , built in 13th Century | |||
File:Iudea-Ayutthaya.jpg|Painting of Ayutthaya, ordered by the ], 1665. | |||
Image:Siamese envoys at Versailles.jpg|] presents King Narai's letter to Louis XIV at Versailles, 1 September 1686. | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Politics and government== | |||
The first generation | |||
{{Main|Politics of Thailand|Constitutions of Thailand|Law of Thailand|Government of Thailand}} | |||
The politics of Thailand is currently conducted within the framework of a ], whereby the ] is the ] and a ] is ]. The ] is independent of the executive and the legislative branches. | |||
Islam on the breezes blowing across Thailand from three directions , from the south , center and north. Came early Bashaúrh from south of the country in the Horn of 13.14 AD by Muslim traders . While Islam arrived in the middle of the country in the 15th century by Sunni merchants Indians , Persians and Shiites . The areas of the north go to Islam by Muslim Chinese and Bengal in the seventies and eighties of the 18th century, respectively . And settled Muslims of Iran, India, Pakistan , Syria , Indonesia and the Malay Muslims , in different parts of the country after King Rama I established the new capital of the Kingdom of Thailand in Rattanacussn ( or Bangkok ) . | |||
===Constitutional history=== | |||
Taking the Islamic religion spread in Thai society is remarkable in recent years , though he had entered the country for centuries , specifically the south , adjacent to the State of Burma, where he began spreading across the land '' Siam '' or the Kingdom of Thailand , currently stands at Muslim population in this State alone, nearly 10 million people. And includes the capital Bangkok million of the total Muslim population of Thailand , totaling 64 million people. | |||
]: a representation of the 1932 Constitution sits on top of two golden offering bowls above a turret.]] | |||
Since the ] of the ] in 1932, Thailand has had 17 constitutions and charters.<ref>The Council of State, . This list contains 2 errors: it states that the 6th constitution was promulgated in 1912 (rather than 1952), and it states that the 11th constitution was promulgated in 1976 (rather than 1974).</ref><ref name="Thanet">Thanet Aphornsuvan, {{PDFlink||152 KB}}, 2001 Symposium: Constitutions and Human Rights in a Global Age: An Asia Pacific perspective</ref> Throughout this time, the form of government has ranged from military dictatorship to electoral democracy, but all governments have acknowledged a ] as the head of state.<ref name="multiple">{{cite news|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060919/thailand_coups_060919/20060919/ |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090224093424/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060919/thailand_coups_060919/20060919/ |archivedate=2009-02-24 |title=A list of previous coups in Thailand |agency=Associated Press |date= 19 September 2006|accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,214562,00.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080706035133/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,214562,00.html |archivedate=2008-07-06 |title=Raw Data: List of Recent Coups in Thailand's History |publisher=Fox News |date=19 September 2006 |accessdate=25 April 2010 |deadurl=yes}}</ref> | |||
===28 June 1932=== | |||
But the history of Islam in Thailand two two major , first one : Islamization of the kingdom of Pattani in the twenties of the 15th century . The second : the arrival of Muslims from non- Malays in the country , such as the Persians and Indians and Ahamyin , these stations have contributed to later in the integration of the country in 1939 , and turned Siam to Thailand. | |||
Prior to 1932, the Kingdom of ] did not possess a legislature, as all legislative powers were vested within the person of the monarch. This had been the case since the foundation of the ] in the 12th century: as the king was seen as a "Dharmaraja" or "King who rules in accordance with ]" (the Buddhist law of righteousness). However on 24 June 1932 a group of civilians and military officers, calling themselves the ] (or People's Party) carried out a bloodless revolution, in which the 150 years of absolute rule of the ] was ended. In its stead the group advocated a constitutional form of monarchy with an elected legislature. | |||
The "Draft Constitution" of 1932 signed by King ], created Thailand's first legislature, a '''People's Assembly''' with 70 appointed members. The assembly met for the first time on 28 June 1932, in the ]. The Khana Ratsadon decided that the people were not yet ready for an elected assembly; however they later changed their minds. By the time the "permanent" constitution came into force in December of that year, elections were scheduled for 15 November 1933. The new constitution also changed the composition of the assembly to 78 directly elected and 78 appointed (by the Khana Ratsadon) together compromising 156 members. | |||
Diversity is not antagonism | |||
===1932 to 1972=== | |||
Divided forms of Islamic life in Thailand into 3 sections , according to the historical and geographical background : | |||
{{expand section|date=November 2013}} | |||
{{See also|History of Thailand (1932–1973)|History of Thailand since 1973}} | |||
The '''history of Thailand from 1932 to 1973''' was dominated by ]s which were in power for much of the period. The main personalities of the period were the ] ] (better known as Phibun), who allied the country with Japan during the Second World War, and the civilian ] ], who founded ] and was briefly the prime minister after the war. The Japanese invasion of Thailand occurred on December 8, 1941. | |||
A succession of military dictators followed Pridi's ousting — Phibun again, ] and ] — under whom traditional, ] rule was combined with increasing ] and ] under the influence of the ] The end of the period was marked by Thanom's resignation, following a massacre of pro-] protesters led by Thammasat students. Thanom misread the situation as a coup d'état, and fled, leaving the country leaderless - HM appointed Thammasat University chancellor Sanya Dharmasakti PM by royal command. For events subsequent to the abdication of the king, including the name change of 1939, up to the coup d'état of 1957, see ]. | |||
(1) Malay Muslims , who speak the Malay language , and are concentrated in three regions of the south ( Pattani , Yala , and Narathiwat ) . | |||
Thailand helped the USA and South Vietnam in the Vietnam war between 1965 and 1971. Thai forces also saw heavy action in the covert war in Laos that occurred between 1964 and 1972. | |||
(2) the Malay Muslims , who are integrated into Thai society , and living in areas adjacent to the three southern provinces of the north , and speak Thai . | |||
===1973 to 1997=== | |||
(3) Muslims polynomials ethnicities ( Persians , Malay , Shawwam , Alandonis , Indians , Bengal , and those with backgrounds Chinese ) , and who are integrated into Thai society , and also speak Thai , and they have integrated with the local population in the provinces of central Thailand ( Bangkok , Ayutthaya ) , as well as in the northern provinces , and north-east . These immigrants from neighboring countries have settled in Thailand ; for economic and political reasons , and to escape the religious persecution they suffered at the hands of China Communists , nationalists and Burma. | |||
{{expand section|date=November 2013}} | |||
{{See also|History of Thailand since 1973}} | |||
=== 1997 to 2001=== | |||
The first section has struggled to maintain the identity , and the lack of integration and possibly melt in Thai society , and stayed in the Malay -speaking religious and social conversations . While the merged sections II and III, in Thai society , and spoke a tongue Thailand ; reasons for social and religious . | |||
{{See also|1997 Constitution of Thailand}} | |||
], the old meeting place of the National Assembly; now only the State Opening is held there.]] | |||
]]] | |||
The 1997 Constitution was the first constitution to be drafted by popularly elected Constitutional Drafting Assembly, and was popularly called the "People's Constitution".<ref name="Criminal Justice">Kittipong Kittayarak, {{PDFlink||221 KB}}</ref> The 1997 Constitution created a ] consisting of a 500-seat ] (สภาผู้แทนราษฎร, sapha phutaen ratsadon) and a 200-seat ] (วุฒิสภา, wuthisapha). For the first time in Thai history, both houses were directly elected. | |||
Many human rights are explicitly acknowledged, and measures were established to increase the stability of elected governments. The House was elected by the ] system, where only one candidate with a simple majority could be elected in one constituency. The Senate was elected based on the province system, where one province can return more than one senator depending on its population size. | |||
She encounters that study that Malay Muslims who live in the far reaches of the south prefer to refer to themselves as Malaoyen living in Thailand , they are so ESTABLISH to the idea that they are citizens of Thailand Balmalaoah speakers . The second part does not see a conflict between the lower they are Muslims , and Thai citizens at the same time . It is the same view , which is seen by the people of the third section of this issue , Vhola all share a preference for identifying themselves as Thai citizens are Muslims , and speak the Thai language , despite the great diversity of Arkiethm . | |||
The two houses of the National Assembly have two different terms. In accordance with the constitution the Senate is elected to a six-year term, while the House is elected to a four-year term. Overall the term of the National Assembly is based on that of the House. The National Assembly each year will sit in two sessions an "ordinary session" and a "legislative session". The first session of the National Assembly must take place within thirty days after the general election of the House of Representatives. The first session must be opened by the ] in person by reading a ]; this ceremony is held in the Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall. He may also appoint the ] or a representative to carry out this duty. It is also the duty of the king to prorogue sessions through a ] when the House term expires. The king also has the ] to call extraordinary sessions and prolong sessions at his discretion. | |||
There are also many sects within the Muslim community in the Kingdom of Thailand , wins the majority Sunni Muslims and the center, in addition to a small group of Shiite Muslims who belong to the imamate , and Ismailia , and thus represents the largest Muslim minority in the country. | |||
The National Assembly may host a "Joint-sitting" of both Houses under several circumstances. These include: The appointment of a regent, any alteration to the ], the opening of the first session, the announcement of policies by the ], the approval of the ], the hearing of explanations and approval of a ] and the amendment of the Constitution. | |||
The Shaafa'is main doctrine of Sunni Muslims in Thailand , and spreads between ethnic Malay, followed by tap and spread among the Muslims of the Indian and Chinese origin , and there is also a Salafi school . | |||
Members of the House of Representatives served four-year terms, while senators served six-year terms. The 1997 People's Constitution also promoted human rights more than any other constitutions. The court system (ศาล, saan) included a ] with jurisdiction over the constitutionality of parliamentary acts, royal decrees, and political matters. | |||
As for the relationship between Muslims and Buddhists are characterized by integration - except for the southern regions characterized by the relationship Baldmoah - the scene where he finds Thai Buddhist temples and mosques along , is no stranger to them. The election may have been a Muslim candidates for parliament in the Buddhist influence . The bottom line of this relationship is to integrate and co-exist in most parts of the country , except for the south as it turns out previously . | |||
=== Thaksin period: 2001–present === | |||
Religious education | |||
The ], the first election under the 1997 Constitution, was called the most open, corruption-free election in Thai history.<ref>Robert B. Albritton and Thawilwadee Bureekul, {{PDFlink||319 KB}}, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica Asian Barometer Project Office Working Paper Series No. 28, 2004</ref> | |||
], led by ] won the election. The Thaksin government was the first in Thai history to complete a four-year term. The ] had the highest voter turnout in Thai history,<ref>Pongsudhirak Thitinan, "Victory places Thaksin at crossroads", Bangkok Post, 9 February 2005</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/Election2005/news/news.php?news=02%2F10020506.htm |date=10 February 2005 |title=Unprecedented 72% turnout for latest poll |publisher=The Nation}}</ref> and Thai Rak Thai Party won an absolute majority. However, despite efforts to clean up the system, vote buying and electoral violence remained problems of electoral quality in 2005.<ref name="QuoVadis">Aurel Croissant and Daniel J. Pojar, Jr., {{dead link|date=October 2013}}, Strategic Insights, Volume IV, Issue 6 (June 2005)</ref> | |||
The PollWatch Foundation, Thailand's most prominent election watchdog, declared that vote buying in this election, specifically in the North and the Northeast, was more serious than in the 2001 election. The organization also accused the government of violating the election law by abusing state power in presenting new projects in a bid to seek votes. | |||
Shows the Malay Muslims in the south and north adjacent spokesman respect to special institutes Pondok ( or Fondauq ) : It is a private Islamic boarding schools taught Islamic Sciences and the Academy of Sciences again . So there they have great sensitivity toward any government efforts to convert Institutes Albunduk to institutions of modern education . | |||
==== 2006 coup d'état ==== | |||
In the central regions of the country is almost disappearing culture Albunduk schools , where the majority of the new generation goes to a private Islamic schools , which are not Albunduk , then move on to higher education . In the northern regions Muslims prefer those with Chinese and Indian backgrounds send their children to modern schools of different orientations ; aim of academic learning , the study of Islam as an extra . And works a lot of Muslims in China in the north , a prestigious professions such as engineering , medicine, and politics. Which earned them great respect and appreciation by the people of other religions in the city of Chiang Mai , the northern regions . | |||
{{See also|2006 Thai coup d'état}} | |||
Without meeting much resistance, a ] ] the interim government of ] on 19 September 2006. The ] ] the constitution, dissolved Parliament and the Constitutional Court, detained and later removed several members of the government, declared ], and appointed one of the king's Privy Counselors, General ], as the Prime Minister. The junta later wrote a highly abbreviated ] and appointed a panel to draft a new permanent constitution. The junta also appointed a 250-member legislature, called by some critics a "chamber of generals" while others claimed that it lacks representatives from the poor majority.<ref>The Nation, , 14 October 2006</ref><ref>The Nation, , 14 October 2006</ref> | |||
In this interim constitution draft, the head of the junta was allowed to remove the prime minister at any time. The legislature was not allowed to hold a vote of confidence against the cabinet and the public was not allowed to file comments on bills.<ref>The Nation, , 27 September 2006</ref> This interim constitution was later surpassed by ] on 24 August 2007. Martial law was partially revoked in January 2007. The ban on political activities was lifted in July 2007,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/07/18/politics/politics_30041398.php|title=Ban on political activities lifted|publisher=The Nation|date=18 July 2007}}</ref> following the ] of the ] party. The new constitution was approved by referendum on 19 August, which led to a return to a ] on 23 December 2007. | |||
In the north-eastern regions of the kingdom - where the Muslim community is very small - there are no Islamic schools . Therefore institutions work of local Islamic - such as education institution and the development of Muslims in the north-east of Thailand , and taken from the territory of " Udon Thani " based - to provide Islamic education through the activities of non-formal education , as a teacher of the mosque , which is available in 36 local mosque , and summer camps organized by those schools . | |||
==== Political crisis ==== | |||
In addition to the above -mentioned aspects of diversity in religious education in Thailand , it was observed that the majority of graduates from secondary schools in the south and the other can not attend local universities for their inability to pass the admission tests to those universities. So those seeking to complete their education at universities in the Middle East , and Southeast Asia ; to get a better standard of education in the fields of religious and academic . After completing their studies abroad are returning to Thailand to engage in teaching either in a private Islamic schools , or in public universities . | |||
{{See also|2008–2010 Thai political crisis}} | |||
] rally on ] in 2008.]] | |||
] protest on ] intersection in 2010.]] | |||
The ], led by ] formed a government with five smaller parties. Following several court rulings against him in a variety of scandals, and surviving a vote of no confidence, and protesters blockading government buildings and airports, in September 2008, Sundaravej was found guilty of conflict of interest by the ] (due to being a host in a TV cooking program),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/09/AR2008090900505.html |title=Thai Premier Ousted Over Stints on Cooking Show |work=The Washington Post |date= 10 September 2008|accessdate=25 April 2010 | first=Ambika | last=Ahuja}}</ref> and thus, ended his term in office. | |||
Citizenship and Islam | |||
He was replaced by PPP member ]. As of October 2008, Wongsawat was unable to gain access to his offices, which were occupied by protesters from the ]. On 2 December 2008, Thailand's Constitutional Court in a highly controversial ruling found the Peoples Power Party<ref>. Spiegel, 2 December 2008</ref> guilty of electoral fraud, which led to the dissolution of the party according to the law. It was later alleged in media reports that at least one member of the judiciary had a telephone conversation with officials working for the Office of the Privy Council and one other. The phone call was taped and has since circulated on the Internet. In it, the callers discuss finding a way to ensure the ruling PPP party would be disbanded. Accusations of judicial interference were levelled in the media but the recorded call was dismissed as a hoax. However, in June 2010, supporters of the eventually disbanded PPP were charged with tapping a judge's phone. | |||
The majority of Muslims do not find any embarrassment Thailand for being Thai citizens , and at the same time are Muslims , but is considered by many so proud for them , and their slogan , " Thai Muslim citizens ." | |||
Immediately following what many media described as a "judicial coup", a senior member of the Armed Forces met with factions of the governing coalition to get their members to join the opposition and the ] was able to form a government, a first for the party since 2001. The leader of the Democrat party, and former leader of the opposition, ] was appointed and sworn-in as the 27th ], together with the new cabinet on 17 December 2008. | |||
Muslims in Thailand and enjoy religious freedom , for example : women are allowed to wear headscarves in official pictures , and in the workplace governmental organizations , and others. It also operates the Thai government to provide facilities to the pilgrims every year , and give the public holidays in the south to celebrate the far- Fitr and Eid al-Adha , and give health certificates for halal food , and recognize the position of " Shaykh al-Islam ," which serves as the Minister of Awqaf in Muslim countries , where the Thai government to grant a piece land in the suburb of the capital, Bangkok, Nong Chok Center to build a '' building '' chiefdom , conference rooms, mosque and other buildings thereto , and the chieftain Sheikh called '' al-Islam '' . | |||
In of April 2010, a set of new ] by the ] opposition movement resulted in 87 deaths (mostly civilian and some military) and 1,378 injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangkokpost.com/news/politics/178754/pm-vows-to-seek-truth|title=PM vows to seek truth|publisher=]|date=22 May 2010|accessdate=22 May 2010}}{{dead link|date=October 2013}}</ref> When the army tried to disperse the protesters on 10 April 2010, the army was met with automatic gunfire, grenades, and fire bombs from the opposition faction in the army, known as the "watermelon". This resulted in the army returning fire with rubber bullets and some live ammunition. During the time of the "red shirt" protests against the government, there have been numerous grenade and bomb attacks against government offices and the homes of government officials. Grenades were fired at protesters, that were protesting against the "red shirts" and for the government, by unknown gunmen killing one pro-government protester, the government stated that the Red Shirts were firing the weapons at civilians.<ref>BBC News, , 11 April 2010</ref><ref>Aj Jazeera English, , 11 April 2010</ref><ref>, NST Online Australia, 11 April 2010</ref><ref>, Bangkok Post, 15 April 2010</ref> | |||
The government supports the Thai Islamic bank in the country, twenty- six branches scattered across the country , despite the absence of any support to the Bank by investments in the Islamic countries of the world. | |||
On 3 July 2011, the oppositional ], led by ] (the youngest sister of Thaksin Shinawatra), won the ] by a landslide (265 seats in the ], out of 500). Yingluck is the nation's first female prime minister and her role was officially endorsed in a ceremony presided over by King Bhumibol Adulyadej. The Pheu Thai Party is a continuation of Thaksin's Thai Rak Thai party.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thailand confirms Yingluck Shinawatra as first female PM|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/05/thailand-yingluck-shinawatra-prime-minister|accessdate=15 December 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=5 August 2011}}</ref> | |||
Summary Search | |||
Protests recommenced in late 2013, as the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD), led by former minister Suthep Thaugsuban, demanded an end to the so-called Thaksin regime. The PAD protesters called for the establishment of an unelected “people’s council”—in place of Yingluck's government—that will cleanse Thai politics and eradicate the Thaksin regime.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thailand’s street politics turns violent yet again|url=http://theconversation.com/thailands-street-politics-turns-violent-yet-again-21020?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latest%20from%20The%20Conversation%20for%204%20December%202013&utm_content=Latest%20from%20The%20Conversation%20for%204%20December%202013+CID_0836c9ff2223a1c838064ae287f95d30&utm_source=campaign_monitor&utm_term=Thailands%20street%20politics%20turns%20violent%20yet%20again|accessdate=15 December 2013|newspaper=The Conversation Australia|date=3 December 2013|author=Kevin Hewison}}</ref> In response to the intensive protests, Yinluck dissolved parliament on 9 December 2013 and proposed a new election for 2 February 2014, a date that was later approved by the election commission.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thai prime minister dissolves parliament|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2013/12/thai-pm-says-she-will-dissolve-parliament-201312913831169537.html|accessdate=15 December 2013|newspaper=Aljazeera|date=9 December 2013}}</ref> The PAD insisted that the prime minister stand down within 24 hours, regardless of her actions, with 160,000 protesters in attendance at Government House on 9 December. Yingluck insisted that she would continue her duties until the scheduled election in February 2014, urging the protesters to accept her proposal: "Now that the government has dissolved parliament, I ask that you stop protesting and that all sides work towards elections. I have backed down to the point where I don't know how to back down any further."<ref>{{cite news|title=Thai PM Urges Protesters to Take Part in Election|url=http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2013/12/10/world/asia/10reuters-thailand-protest.html?ref=reuters&_r=0|accessdate=15 December 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=10 December 2013|author=Reuters}}</ref> | |||
The research concluded after field study that : | |||
In response to the Electoral Commission (EC)'s registration process for party-list candidates—for the scheduled election in February 2014—anti-government protesters marched to the Thai-Japanese sports stadium, the venue of the registration process, on 22 December 2013. Suthep and the PDRC led the protest, estimating that 3.5 million people participated in the march; however, security forces claimed that approximately 270,000 protesters joined the rally. Yingluck and the Pheu Thai Party reiterated their election plan and anticipate presenting a list of 125 party-list candidates to the EC.<ref>{{cite news|title=Suthep: Protesters to block EC registration|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/386179/suthep-to-block-poll-registration|accessdate=23 December 2013|newspaper=Bangkok Post|date=22 December 2013|author2=Thanarak Khoonton}}</ref> | |||
* Muslim community in Thailand is characterized by pluralism and diversity. | |||
===Administrative divisions=== | |||
* There are two main sections of the Muslims in Thailand , Department merged in the community , and spoke with his tongue , and this is prevalent in most parts of the Kingdom , and the last has not yet merged , and even demanding independence , and is concentrated in three regions South . | |||
{{Main|Subdivisions of Thailand}} | |||
Thailand is divided into 76<!--not 77, Bangkok is not a province, see next sentence!--> ] (จังหวัด, changwat), which are gathered into 5 groups of provinces by location. There are also 2 special governed districts: the capital ] (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) and ], of which Bangkok is at provincial level and thus often counted as a province. | |||
Each province is divided into ] and the districts are further divided into sub-districts (tambons). As of 2006 there are 877 districts (อำเภอ, amphoe) and the 50 ] (เขต, khet). Some parts of the provinces bordering Bangkok are also referred to as ] (ปริมณฑล, pari monthon). These provinces include ], ], ], ] and ]. The name of each province's capital city (เมือง, mueang) is the same as that of the province. For example, the capital of Chiang Mai province (''Changwat Chiang Mai'') is ''Mueang Chiang Mai'' or ''Chiang Mai''. | |||
* The difference between these two groups lies in the historical background , and ethnic , and linguistic each . The first section sees himself as an independent entity merged with the Kingdom of Thailand , and therefore calls for independence , and a return to what it was in the past. And the other believes that part of the state of Buddhism , and it represents the Muslim minority in that country , so it is trying to integrate and co-existence . | |||
{{Provinces of Thailand Image Map}} | |||
===The southern region=== | |||
* The deterioration in the development of the southern provinces to decades of economic neglect , and lack of employment opportunities for Muslims in the public and private sectors , and the red tape killer . | |||
{{See also|South Thailand insurgency}} | |||
] | |||
Thailand controlled the ] as far as Malacca in the 1400s and held much of the peninsula, including Temasek (Singapore) some of the ] and a colony on ], but eventually failed when the British used force to guarantee their ] over the sultanate. | |||
Mostly the northern states of the Malay Sultanate presented annual gifts to the Thai king in the form of a ]—a gesture of tribute and an acknowledgement of vassalage. The British intervened in the Malay State and with the ] tried to build a railway from the south to Bangkok. Thailand relinquished sovereignty over what are now the northern Malay provinces of ], ], ] and ] to the British. Satun and Pattani provinces were given to Thailand. | |||
* Solve the dilemma lies in the south to make great efforts to implement the demands of the Malay Muslims in the south , which would cast a shadow on the security and stability throughout Thailand as a whole, and not just on the south . | |||
The Malay peninsula provinces were infiltrated by the Japanese during World War II, and by the ] (CPM) from 1942 to 2008, when they decided to sue for peace with the Malaysian and Thai governments after the CPM lost its support from ] and China subsequent to the ]. Recent insurgent uprisings may be a continuation of separatist fighting which started after World War II with Sukarno's support for the ], and the intensification. Most victims since the uprisings have been Buddhist and Muslim bystanders. | |||
* South regions is characterized by the coexistence between Buddhists and Muslims centuries ago , which gives an overall picture that Muslims in Thailand have succeeded in the overall integration and coexistence with the predominantly Buddhist . | |||
===Foreign relations=== | |||
-------Another language ------- | |||
{{Main|Foreign relations of Thailand}} | |||
"حينما يُذكر الإسلام في تايلاند، تنصرف الأذهان بسرعة إلى الأقاليم الثلاثة الواقعة في أقصى الجنوب( باتاني، يالا، ناراثيوات)، لكن بحثًا جديدًا شمل أنحاء تايلاند، نبه على انتشار الإسلام في ذلك البلد، وكشف عن أوجه جديدة لمسلمي تايلاند في مناطق أخرى". هو تحليل في العمق يقدمه الدكتور "امتياز يوسف"، حول الإسلام في مملكة تايلاند، ذلك البلد التي يقع في جنوب شرقي آسيا، ويعاني المسلمون فيه، في ظل أغلبية بوذية. | |||
] greets ] President ] at the ], during his official state visit to Thailand on 18 November 2012.]] | |||
The foreign relations of Thailand are handled by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand. | |||
Thailand participates fully in international and regional organizations. It is a ] and Priority Watch List ] of the United States. The country remains an active member of ] (Association of South East Asian Nations). Thailand has developed increasingly close ties with other ASEAN members—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, and Vietnam—whose foreign and economic ministers hold annual meetings. Regional cooperation is progressing in economic, trade, banking, political, and cultural matters. In 2003, Thailand served as APEC host. Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi, the former Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, currently serves as Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). In 2005 Thailand attended the inaugural East Asia Summit. | |||
سلط هذا البحث، الذي نشرته صحيفة بانكوك بوست، الضوء على مناطق جديدة تضم بين ظهرانيها مسلمين، داخل تلك المملكة، مثل: (ناخون سي تاممارات، سونجكلا، بوكيت، فانغ نغا، ترانغ، وساتون)، وكلها مناطق تقع في المناطق المتاخمة للشمال. كما أوضح وجود مسلمين في المنطقة الوسطى، في (العاصمة بانكوك، ومدين أيوتايا)،وغيرهما، وفي الشمال (شيانج مي، شيانج ري)، بالإضافة إلى (خون كاين، كالاسين، ساكون ناخون، ودون ثاني) في الشمال الشرقي. | |||
In recent years, Thailand has taken an increasingly active role on the international stage. When East Timor gained independence from Indonesia, Thailand, for the first time in its history, contributed troops to the international peacekeeping effort. Its troops remain there today as part of a UN peacekeeping force. As part of its effort to increase international ties, Thailand has reached out to such regional organizations as the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Thailand has contributed troops to reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq. | |||
وقد اهتم البحث بتلك المناطق الجديدة بالتحديد لسببين رئيسيين؛ | |||
Thaksin initiated negotiations for several ]s with China, Australia, Bahrain, India, and the US. The latter especially was criticized, with claims that high-cost Thai industries could be wiped out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ftawatch.org/ |title=FTA Watch Group website |publisher=Ftawatch.org |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> | |||
أولاهما: أن معظم الدراسات السابقة حول الإسلام في تايلاند ركزت فقط على منطقة أقصى الجنوب، وهي بذلك أعطت انطباعًا لدى الكثيرين أنه لا يوجد إسلام في تايلاند إلا في تلك الأقاليم الثلاثة. | |||
Thaksin also announced that Thailand would forsake foreign aid, and work with donor countries to assist in the development of neighbors in the Greater Mekong Sub-region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/thaksins-chance-leading-role-region |work=Straits Times |location=Singapore |title=Thaksin's Chance for Leading Role in the Region |date=10 March 2004|author=John D. Ciorciari}}</ref> Thaksin was ambitious to position Thailand as a regional leader, initiating various development projects in poorer neighbouring countries like Laos. More controversially, he established close, friendly ties with the Burmese dictatorship.<ref>. ICT News, 2 August 2007</ref> | |||
Thailand joined the US-led invasion of Iraq, sending a 423-strong humanitarian contingent. It withdrew its troops on 10 September 2004. Two Thai soldiers died in Iraq in an insurgent attack. | |||
وثانيهما: أن تلك الأقاليم والمحافظات تضم عددًا كبيرًا من السكان، ومن ثم كانت أهمية إلقاء الضوء على الامتداد الجغرافي لمسلمي تايلاند، بالإضافة إلى تنوعهم العرقي، والطائفي داخل حظيرة الإسلام". | |||
Abhisit appointed Peoples Alliance for Democracy leader Kasit Piromya as Foreign Minister. Prior to his appointment, Kasit had led anti-Cambodia protests and called Cambodian Prime Minister ] a "gangster minded (ใจนักเลง ''jai-nak-leng'')" (he later claimed the word he used actually meant "a person who is lionhearted, a courageous and magnanimous gentleman"). In April 2009, "large-scale fighting" erupted between Thai and Cambodian troops on territory immediately adjacent to the 900-year-old ruins of Cambodia's ] Hindu temple near the border. The Cambodian government claimed its army had killed at least four Thais and captured 10 more, although the Thai government denied that any Thai soldiers were killed or injured. Two Cambodian soldiers were killed and three Thai soldiers were killed. Both armies blamed the other for firing first and denied entering the other's territory.<ref>The Telegraph, , 3 April 2009</ref><ref>Bloomberg, , 3 April 2009</ref> | |||
وقد تركزت الدراسة على الشريحة المستهدفة في تلك البلاد من العلماء المسلمين، وقادة المجتمع، والمدرسين، والقائمين على المساجد، والشباب، والنشطاء وحتى النساء، بالإضافة إلى العاملين في المنظمات المجتمعية الرسمية، مثل المجالس الإسلامية الإقليمية. عبر لقاءات تمحورت حول معرفة آراء مسلمي تايلاند في القضايا الآتية: | |||
===Military=== | |||
(1) مفهوم العرقية والدين والمواطنة. | |||
{{Main|Royal Thai Armed Forces}} | |||
], an ] of the ].]] | |||
The Royal Thai Armed Forces ({{lang-th|กองทัพไทย: ''Kongthap Thai'')}} constitute the military of the Kingdom of Thailand. They consist of the ] (กองทัพบกไทย), the ] (กองทัพเรือไทย, ราชนาวีไทย), and the ] (กองทัพอากาศไทย). It also incorporates various ] forces. | |||
Currently, the Royal Thai Armed Forces has a combined manpower of about 800,000 personnel. The ] (จอมทัพไทย: ''Chomthap Thai'') is ] (Rama IX),<ref>]</ref> although this position is only nominal. The Armed Forces is managed by the ], which is headed by the Minister of Defence (a member of the ]) and commanded by the ], which in turn is headed by the ].<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/thailand/mod.htm |title=Ministry of Defense |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |date=27 April 2005 |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> In 2011, Thailand's known ] totalled approximately US$5.1 billion.<ref>. ], 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</ref> | |||
(2) الانقسامات الدينية داخل المجتمع المسلم التايلندي. | |||
According to the constitution, serving in the Armed Forces is a duty of all Thai citizens.<ref>]</ref> However, only males over the age of 21, who have not gone through reserve training of the ], are given the option of whether they want to volunteer for the armed forces, or choose the random draft. The candidates are subjected to varying lengths of training, from six months to two years of full-time service, depending on their education, whether they have partially completed the reserve training course, and whether they volunteered prior to the drafting date (usually 1 April every year). | |||
(3) العلاقات الإسلامية - البوذية في تايلاند. | |||
Candidates with a recognized bachelor's degree will be subjected to one year of full-time service if they chose the random draft, or six months if they volunteer at their respective district office (''Sasadee''). Likewise, the training length is also reduced for those who have partially completed the three-year reserve training course (''Ror Dor''). A person who completed one year out of three will only have to serve full-time for one year. Those who completed two years of reserve training will only have to do six months of full-time training, while those who complete three years or more of reserve training will be exempted entirely. | |||
(4) دور التعليم الإسلامي ووضعه، وموقف المسلمين من التعليم العام. | |||
The ] is celebrated on 18 January, commemorating the victory of King ] in battle against the Crown Prince of ] in 1593.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} | |||
(5) موقف مسلمي تايلاند من سياسات الحكومة والدولة. | |||
==Geography== | |||
(6) قانون الأحوال الشخصية والمسلمين. | |||
{{Main|Geography of Thailand}} | |||
] straddling the Thai/Lao border in northern Thailand.]] | |||
Totalling {{convert|513120|km2}},<ref name=CIA/> Thailand is the world's ] by total area. It is slightly smaller than ] and slightly larger than ]. | |||
] | |||
Thailand is home to several distinct geographic regions, partly corresponding to the provincial groups. The north of the country is the mountainous area of the ], with the highest point being ] in the ] at {{Convert|2565|m|0}} ]. The northeast, ], consists of the ], bordered to the east by the ]. The centre of the country is dominated by the predominantly flat ] river valley, which runs into the ]. | |||
(7) البعد العرقي - الديني للصراع المشتعل جنوب المملكة. | |||
Southern Thailand consists of the narrow ] that widens into the ]. Politically, there are six geographical regions which differ from the others in population, basic resources, natural features, and level of social and economic development. The diversity of the regions is the most pronounced attribute of Thailand's physical setting. | |||
(8) الموقف العام لمسلمي تايلاند من صراع الجنوب. | |||
The Chao Phraya and the Mekong River are the sustainable resource of rural Thailand. Industrial scale production of crops use both rivers and their tributaries. The Gulf of Thailand covers {{convert|320000|km2|-3}} and is fed by the Chao Phraya, ], ] and ] Rivers. It contributes to the tourism sector owing to its clear shallow waters along the coasts in the Southern Region and the Kra Isthmus. The Gulf of Thailand is also an industrial centre of Thailand with the kingdom's main port in ] along with being the entry gates for ]. | |||
(9) الإجراءات المطلوب اتخاذها من قبل الحكومة لتعزيز الأمن. | |||
The ] is regarded as Thailand's most precious natural resource as it hosts the most popular and luxurious resorts in Asia. ], ], ], ] and ] and their lush islands all lay along the coasts of the Andaman Sea and despite the ], they continue to be and ever more so, the playground of the rich and elite of Asia and the world. | |||
ومن بين ما أظهره هذا البحث كان مصطلح "مسلمو تايلاند"، الذي يعتبره البعض إساءة عرقية خاصة لـ"مسلمي المالاي" في الجنوب، نتيجة فرض هذا المصطلح من بانكوك بعد إعلان عام 1945، والذي تم تدشين المركز الإسلامي بتايلاند بمقتضاه رسميًا. لذلك يفضل مسلمو الجنوب إطلاق مصطلح "مسلمو المالاي" على أنفسهم، رغم ما يحيط بالمصطلح من حدود عرقية، إقليمية وطائفية، بإغفاله القطاعات الأخرى من مسلمي تايلاند، والذين يمتازون باختلافات كثيرة عن أولئك الذين يعيشون في جنوب البلاد. | |||
Plans have resurfaced of a logistical connection of the two bodies of water which would be coined the ], analogous to the ] and the ]. Such an idea has been greeted with positive accounts by Thai politicians as it would cut fees charged by the ], improve ties with China and India, lower shipping times and increase ship safety owing to pirate fears in the ] and, support the Thai government's policy of being the logistical hub for Southeast Asia. | |||
أما المسلمون في غير الجنوب فلا يرون في مصطلح "مسلمو تايلاند" أي إساءة، بل تجدهم يفتخرون بإطلاقه على أنفسهم؛ نتيجة لتأكيده على هويتهم الوطنية. | |||
The ports would improve economic conditions in the south of Thailand, which relies heavily on tourism income, and it would also change the structure of the Thai economy moving it closer to a services centre of Asia. The canal would be a major engineering project and has expected costs of 20–30 billion dollars. | |||
ويبلغ عدد مسلمي تايلاند 5 ملايين مواطن، وهم بذلك يشكلون ما يقارب 7.5 - 8 % من عدد السكان، يعيش 44% منهم في الجنوب، والباقون يتوزعون على باقي أقاليم المملكة. | |||
The local climate is tropical and characterized by ]s. There is a rainy, warm, and cloudy southwest monsoon from mid-May to September, as well as a dry, cool northeast monsoon from November to mid-March. The southern isthmus is always hot and humid.{{CIA World Factbook}} | |||
الرعيل الأول | |||
==Education== | |||
هبت نسائم الإسلام على ربوع تايلاند من اتجاهات ثلاثة، من الجنوب والوسط والشمال. وجاءت أوائل بشائره من جنوب البلاد في القرن 13 ، 14 الميلادي بواسطة التجار المسلمين. بينما وصل الإسلام وسط البلاد في القرن 15 عن طريق التجار السنة الهنود، والشيعة الفرس. أما مناطق الشمال فانتقل الإسلام إليها عن طريق المسلمين الصينيين والبنغال في السبعينيات والثمانينيات من القرن 18، على التوالي. واستقر مسلمو إيران والهند وباكستان والشام وإندونيسيا ومسلمو المالاي، في مناطق مختلفة من البلاد بعد أن أنشأ الملك راما الأول عاصمة جديدة لمملكة تايلند في راتاناكوسين (أو بانكوك). | |||
{{Main|Education in Thailand}} | |||
] | |||
Thailand enjoys a high level of literacy, and education is provided by a well-organized school system of kindergartens, primary, lower secondary and upper secondary schools, numerous vocational colleges, and universities. The private sector of education is well developed and significantly contributes to the overall provision of education which the government would not be able to meet through the public establishments. Education is compulsory up to and including age group 14, and the government provides free education through to age group 17.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} | |||
], established in 1917 is the oldest university in Thailand.]] | |||
أخذ الدين الإسلامي في الانتشار في المجتمع التايلاندي بشكل لافت للنظر في السنوات الأخيرة، وإن كان قد دخل البلاد منذ قرون وتحديدًا جنوبها المحاذي لدولة بورما، حيث بدأ ينتشر في جميع أنحاء أرض ''سيام'' أو مملكة تايلاند، ليبلغ حاليًا تعداد المسلمين في هذه الدولة وحدها قرابة 10 ملايين نسمة. وتضم العاصمة بانكوك مليون مسلم من إجمالي سكان تايلاند، والبالغ عددهم 64 مليون نسمة. | |||
Teaching relies heavily on ] rather than on student-centred methodology. The establishment of reliable and coherent curricula for its primary and secondary schools is subject to such rapid changes that schools and their teachers are not always sure what they are supposed to be teaching, and authors and publishers of textbooks are unable to write and print new editions quickly enough to keep up with the volatile situation. The issue concerning university entrance has therefore also been in constant upheaval for a number of years. Nevertheless, education has seen its greatest progress in the years since 2001. Most of the present generation of students are computer literate. Thailand was ranked 54th out of 56 countries globally for English proficiency, the second-lowest in Asia.<ref>Keeping the dismal record consistent, Thai university applicants scored an average 28.34% in English in the recent university entrance exams. It is little wonder that Thailand produces a “workforce with some of the world’s weakest English-language skills.” In a recent IMD World Competitiveness Report Thailand was ranked 54th out of 56 countries globally for English proficiency, the second-lowest in Asia. Singapore was third, Malaysia 28th and Korea 46th: , Reuters & The Korea Herald, 23 March 2012.</ref> | |||
Extensive nationwide IQ tests were carried out in December 2010 to January 2011 on 72,780 Thai students. The average IQ was found to be at 98.59, which is higher than previous studies have found. The IQ levels are not consistent throughout the country though, with the lowest average of 88.07 found in the southern region of Narathiwat and the highest average of 108.91 reported in Nonthaburi province. The Thai Ministry of Public Health blames the discrepancies on iodine deficiency and steps are being taken to require that iodine be added to table salt, a practice common in many Western countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thainews.prd.go.th/en/news.php?id=255407070017 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110708135716/http://thainews.prd.go.th/en/news.php?id=255407070017 |archivedate=2011-07-08 |title=MOPH reports low IQ among Thai youth : National News Bureau of Thailand |publisher=Thainews.prd.go.th |date=8 July 2011 |accessdate=3 November 2011}}</ref> | |||
ولتاريخ الإسلام في تايلاند محطتين رئيستين، أولاهما: (أسلمة) مملكة فطاني في العشرينيات من القرن 15. وثانيهما: وصول المسلمين من غير المالاي إلى البلاد، مثل الفرس والشاميين والهنود، هاتان المحطتان أسهمتا بعد ذلك في اندماج البلاد عام 1939، وتحولت سيام إلى تايلاند. | |||
In 2013, the ] announced that 27,231 schools would receive classroom-level access to ].<ref>Thanya Kunakornpaiboonsiri. (2013-03-11) {{dead link|date=October 2013}}. Futuregov.asia. Retrieved on 2013-04-16.</ref> | |||
تنوع لا تضاد | |||
==Science and technology== | |||
وتنقسم أشكال الحياة الإسلامية في تايلاند إلى 3 أقسام، وفقًا للخلفية التاريخية والجغرافية: | |||
{{Main|List of Thai inventions and discoveries}} | |||
The ] is an ] of the government of Thailand which supports research in science and technology and their application in the ].{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} | |||
(1) مسلمو المالاي، الذين يتحدثون اللغة المالاوية، ويتمركزون في أقاليم الجنوب الثلاثة ( باتاني، يالا، وناراثيوات). | |||
The ] (SLRI) is a Thai ] for physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences. It is located on the ] (SUT), in ], about 300 km north east of Bangkok. The Institute, financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), houses the only large scale synchrotron in Southeast Asia. It was originally built as the SORTEC synchrotron in Japan and later moved to Thailand and modified for 1.2 GeV operation. It provides users with regularly scheduled light.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} | |||
(2) مسلمو المالاي، الذين اندمجوا في المجتمع التايلاندي، ويعيشون في المناطق المتاخمة للأقاليم الجنوبية الثلاثة من جهة الشمال، ويتحدثون التايلاندية. | |||
===Internet=== | |||
(3) المسلمون متعددو العرقيات ( الفرس، المالاي، الشوام، الإندونيس، الهنود، البنغال، وذوو الخلفيات الصينية)، والذين اندمجوا في المجتمع التايلاندي ، ويتحدثون أيضًا التايلاندية، وهؤلاء اندمجوا مع السكان المحليين في أقاليم وسط تايلاند (بانكوك، أيوتايا)، وكذلك في الأقاليم الشمالية، والشمالية الشرقية. هؤلاء المهاجرون من الدول المجاورة استقروا في تايلاند؛ لأسباب اقتصادية وسياسية، وهربًا من الاضطهاد الديني الذي عانوا منه على أيدي شيوعيي الصين، وقوميي بورما. | |||
In Bangkok, there are 23,000 free ] internet hotspots provided to the public.<ref>. Bangkok Post (2012-05-02). Retrieved on 2013-04-16.</ref> The ] also consists of 10]/s high speed fiber-optic lines that can be leased and ISP's such as KIRZ that provide residential internet services.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} | |||
The internet is ] by the Thai government, making some sites unreachable. Organisations involved are the ], the ], and the ] (]).{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} | |||
وقد ناضل القسم الأول من أجل الإبقاء على الهوية، وعدم الاندماج وربما الذوبان في المجتمع التايلاندي، وبقوا يتحدثون باللغة المالاوية في حواراتهم الدينية والاجتماعية. بينما اندمج القسمان الثاني والثالث، في المجتمع التايلاندي، وتحدثوا بلسان تايلاند؛ لأسباب اجتماعية ودينية. | |||
===Energy=== | |||
وأكدت لقاءات تلك الدراسة أن مسلمي المالاي الذين يقطنون أقاصي الجنوب يفضلون الإشارة إلى أنفسهم على أنهم مالاويين يعيشون في تايلاند، وهم لذلك يؤسسون لفكرة أنهم مواطنو تايلاند المتحدثين بالمالاوية. أما القسم الثاني فلا يرى أدنى تعارض بين كونهم مسلمين، ومواطنين تايلانديين في نفس الوقت. وهي نفس النظرة التي ينظر بها أبناء القسم الثالث لتلك القضية، فهولاء جميعًا يتشاركون تفضيل تعريف أنفسهم بأنهم مواطنون تايلانديون يدينون بالإسلام، ويتحدثون اللغة التايلاندية، رغم التنوع الكبير في عرقياتهم. | |||
{{See also|Nuclear power in Thailand}} | |||
There are no nuclear power plants in Thailand, although the development of one may occur in 2026. Presently, 80% of the country's total energy comes from ]s.<ref>. Eia.gov (2013-02-20). Retrieved on 2013-04-16.</ref> | |||
==Economy== | |||
كما يوجد العديد من الطوائف داخل المجتمع المسلم في مملكة تايلاند، يفوز المسلمون السنة بالأغلبية وسطها، بالإضافة إلى مجموعة صغيرة من المسلمين الشيعة الذين ينتمون للإمامية، والإسماعيلية، وهكذا يمثل المسلمون أكبر أقلية في البلاد. | |||
{{Main|Economy of Thailand}} | |||
], the largest city, business and industrial centre of the country.]] | |||
].]] | |||
] | |||
Thailand is an ] and considered as a ]. After enjoying the world's highest growth rate from 1985 to 1996 – averaging 12.4% annually – increased pressure on Thailand's currency, the ], in 1997, the year in which the economy contracted by 1.9% led to a crisis that uncovered financial sector weaknesses and forced the ] administration to float the currency, however, Prime Minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh was forced to resign after his cabinet came under fire for its slow response to the crisis. The baht was pegged at 25 to the US dollar from 1978 to 1997, however, the baht reached its lowest point of 56 to the US dollar in January 1998 and the economy contracted by 10.8% that year. This collapse prompted the ]. | |||
وتمثل الشافعية المذهب الرئيسي للمسلمين السنة في تايلاند ، وينتشر بين العرقيات المالاوية، تليها الحنفية وينتشر بين المسلمين من أصول صينية وهندية، وهناك أيضًا المدرسة السلفية. | |||
Thailand's economy started to recover in 1999, expanding 4.2% and 4.4% in 2000, thanks largely to strong exports. Growth (2.2%) was dampened by the softening of the global economy in 2001, but picked up in the subsequent years owing to strong growth in Asia, a relatively weak baht encouraging exports and increasing domestic spending as a result of several mega projects and incentives of Prime Minister ], known as ]. Growth in 2002, 2003 and 2004 was 5–7% annually. Growth in 2005, 2006 and 2007 hovered around 4–5%. Due both to the weakening of the US dollar and an increasingly strong Thai currency, by March 2008, the dollar was hovering around the 33 baht mark. | |||
أما عن العلاقة بين المسلمين والبوذيين فتتميز بالاندماج - ماعدا الأقاليم الجنوبية التي تتسم فيها العلاقة بالدموية - حيث يجد التايلانديون مشهد المعابد البوذية والمساجد جنبًا إلى جنب، ليس غريبًا عليهم. وربما تم انتخاب أحد المرشحين المسلمين للبرلمان في منطقة نفوذ بوذي. وخلاصة تلك العلاقة تتمثل في الاندماج والتعايش في معظم أنحاء البلاد، ماعدا الجنوب كما اتضح سابقًا. | |||
Thailand exports an increasing value of over $105 billion worth of goods and services annually.<ref name=CIA/> Major exports include ], textiles and footwear, fishery products, rubber, jewellery, cars, computers and electrical appliances. Thailand is the world's no.1 exporter of rice, exporting more than 6.5 million tons of milled rice annually. Rice is the most important crop in the country. Thailand has the highest percentage of arable land, 27.25%, of any nation in the Greater Mekong Subregion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2097.html |title=CIA world factbook – Greater Mekong Subregion |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=3 November 2011}}</ref> About 55% of the arable land area is used for rice production.<ref name=IRRI_Thailand>{{cite web|url=http://www.irri.org/science/cnyinfo/thailand.asp |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080327095326/http://www.irri.org/science/cnyinfo/thailand.asp |archivedate=27 March 2008 |title=Rice Around The World. Thailand |publisher=Irri.org |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> | |||
التعليم الديني | |||
Substantial industries include electric appliances, components, computer parts and cars, while ] makes up about 6% of the economy. ] and sex tourism also form a de facto part of the economy. Cultural milieu combined with poverty and the lure of money have caused prostitution and sex tourism in particular to flourish in Thailand. One estimate published in 2003 placed the trade at US$4.3 billion per year or about 3% of the Thai economy.<ref name=legal> '']'', 26 November 2003</ref> According to research by ] on the Thai illegal economy, prostitution in Thailand in the period between 1993 and 1995, made up around 2.7% of the GDP.<ref>Pasuk Phongpaichit . Seminar paper delivered at the Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, November 1999</ref> It is believed that ''at least'' 10% of tourist dollars are spent on the sex trade.<ref>, ''Taipei Times''. 25 January 2006</ref> | |||
يُظهِر مسلمو المالاي في الجنوب والناطق المتاخمة شمالاً احترامًا خاصًا لمعاهد بوندوك (أو فوندوق): وهي عبارة عن مدارس داخلية إسلامية خاصة تدرِّس العلوم الإسلامية وعلوم أكاديمية أخرى. لذلك توجد لديهم حساسية كبيرة تجاه أي جهود حكومية لتحويل معاهد البوندوك إلى مؤسسات للتعليم الحديث. | |||
The economy of Thailand is an emerging economy which is heavily export-dependent, with exports accounting for more than two thirds of gross domestic product (GDP) The exchange rate is Baht 30.90/USD as of 26 April 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bot.or.th/english/statistics/financialmarkets/exchangerate/_layouts/Application/ExchangeRate/ExchangeRate.aspx |title=Daily Foreign Exchange Rate |publisher=Bank of Thailand |date=26 April 2012 |accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref> | |||
أما في أقاليم وسط البلاد فتكاد تختفي ثقافة مدارس البوندوك، حيث يذهب غالبية الجيل الجديد إلى مدارس إسلامية خاصة، وهي غير البوندوك، ثم ينتقلون للتعليم الجامعي. وفي الأقاليم الشمالية يفضل المسلمون ذوو الخلفيات الصينية والهندية إرسال أبنائهم إلى المدارس الحديثة على اختلاف توجهاتها؛ بهدف تحصيل العلم الأكاديمي، ودراسة الإسلام كمادة إضافية. ويعمل الكثير من مسلمي الصين في الشمال، بمهن مرموقة كالهندسة، والطب، والسياسة. مما أكسبهم احترامًا وتقديرًا كبيرين من قبل أبناء الديانات الأخرى في مدينة تشيانج ماي، ومناطق الشمال. | |||
Thailand has a GDP worth US$602 billion (on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis). This classifies Thailand as the 2nd largest economy in Southeast Asia, after Indonesia. Despite this, Thailand ranks midway in the wealth spread in Southeast Asia as it is the 4th richest nation according to GDP per capita, after Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia. | |||
وفي أقاليم الشمال الشرقي من المملكة - حيث الجالية المسلمة صغيرة للغاية - لا توجد مدارس إسلامية. لذلك تعمل المؤسسات الإسلامية المحلية - مثل مؤسسة تعليم وتطوير المسلمين في شمال شرقي تايلاند، والتي تتخذ من إقليم "أودون ثاني" مقرًا لها - على توفير التعليم الإسلامي من خلال النشاطات التعليمية غير الرسمية، كمدرسة المسجد التي تتوفر في 36 مسجدًا محليًا ، والمخيمات الصيفية التي تنظمها تلك المدارس. | |||
It functions as an anchor economy for the neighboring developing economies of Laos, Burma, and Cambodia. Thailand's recovery from the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis depended mainly on exports, among various other factors. Thailand ranks high among the world's automotive export industries along with manufacturing of electronic goods. | |||
بالإضافة إلى ما سبق ذكره من مظاهر التنوع في التعليم الديني في تايلاند، لوحظ أن غالبية المتخرجين من المدارس الثانوية في الجنوب وغيره لا يستطيعون الالتحاق بالجامعات المحلية لعدم قدرتهم على اجتياز اختبارات القبول بتلك الجامعات. لذلك يسعى هؤلاء لإتمام تعليمهم في جامعات الشرق الأوسط ، وجنوب شرق آسيا؛ للحصول على مستوى أفضل من التعليم في المجالين الديني والأكاديمي. وبعد إتمام دراستهم بالخارج يعودون لتايلاند للاشتغال بالتدريس إما في مدارس إسلامية خاصة، أو في جامعات عامة. | |||
Between 1997 and 2010, 4,306 ] with a total known value of USD$81 billion with the involvement of Thai firms have been announced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imaa-institute.org/statistics-mergers-acquisitions.html#MergersAcquisitions_Thailand |title=Statistics on Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) – M&A Courses | Company Valuation Courses | Mergers & Acquisitions Courses |publisher=Imaa-institute.org |accessdate=3 November 2011}}</ref> The year 2010 was a new record in terms of value with USD$12 billion of transactions. The largest transaction with involvement of Thai companies has been: PTT Chemical PCL merged with PTT Aromatics and Refining PCL valued at USD$3.8 billion in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-24/ptt-chemical-ptt-aromatics-boards-approve-merger-plan.html |title=PTT Chemical, PTT Aromatics Boards Approve Merger Plan |work=Businessweek |date=24 February 2011 |accessdate=3 November 2011}}</ref> | |||
المواطنة والإسلام | |||
Forty-nine percent of Thailand's labor force is employed in ], however this is less than the 70% employed in 1980.<ref name=ODI1/> Agriculture has been experiencing a transition from labour intensive and transitional methods into a more industrialised and competitive sector.<ref name=ODI1>Henri Leturque and Steve Wiggins 2010. . London: ]</ref> Between 1962 and 1983, the agricultural sector grew by 4.1% on average a year and continued to grow at 2.2% between 1983 and 2007.<ref name=ODI1/> However, the relative contribution of agriculture to GDP has declined while exports of goods and services have increased. As of December 2011, the unemployment rate in Thailand stands at 0.4%. | |||
لا يجد غالبية مسلمي تايلاند أي حرج لكونهم مواطنين تايلانديين، وفي نفس الوقت يدينون بالإسلام، بل يعتبر الكثيرون ذلك فخرًا لهم، ويرفعون شعار "المواطن التايلاندي المسلم". | |||
With the instability surrounding the recent coup and the military rule, however, the GDP growth of Thailand has settled at around 4–5% from previous highs of 5–7% under the previous civilian administration, as investor and consumer confidence has been degraded somewhat due to political uncertainty. The IMF has predicted that the Thai economy will rebound strongly from the low 0.1% GDP growth in 2011 to 5.5% in 2012, 7.5% in 2013 thanks to the accommodative monetary policy of the Bank of Thailand and a package of fiscal stimulus measures by the incumbent ] government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203960804577243432046066486.html |title=Thailand Economy To Rebound Strongly In 2012, |publisher=Wall Street Journal |date=24 February 2012 |accessdate=26 April 2012|author= Phisanu Phromchanya}}</ref> | |||
ويتمتع مسلمو تايلاند بالحرية الدينية، فعلى سبيل المثال: يسمح للنساء بارتداء الحجاب في الصور الرسمية، وفي أماكن العمل الحكومية، وغيرها. كما تعمل الحكومة التايلاندية على توفير تسهيلات لحجاج بيت الله الحرام كل عام، وتعطي إجازات رسمية في الجنوب للاحتفال بعيدي الفطر والأضحى، وتعطي شهادات صحية للأطعمة الحلال، وتعترف بمنصب "شيخ الإسلام" وهو بمثابة وزير الأوقاف في البلدان الإسلامية، حيث قامت الحكومة التايلاندية بمنح قطعة أرض في ضاحية بانكوك العاصمة بمركز نونج شوك لبناء ''مبنى المشيخة'' وقاعات المؤتمرات والمسجد والمباني الأخرى الملحقة، وللمشيخة شيخ يدعى ''شيخ الإسلام''. | |||
] but traditional units of measurement for land area are used, and imperial measure (feet, inches etc.) are occasionally used with building materials such as wood and plumbing sizes. Years are numbered as B.E. (]) in education, the civil service, government, and on contracts and newspaper datelines; in banking, however, and increasingly in industry and commerce, standard Western year (Christian or Common Era) counting prevails.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cockatoo.com/english/thailand/thailand-weights-measures.htm |title=Weights and measures in Thailand |publisher=Cockatoo.com |date=17 December 1923 |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> | |||
وتدعم الحكومة التايلاندية البنك الإسلامي في البلاد بفروعه الستة والعشرين المنتشرة في أنحاء البلاد، رغم عدم وجود أي دعم للبنك من قبل استثمارات الدول الإسلامية في العالم. | |||
==Demographics== | |||
خلاصة البحث | |||
{{Main|Demographics of Thailand}} | |||
{{clear}} | |||
{{Largest cities of Thailand}} | |||
{{clear}} | |||
===Language=== | |||
خلص البحث بعد دراسة ميدانية إلى أن: | |||
{{main|Languages of Thailand}} | |||
] | |||
{{Historical populations | |||
|title = Historical populations | |||
|type = Thailand | |||
|align = right | |||
|footnote = Source: | |||
|1910 |8131247 | |||
|1919 |9207355 | |||
|1929 |11506207 | |||
|1937 |14464105 | |||
|1947 |17442689 | |||
|1960 |26257916 | |||
|1970 |34397371 | |||
|1980 |44824540 | |||
|1990 |54548530 | |||
|2000 |60916441 | |||
|2010 |65926261 | |||
}} | |||
The official language of Thailand is ], a ] closely related to ], ] in Burma, and numerous smaller languages spoken in an arc from ] and ] south to the Chinese border. It is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout the country. The standard is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the ], an ] script that evolved from the ]. Several other dialects exist, and coincide with the regional designations. ] is spoken in the southern provinces, and ] is spoken in the provinces that were formerly part of the independent kingdom of ]. | |||
Thailand is also host to several other minority languages, the largest of which is the ] dialect of ] spoken in the northeastern provinces. Although sometimes considered a Thai dialect, it is a Lao dialect, and the region in where it is traditionally spoken was historically part of the Lao kingdom of ]. In the far south, ], a dialect of Malay, is the primary language of the Malay Muslims. Varieties of Chinese are also spoken by the large ] population, with ] being best represented. | |||
* المجتمع المسلم في تايلاند يتسم بالتعددية والتنوع. | |||
Numerous tribal languages are also spoken, including those belonging to the ] family, such as ], ], ], ] and ]; ] family, such as ] and Moken; ] family such as Lawa, ], and ]; and other ] such as ], ], and ]. ] is a member of the ], which is now regarded as a language family of its own. | |||
* هناك قسمان رئيسيان من المسلمين في تايلاند، قسم اندمج في المجتمع، وتحدث بلسانه، وهذا منتشر في غالبية أنحاء المملكة، وآخر لم يندمج بعد، بل ويطالب بالاستقلال، ويتركز في الأقاليم الثلاثة الجنوبية. | |||
English is a mandatory school subject, but the number of fluent speakers remains very low, especially outside the cities. | |||
* الفرق بين هذين الفصيلين يكمن في الخلفية التاريخية، والعرقية، واللغوية لكلٍ. فالقسم الأول يرى نفسه كيانًا مستقلاً اندمج مع مملكة تايلاند، ولذلك ينادي بالاستقلال، والعودة لما كان عليه في الماضي. والآخر يرى أنه جزء من الدولة البوذية، وأنه يمثل أقلية مسلمة في تلك البلاد، لذلك يحاول الاندماج والتعايش. | |||
===Religion=== | |||
* يرجع التدهور في وضع الأقاليم الجنوبية إلى عقود من التجاهل الاقتصادي، ونقص فرص العمل للمسلمين في القطاعين العام والخاص، والروتين الحكومي القاتل. | |||
{{Main|Religion in Thailand}} | |||
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|title= Religion in Thailand (])<ref name=CIA/><ref name=pew>. ]. 2010.</ref> | |||
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|left1=religion | |||
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|bars= | |||
{{bar percent|]|orange|93}} | |||
{{bar percent|]|green|5}} | |||
{{bar percent|]|blue|1}} | |||
{{bar percent|]|gray|1}} | |||
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The most common religion is ]. Thai Buddhism ranks amongst the highest in the world. According to the last census (2000) 94.6% of the total population are Buddhists of the Theravada tradition. ] are the second largest religious group in Thailand at 4.6%.<ref name=CIA/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71359.htm |title=U.S. Department of States – Thailand |publisher=State.gov |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> Thailand's southernmost provinces – ], ], ], ] and part of ] ] have dominant Muslim populations, consisting of both ethnic Thai and Malay. The southern tip of Thailand is mostly ethnically ], and most Malays are ]s. Christians represent 0.7% of the population. A small community of ] and some ] also live in the country's cities. There is also a small ], dating back to the 17th century. | |||
* حل معضلة الجنوب تكمن في بذل جهود كبيرة لتنفيذ مطالب مسلمي المالاي في الجنوب، الأمر الذي من شأنه أن يلقي بظلال الأمن والاستقرار على ربوع تايلاند كلها، وليس على الجنوب فقط. | |||
==Culture== | |||
* المناطق غير الجنوبية اتسمت بالتعايش بين البوذيين والمسلمين منذ قرون، الأمر الذي يعطي صورة عامة بأن المسلمين في تايلاند نجحوا إجمالاً في الاندماج والتعايش مع الأغلبية البوذية. | |||
{{Main|Culture of Thailand}}{{See also|Music of Thailand|Isan|Cinema of Thailand}} | |||
] is highly respected in Thailand.]] | |||
Thai culture has been shaped by many influences, including Indian, Lao, Burmese, Cambodian, and Chinese. | |||
Its traditions incorporate a great deal of influence from India, China, Cambodia, and the rest of Southeast Asia. Thailand's national religion Theravada Buddhism is important to modern Thai identity. ] has evolved over time to include many regional beliefs originating from ], ] as well as ancestor worship. The ] in Thailand is based on the Eastern version of the ], which is 543 years ahead of the ]. For example, the year AD 2012 is 2555 BE in Thailand. | |||
-------Another language ------- | |||
"เมื่อผม พูดถึง ศาสนาอิสลาม ในประเทศไทย GOES ใจ ได้อย่างรวดเร็วเพื่อสามภูมิภาค ในภาคใต้ ( ปัตตานียะลา นราธิวาส ) แต่ งานวิจัยใหม่ รวมกว่า ประเทศไทย เตือน การแพร่กระจายของ ศาสนาอิสลาม ในประเทศที่ เผยให้เห็น แง่มุม ใหม่ ของชาวมุสลิม ในประเทศไทย ในพื้นที่อื่น ๆ . " . การวิเคราะห์ ในเชิงลึก ที่มีให้ โดย ดร. " โจเซฟ สิทธิ์ " เกี่ยวกับ ศาสนาอิสลามใน ราชอาณาจักรไทย ซึ่งเป็นประเทศ ที่ ตั้งอยู่ ใน เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ ที่ ชาวมุสลิม กำลังทุกข์ทรมานภายใต้ส่วนใหญ่ นับถือศาสนาพุทธ | |||
Several different ethnic groups, many of which are marginalized, populate Thailand. Some of these groups overlap into ], Laos, ], and ] and have mediated change between their traditional local culture, national Thai and global cultural influences. ] also form a significant part of Thai society, particularly in and around Bangkok. Their successful integration into Thai society has allowed for this group to hold positions of economic and political power. Thai Chinese businesses prosper as part of the larger ], a network of ] businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.<ref name="Weidenbaum">{{cite book|author=Murray L Weidenbaum|title=The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pcRlgZttsMUC|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Martin Kessler Books, Free Press|isbn=978-0-684-82289-1|pages=4–8}}</ref> | |||
มาถึง งานวิจัยชิ้นนี้ ซึ่งถูกตีพิมพ์ ในบางกอกโพสต์ ไฟใน พื้นที่ใหม่รวมถึง ชาวมุสลิมภายใน ราชอาณาจักรที่ เช่น (Nakhon Si Thammarat , สงขลา, ภูเก็ตพังงา ตรังและ สตูล ) ทุกพื้นที่ ที่ตั้งอยู่ ใน พื้นที่ใกล้เคียง ไปทางทิศเหนือ ตามที่อธิบาย โดยการแสดงตนของชาวมุสลิม ใน ภาคกลาง ใน (เมืองหลวง กรุงเทพฯ และ เป็นหนี้ อยุธยา ) และอื่น ๆ และ ในภาคเหนือ ( เชียงใหม่ RI)นอกเหนือไปจาก ( ขอนแก่น, กาฬสินธุ์ , สกลนคร, และไม่มี ที่สอง) ใน ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ | |||
] Show is the most stylised form of Thai performance.]] | |||
ค้นหา ผู้ที่สนใจใน พื้นที่ใหม่เฉพาะสำหรับ สองเหตุผลหลัก; | |||
The traditional Thai greeting, the '']'', is generally offered first by the younger of the two people meeting, with their hands pressed together, fingertips pointing upwards as the head is bowed to touch their face to the hands, usually coinciding with the spoken word "Sawasdee khrap" for male speakers, and "Sawasdee ka" for females. The elder then is to respond afterwards in the same way. Social status and position, such as in government, will also have an influence on who performs the ''wai'' first. For example, although one may be considerably older than a provincial governor, when meeting it is usually the visitor who pays respect first. When children leave to go to school, they are taught to ''wai'' to their parents to represent their respect for them. The wai is a sign of respect and reverence for another, similar to the ] greeting of India and Nepal. | |||
Association football, however, has possibly overtaken Muay Thai's position as most widely viewed and liked sport in contemporary Thai society and it is not uncommon to see Thais cheering their favourite English Premier League teams on television and walking around in replica kits. Another widely enjoyed pastime, and once a competitive sport, is ]. | |||
ครั้งแรก ที่ การศึกษาก่อนหน้า มากที่สุด เกี่ยวกับศาสนาอิสลาม ในประเทศไทย ได้ มุ่งเน้นเฉพาะใน พื้นที่ ที่อยู่ไกลออก ไปทางทิศใต้ และทำให้ ความประทับใจ ให้กับหลาย ๆ ว่าไม่มี ศาสนาอิสลาม ในประเทศไทย แต่ ใน ทั้งสาม ภูมิภาค | |||
] blends five fundamental tastes: sweet, spicy, sour, bitter and salty. Some common ingredients used in Thai cuisine include garlic, chillies, lime juice, lemon grass, and fish sauce. The staple food in Thailand is rice, particularly ] (also known as Hom Mali rice) which is included in almost every meal. Thailand is the world's largest exporter of rice, and Thais domestically consume over 100 kg of milled rice per person per year.<ref name=IRRI_Thailand/> Over 5000 varieties of rice from Thailand are preserved in the rice gene bank of the ] (IRRI), based in the Philippines. The king of Thailand is the official patron of IRRI.<ref>{{PDFlink|{{dead link|date=November 2011}}|38.7 KB}}</ref> | |||
สองก็คือว่า พื้นที่ เหล่านั้นและ จังหวัดที่มีจำนวนมากของ ประชากรและ แล้วพวกเขาก็ หลั่งน้ำตาแสง ในความสำคัญของ การเข้าถึง ทางภูมิศาสตร์ของชาวมุสลิม แห่งประเทศไทย นอกเหนือไปจาก ความหลากหลายทางชาติพันธุ์ , พรรค และภายใน พับ ของศาสนาอิสลาม. " | |||
Like most Asian cultures, respect towards ancestors is an essential part of Thai spiritual practice. Thais have a strong sense of hospitality and generosity, but also a strong sense of social hierarchy. Seniority is an important concept in Thai culture. Elders have by tradition ruled in family decisions or ceremonies. Older siblings have duties to younger ones. | |||
การศึกษามุ่งเน้นไปที่ ประชากรกลุ่มเป้าหมายในประเทศ ของนักวิชาการ มุสลิม ผู้นำชุมชน ครูและ มัสยิด ของพวกเขา เยาวชน เรียกร้อง และผู้หญิง แม้ใน นอกเหนือจากการทำงาน ในองค์กรชุมชน ทางการ เช่น คณะกรรมการ อิสลาม ในภูมิภาค ผ่านการประชุม มุ่งเน้นการ รู้ มุมมอง ของชาวมุสลิม ในประเทศไทย ปัญหาต่อไปนี้ | |||
Taboos in Thailand include touching someone's head or pointing with the feet, as the head is considered the most sacred and the foot the dirtiest part of the body. Thai society has been influenced in recent years by its widely available multi-language press and media. There are some English and numerous Thai and Chinese newspapers in circulation; most Thai popular magazines use English headlines as a ] glamor factor. Many large businesses in Bangkok operate in English as well as other languages. | |||
(1) แนวคิดของ เชื้อชาติ ศาสนา และความเป็นพลเมือง | |||
Thailand is the largest newspaper market in Southeast Asia with an estimated circulation of over 13 million copies daily in 2003. Even upcountry, out of Bangkok, media flourishes. For example, according to Thailand's Public Relations Department Media Directory 2003–2004, the nineteen provinces of ], Thailand's northeastern region, hosted 116 newspapers along with radio, TV and cable. | |||
(2) หน่วยงาน ทางศาสนา ในชุมชน มุสลิม แห่งประเทศไทย | |||
===Sports=== | |||
(3) ความสัมพันธ์ อิสลาม - พุทธศาสนา ในประเทศไทย | |||
{{See also|Thailand at the Olympics|Rugby union in Thailand|Golf in Thailand|Football in Thailand}} | |||
] is Thailand's ]]] | |||
] (Thai: มวยไทย, RTGS: Muai Thai, {{IPA-th|muɛj tʰɑj|}},<!--mid tones not transcribed--> lit. "Thai boxing") is a native form of kickboxing and Thailand's national sport. It incorporates kicks, punches, knees and elbow strikes in a ring with gloves similar to those used in Western boxing and this has led to Thailand gaining medals at the Olympic Games in ]. | |||
]]] | |||
(4) บทบาทของ การศึกษา อิสลาม และสถานที่ และตำแหน่งของชาวมุสลิม ของ การศึกษาของรัฐ | |||
] (Thai: ตะกร้อ) is a sport native to Thailand, which the players hit a rattan ball and only be allowed to use their feet, knees, chest and head to touch the ball. ] is a form of this sport which appears in volleyball style, the players must volley a ball over a net and force it to hit the ground on opponent's side. It is a popular in other countries in Southeast Asia also. A rather similar game but played only with the feet is ]. | |||
Rugby is also a growing sport in Thailand with the ] rising to be ranked 61st in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000019/index.html |title=International Rugby Board – THAILAND |publisher=Irb.com |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> Thailand became the first country in the world to host an international 80 kg welterweight rugby tournament in 2005.<ref>, 19 July 2005</ref> The national domestic Thailand Rugby Union (TRU) competition includes several universities and services teams such as ], ], ], ], ], ], the ], the ], the ] and the ]. Local sports clubs which also compete in the TRU include the British Club of Bangkok, the ] and the Royal Bangkok Sports Club. | |||
( 5 ) ตำแหน่งของชาวมุสลิม ในประเทศไทย จาก นโยบาย ของรัฐบาลและ รัฐ | |||
Thailand has been called the Golf Capital of Asia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.golfasia.com/golfthailand.php |title=Golf in Thailand by |publisher=Golfasia.com |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> as it is a popular destination for golf. The country attracts a large number of golfers from Japan, Korea, Singapore, South Africa and Western countries who come to play golf in Thailand every year.<ref>{{cite news|author=Chawadee Nualkhair |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE56913I20090710 |title=Thailand woos foreign golfers with sun, sand traps |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=25 April 2010 |date=10 July 2009}}</ref> The growing popularity of golf, especially among the middle classes and expats, is evident since there are more than 200 world-class golf courses nationwide,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.golf2thailand.com/golf_course_thailand.asp |title=Why to book with golf2thailand.com : Thailand Golf Courses Thailand Golf Packages |publisher=Golf2thailand.com |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> and some of them are chosen to host PGA and LPGA tournaments, such as ], Alpine Golf & Sports Club, Thai Country Club and Black Mountain Golf Club. | |||
(6) กฎหมาย สถานะ ส่วนบุคคล และมุสลิม | |||
Basketball is also a growing sport in Thailand, especially on the professional sports club level. The Chang Thailand Slammers won the 2011 ] Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aseanbasketballleague.com/teams/view/6/chang-thailand-slammers |title=Chang Thailand Slammers – AirAsia ASEAN Basketball League |publisher=aseanbasketballleague.com |accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref> The ] had its most successful year at the ] where it won the silver medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.best-basketball-tips.com/thailand-basketball.html |title=Thailand Basketball |publisher=www.best-basketball-tips.com |accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref> | |||
(7) ชาติพันธุ์ มิติ - ความขัดแย้งทางศาสนา บาน ใต้ ของสหราชอาณาจักร | |||
Thammasat Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Bangkok, Thailand. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 25,000. It is located in Thammasat University's Rangsit campus. It was built for the ] by construction firm Christiani and Nielsen, the same company that constructed the Democracy Monument in Bangkok. | |||
( 8)ทัศนคติทั่วไป ของชาวมุสลิม อยู่ในความขัดแย้ง ในภาคใต้ ของประเทศไทย | |||
] is the biggest sporting arena in Thailand. It currently has a capacity of 65,000. It is located in Bang Kapi, Bangkok. The stadium was built in 1998 for the 1998 Asian Games and is the home stadium of ] up to present. | |||
( 9) การดำเนินการ ที่จำเป็น จะต้องดำเนินการ โดยรัฐบาล เพื่อเพิ่มความปลอดภัย | |||
Other sports in Thailand are slowly growing as the country develops its sporting infrastructure. The success in sports like ] and ] at the last two Summer Olympic Games has demonstrated that boxing is no longer the only medal chance for Thailand. | |||
เหนือสิ่งอื่นใด การวิจัย นี้ แสดงให้เห็นว่า คำว่า " ชาวมุสลิม ในประเทศไทย " ซึ่ง บางคนเห็นว่า การล่วงละเมิด ทางเชื้อชาติ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง สำหรับ " ชาวมุสลิม มาเลย์ " ในภาคใต้ เป็นผลมาจาก การเก็บภาษีของคำ นี้หลังจากที่กรุงเทพฯ ประกาศ ปี 1945 ซึ่งได้รับการ เปิดตัว ในประเทศไทย ในการที่ศูนย์ อิสลาม อย่างเป็นทางการ ดังนั้นชาวมุสลิม ในภาคใต้ชอบ เปิดตัว คำว่า " มลายู มุสลิม "ในตัวเอง แม้จะมี สิ่งที่ล้อมรอบจำกัด ระยะ ของ ชาติพันธุ์ ภูมิภาคและ พรรค Bigvalh ภาคอื่น ๆ ของ ชาวมุสลิม ในประเทศไทย ที่มีความ โดดเด่นด้วย ความแตกต่าง กับ หลายคนที่ อาศัยอยู่ ในภาคใต้ ของประเทศ | |||
==International rankings== | |||
ในฐานะที่เป็น ชาวมุสลิม ในภาคใต้ ไม่เชื่อใน คำว่า " ชาวมุสลิม ในประเทศไทย "ละเมิด ใด ๆ แต่ พบพวกเขา ภาคภูมิใจในการ ปล่อยมัน ในตัวเอง ; ผลจากการ เน้น เอกลักษณ์ประจำชาติ ของพวกเขา | |||
{{Main|International rankings of Thailand}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Organization | |||
! Survey | |||
! Ranking | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| 60 out of 179 | |||
|- | |||
| ]/] | |||
| {{dead link|date=October 2013}} | |||
| 7 out of 50 | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| 137 out of 179 | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| 80 out of 179 | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| 78 out of 177 | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| ](2008) | |||
| 34 out of 134<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gcr/2008/rankings.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090324201926/http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gcr/2008/rankings.pdf |archivedate=2009-03-24 |year=2008 |accessdate=12 September 2008 |publisher=weforum.org |work=World Economic Forum |title=Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009|format=PDF}}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| ](2010) | |||
| 24 out of 111 | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| 2 out of 30<ref name="Expat Explorer Survey 2012">{{cite web|title=Expat Explorer Survey 2012|url=http://www.expatexplorer.hsbc.com/files/pdfs/overall-reports/2012/report.pdf|work=Expat|publisher=HSBC Group|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref> | |||
|} | |||
==See also== | |||
จำนวน ของชาวมุสลิม ในห้า ล้านคน ของประเทศไทย เพื่อให้ พวกเขาทำขึ้น ประมาณ 7.5- 8% ของประชากรที่ 44% ของ ผู้ที่ อาศัยอยู่ ในภาคใต้ และส่วนที่เหลือ มีการกระจาย ไปยัง ส่วนที่เหลือของ ภูมิภาคของ ราชอาณาจักร | |||
{{Misplaced Pages books|Thailand}} | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
*] | |||
{{portal bar|Geography|Asia|Southeast Asia|Thailand}} | |||
==References== | |||
รุ่นแรก | |||
{{reflist|30em}} | |||
==External links== | |||
ศาสนาอิสลาม ใน สายลมที่พัดผ่าน ประเทศไทย จากสาม ทิศทาง จากทางใต้ และทางเหนือ ศูนย์ มา ต้น Bashaúrh จากทางใต้ ของประเทศ ในฮอร์น ของ 13.14 AD โดยผู้ค้า ชาวมุสลิม ในขณะที่ ศาสนาอิสลาม มาถึง ในตอนกลางของ ประเทศใน ศตวรรษที่ 15 โดยพ่อค้า ซุน อินเดีย เปอร์เซีย และ ชิ พื้นที่ ของภาคเหนือไปที่ ศาสนาอิสลาม โดย ชาวจีนมุสลิม และ เบงกอล ในอายุเจ็ดสิบและ แปด ของ ศตวรรษที่ 18 ตามลำดับ และตั้งรกราก ของชาวมุสลิม ของ ประเทศอิหร่าน , อินเดีย , ปากีสถาน, ซีเรีย , อินโดนีเซีย และชาวมุสลิม มาเลย์ ในส่วนต่างๆของ ประเทศหลังจาก รัชกาลที่ ผมก่อตั้งเมืองหลวงใหม่ ของ ราชอาณาจักรไทย ใน Rattanacussn (หรือ กรุงเทพฯ) | |||
{{Sister project links|Thailand|voy=Thailand}} | |||
; Government | |||
การแพร่กระจายของ ศาสนา อิสลาม ในสังคมไทย เป็น ที่โดดเด่นใน ปีที่ผ่านมา แม้ว่าเขาจะ ได้เข้ามาใน ประเทศ มานานหลายศตวรรษ โดยเฉพาะ ภาคใต้ที่ อยู่ติดกับ รัฐของ พม่า ที่เขาเริ่ม แพร่กระจาย ไปทั่วแผ่นดิน '' สยาม '' หรือ ราชอาณาจักรไทย ในปัจจุบัน ยืนอยู่ที่ ประชากรมุสลิม ในเรื่องนี้ รัฐ เพียงอย่างเดียว เกือบ 10 ล้าน คน และรวมถึง เงินทุนกรุงเทพ ล้าน ของประชากร มุสลิม รวมของ ประเทศไทย จำนวน 64 ล้าน คน | |||
* Royal Government of Thailand | |||
* {{dead link|date=October 2013}} | |||
* Thailand Ministry of Foreign Affairs | |||
* National Electronics and Computer Technology Center | |||
* | |||
; General information | |||
แต่ประวัติศาสตร์ของศาสนาอิสลาม ในประเทศไทย สอง สอง หลัก แรก หนึ่ง ของอาณาจักร อิสลามปัตตานี ในวัยยี่สิบ ของ ศตวรรษที่ 15 ที่สอง: การมาถึงของ ชาวมุสลิม จากการไม่ อยู่ในประเทศ มาเลเซียเช่นเปอร์เซีย และอินเดีย และ Ahamyin สถานี เหล่านี้ มีส่วนทำให้ ต่อไปใน การรวมกลุ่มของ ประเทศใน ปี 1939 และกลาย สยาม ประเทศไทย | |||
<!--Misplaced Pages is NOT a weblink directory. Please only add weblinks of top quality here, otherwise please consider using DMOZ (http://dmoz.org) --> | |||
* {{CIA World Factbook link|th|Thailand}} | |||
* entry in ]. 1987 | |||
* from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' | |||
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Thailand}} | |||
* from the ] | |||
* ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry | |||
* {{wikiatlas|Thailand}} | |||
* On-line Thailand maps in English and Thai | |||
* – Thailand acts and legal information, both in English and Thai language. | |||
* from ] | |||
* | |||
; Travel | |||
ความหลากหลาย ไม่ได้เป็น ปรปักษ์กัน | |||
* Official tourism website | |||
* | |||
; Other | |||
รูปแบบ แบ่ง ของชีวิต อิสลาม ในประเทศไทย ออกเป็น 3 ส่วน ตามภูมิหลังทางประวัติศาสตร์ และภูมิศาสตร์ : | |||
* {{Flickr-inline|Thailand}} | |||
* from the Common Language Project | |||
*{{cite web | |||
|url=http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/s/sea/browse_image/date/1900.php|title=Browse the Southeast Asia Visions Collection |author=Southeast Asia Visions |publisher=Cornell University Library |accessdate=2 October 2011 | |||
|quote= Browse by image date | |||
}} | |||
{{Geographic location | |||
(1) มาเลย์ มุสลิม ที่พูด ภาษามาเลย์และ มีความเข้มข้นใน สามภูมิภาค ของภาคใต้( ปัตตานียะลา และนราธิวาส ) | |||
|Centre=] | |||
|North={{MYA}}<br>{{LAO}} | |||
|Northeast={{LAO}} | |||
|East={{LAO}}<br>{{CAM}} | |||
|Southeast=] | |||
|South=]<br>{{MAS}} | |||
|Southwest=] | |||
|West={{MYA}} | |||
|Northwest={{MYA}} | |||
}} | |||
{{Thailand topics}} | |||
{{Navboxes | |||
|list1=<span> | |||
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| title = Geographic locale | |||
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{{Countries and territories of Southeast Asia}} | |||
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| title = International membership | |||
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{{Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) }} | |||
{{East Asia Summit (EAS) }} | |||
{{Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) }} | |||
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] | |||
(2)มาเลย์ มุสลิม ที่ จะรวมอยู่ใน สังคมไทย และอาศัยอยู่ใน พื้นที่ที่ อยู่ติดกับ สามจังหวัดชายแดน ภาคใต้ ของภาคเหนือ และ พูดภาษาไทยได้ | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
] | |||
{{Link FA|af}} | |||
(3) ชาวมุสลิม หลายชื่อ ชาติพันธุ์ ( เปอร์เซีย มาเลย์ Shawwam , Alandonis อินเดีย เบงกอล และผู้ที่มี ภูมิหลังทาง ภาษาจีน) และผู้ที่ มีการบูรณาการ เข้ากับสังคม ไทย และยัง พูดภาษาไทย และพวกเขาได้ บูรณาการกับ ประชาชนในท้องถิ่น ในจังหวัด ภาคกลางของประเทศไทย (กรุงเทพฯ , อยุธยา )เช่นเดียวกับที่ ในจังหวัดทางภาคเหนือ และ ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ ผู้อพยพ เหล่านี้จาก ประเทศเพื่อนบ้าน ได้ ตั้งรกรากอยู่ใน ประเทศไทย ด้วยเหตุผลทางเศรษฐกิจ และการเมือง และ ที่จะหลบหนี การกดขี่ทางศาสนา ที่พวกเขา ได้รับความเดือดร้อน ที่อยู่ในมือ ของ จีน คอมมิวนิสต์ เจ็บแค้น และพม่า | |||
{{Link FA|lo}} | |||
{{Link GA|ar}} | |||
ส่วนแรก ได้ พยายามที่จะ รักษาเอกลักษณ์และ ขาด การบูรณาการ และอาจจะ ละลาย ในสังคมไทย และอยู่ ในมาเลย์ พูด การสนทนา ทางศาสนาและ สังคม ในขณะที่ ส่วน ที่ถูกผสาน II และ III , ในสังคมไทย และพูด ภาษา ไทย; เหตุผลที่ สังคมและศาสนา | |||
เธอ พบ ว่า การศึกษาของ ชาวมุสลิม มาเลย์ ที่อาศัยอยู่ใน ไกลถึงของ ใต้ชอบที่จะ เรียกตัวเองว่า เป็น Malaoyen อาศัยอยู่ในประเทศไทย ว่า พวกเขาจะ สร้างความ เพื่อ ที่จะ คิด ว่าพวกเขา เป็นพลเมือง ของลำโพง ประเทศไทย Balmalaoah ส่วนที่สอง ไม่เห็น ความขัดแย้งระหว่างพวกเขา ลดลง เป็นมุสลิม และ คนไทย ในเวลาเดียวกัน มันเป็น มุมมองเดียวกัน ซึ่งจะเห็น จากการ ที่ผู้คนในส่วนที่สาม ของ ปัญหานี้ Vhola ทั้งหมด ร่วมกัน การตั้งค่า สำหรับการระบุ ตัวเองว่าเป็น คนไทย เป็นมุสลิม และ พูดภาษา ไทยแม้จะมี ความหลากหลาย ที่ดีของ Arkiethm | |||
นอกจากนี้ยังมี นิกาย จำนวนมาก ภายในชุมชน มุสลิม ในราชอาณาจักรไทย ชนะส่วนใหญ่ ชาวมุสลิมสุหนี่ และศูนย์นอกเหนือไปจากกลุ่มเล็ก ๆ ของ ชาวมุสลิม ไอท์ ซึ่งเป็น อิหม่ามและ Ismailia และทำให้ เป็นตัวแทนของ ชนกลุ่มน้อย ชาวมุสลิมที่ ใหญ่ที่สุดในประเทศ | |||
หลักคำสอน หลัก Shaafa'is ของ ชาวมุสลิมสุหนี่ ในประเทศไทย และกระจาย ระหว่าง เชื้อสายมาเลย์ ตามด้วยการ ประปา และการ แพร่กระจายในหมู่ชาวมุสลิม ที่มา ของอินเดีย และ จีนและ ยังมี โรงเรียน Salafi | |||
สำหรับ ความสัมพันธ์ ระหว่างชาวมุสลิม และชาวพุทธมีลักษณะ บูรณาการ - ยกเว้น ภาคใต้ที่โดดเด่นด้วยความสัมพันธ์ Baldmoah - ฉาก ที่เขาพบ วัด ไทยพุทธ และมัสยิด ตาม ที่ เป็นคนแปลกหน้า พวกเขาไม่ การเลือกตั้งอาจจะเป็นผู้สมัคร มุสลิม รัฐสภาในอิทธิพลของ พุทธศาสนา บรรทัดด้านล่าง ของความสัมพันธ์นี้ คือการรวม และการ อยู่ร่วม ในพื้นที่ส่วนใหญ่ ของประเทศ ยกเว้น ภาคใต้ ที่มัน จะเปิดออก ก่อนหน้านี้ | |||
การศึกษา ทางศาสนา | |||
แสดงให้เห็นว่า ชาวมุสลิม มาเลย์ ในภาคใต้และ เคารพ โฆษก เหนือ ติดกับ สถาบันการ พิเศษ Pondok (หรือ Fondauq ): มัน เป็น โรงเรียนประจำ เอกชนสอนศาสนาอิสลาม สอน วิทยาศาสตร์ อิสลาม และสถาบันวิทยาศาสตร์ อีกครั้ง จึงมี พวกเขามี ความไว มาก ต่อ ความพยายามของรัฐบาล ที่จะ แปลง สถาบัน Albunduk ไปยังสถาบัน การศึกษา ที่ทันสมัย | |||
ใน พื้นที่ภาคกลาง ของประเทศ เกือบจะ หายไป วัฒนธรรม โรงเรียน Albunduk ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่ ของคนรุ่นใหม่ ไปที่โรงเรียน เอกชนสอนศาสนาอิสลาม ที่ไม่ Albunduk แล้ว ย้ายไปยัง การศึกษา ที่สูงขึ้น ใน ภาคเหนือที่ชาวมุสลิม ต้องการ ผู้ที่มี ภูมิหลัง จีนและ อินเดีย ส่งลูก ไปเรียนในโรงเรียน ที่ทันสมัยของ การหมุน ที่แตกต่างกัน จุดมุ่งหมายของการ เรียนรู้ทางวิชาการ จากการศึกษา ของศาสนาอิสลาม เป็นพิเศษ และผลงาน จำนวนมากของชาวมุสลิม ในประเทศจีน ในภาคเหนืออาชีพ อันทรงเกียรติ เช่นวิศวกรรม การแพทย์ และการเมือง ซึ่ง พวกเขาได้รับ ความเคารพนับถือ และชื่นชม โดยคนของ ศาสนาอื่น ๆ ในเมือง เชียงใหม่, ภาคเหนือ | |||
ในภูมิภาค ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ ของสหราชอาณาจักร - ที่ ชุมชนมุสลิม ที่มีขนาดเล็ก มาก - ไม่มี โรงเรียนสอนศาสนาอิสลาม ดังนั้น สถาบัน การทำงานของ ท้องถิ่น อิสลาม - เช่น สถาบันการ ศึกษาและการพัฒนาของชาวมุสลิม ใน ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ ของ ประเทศไทยและ นำมาจาก ดินแดน ของ " อุดรธานี " ตาม- การให้การศึกษา อิสลาม ผ่านกิจกรรม การศึกษา นอกระบบ ที่เป็น ครู ของ มัสยิด ที่มีอยู่ใน 36 มัสยิดในพื้นที่และ ค่ายฤดูร้อน จัดโดย โรงเรียน เหล่านั้น | |||
นอกจากนี้ ในด้าน ดังกล่าวข้างต้น ของความหลากหลาย ใน การศึกษา ศาสนา ในประเทศไทย ได้มีการ ตั้งข้อสังเกต ว่าส่วนใหญ่ของ ผู้จบการศึกษา จาก โรงเรียนมัธยม ในภาคใต้ และอื่น ๆ ที่ไม่สามารถเข้าร่วม มหาวิทยาลัย ท้องถิ่นสำหรับการ ไม่สามารถที่จะ ผ่านการทดสอบ การรับเข้าเรียน ในมหาวิทยาลัย ที่ ดังนั้น ผู้ที่ต้องการ ที่จะ สำเร็จการศึกษา ของพวกเขาที่ มหาวิทยาลัยในตะวันออกกลางและ เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ ที่จะได้รับมาตรฐาน ที่ดีขึ้น ของการศึกษา ในด้านของศาสนาและ นักวิชาการ หลังจากจบการศึกษา ของพวกเขา ในต่างประเทศ จะกลับ มาเมืองไทย จะมีส่วนร่วม ใน การเรียนการสอน ทั้งในโรงเรียน เอกชนสอนศาสนาอิสลาม หรือ ใน มหาวิทยาลัยของรัฐ | |||
สัญชาติ และศาสนาอิสลาม | |||
ชาวมุสลิมส่วนใหญ่ ไม่พบ ความลำบากใจ ใด ๆ ของประเทศไทย ในการเป็น พลเมือง ไทย และในเวลาเดียวกันเป็นมุสลิม แต่ เป็นจำนวนมากโดย เพื่อ ความภาคภูมิใจ สำหรับพวกเขาและ สโลแกน ของพวกเขา " ประชาชน ชาวไทยมุสลิม . " | |||
ชาวมุสลิม ในประเทศไทย และสนุกกับ เสรีภาพทางศาสนา ตัวอย่างเช่น ผู้หญิงจะ ได้รับอนุญาตให้ สวม ผ้าโพกศีรษะ ในภาพ อย่างเป็นทางการ และในสถานที่ทำงานของ หน่วยงานภาครัฐ และอื่น ๆ มันก็ยังทำงานของรัฐบาล ไทย ที่จะให้ สิ่งอำนวยความสะดวก ผู้แสวงบุญทุกปีและ ให้วันหยุดราชการ ในภาคใต้ เพื่อเฉลิมฉลอง ไกล Fitr และ Eid al - Adha และให้ ใบรับรอง สุขภาพสำหรับ อาหารฮาลาล และการ รับรู้ ตำแหน่ง ของ " ไชค์อัล อิสลาม " ซึ่ง ทำหน้าที่เป็น รัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวง Awqaf ใน ประเทศมุสลิม ที่ รัฐบาลไทย จะให้ ชิ้น ที่ดิน ในย่านชานเมืองของ เมืองหลวง กรุงเทพฯ , หนองจอก ศูนย์ ที่จะสร้าง อาคาร '' '' chiefdom , ห้องประชุม มัสยิด และอาคารอื่น ๆ ดังกล่าวข้างต้น และ หัวหน้า เผ่าที่เรียกว่า '' อัล อิสลาม '' | |||
รัฐบาลสนับสนุนธนาคาร ไทย อิสลาม ในประเทศที่ ยี่สิบหก สาขา กระจายอยู่ ทั่วประเทศ แม้จะมี การขาด การสนับสนุนใด ๆ ที่ธนาคารโดย การลงทุน ในประเทศอิสลาม โลก | |||
ค้นหา ข้อมูลอย่างย่อ | |||
การวิจัย ได้ข้อสรุป หลังจากการศึกษา ข้อมูล ว่า | |||
* ชุมชนมุสลิม ในประเทศไทย มีเอกลักษณ์เฉพาะด้วย จำนวนมาก และความหลากหลาย | |||
* มี สอง ส่วนหลัก ของชาวมุสลิม ที่อยู่ใน ประเทศไทย กรม รวมอยู่ใน ชุมชนและ ได้พูดคุยกับ ลิ้นของเขา และเป็น ที่แพร่หลายใน พื้นที่ส่วนใหญ่ของ ราชอาณาจักรและสุดท้ายยังไม่ได้ รวม และแม้กระทั่งการ เรียกร้อง ความเป็นอิสระ และ มีความเข้มข้นใน สามภูมิภาค ภาคใต้ | |||
* ความแตกต่างระหว่าง ทั้งสองกลุ่ม อยู่ใน ภูมิหลังทางประวัติศาสตร์และ ชาติพันธุ์ และ ภาษา ในแต่ละ ส่วนแรก เห็นตัวเองเป็นองค์กรอิสระ รวมกับ ราชอาณาจักรไทย และดังนั้นจึง เรียกร้องให้มี ความเป็นอิสระ และ กลับไปสู่ สิ่งที่มันเป็น ใน อดีตที่ผ่านมา และอื่น ๆ ที่ เชื่อว่า เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของ รัฐ ของพุทธศาสนาและมัน แสดงให้เห็นถึง ชนกลุ่มน้อย ชาวมุสลิม ในประเทศนั้น จึง พยายามที่จะ บูรณาการและ การดำรงอยู่ร่วม | |||
* การเสื่อมสภาพในการพัฒนา จังหวัดชายแดนภาคใต้ เพื่อ ทศวรรษที่ผ่านมา จากการละเลย เศรษฐกิจและ ขาดโอกาสใน การจ้างงานสำหรับ ชาวมุสลิม ในภาครัฐและเอกชน และ นักฆ่า เทปสีแดง | |||
* แก้ ภาวะที่กลืนไม่เข้าคายไม่ออก อยู่ ในภาคใต้ จะทำให้ความพยายาม ที่ดีในการ ดำเนินการตาม ความต้องการของชาวมุสลิม มาเลย์ ในภาคใต้ ซึ่งจะ เงาใน การรักษาความปลอดภัย และความมั่นคง ทั่วประเทศไทย โดยรวมและ ไม่เพียง แต่ใน ภาคใต้ | |||
* ภาค ใต้ เป็นลักษณะ การอยู่ร่วมกัน ระหว่าง ชาวพุทธ และ ชาวมุสลิม มานานหลายศตวรรษ ที่ผ่านมาซึ่ง ช่วยให้ภาพรวม ที่ ชาวมุสลิม ในประเทศไทย ประสบความสำเร็จใน การรวม รวมและ การอยู่ร่วมกัน กับผู้ ที่นับถือศาสนาพุทธ เป็นส่วนใหญ่ | |||
"Meụ̄̀x p̄hm phūd t̄hụng ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām nı pratheṣ̄thịy GOES cı dị̂ xỳāng rwdrĕw pheụ̄̀x s̄ām p̣hūmip̣hākh nı p̣hākh tı̂ (pạttānī yalā nrāṭhiwās̄ ) tæ̀ ngān wicạy h̄ım̀ rwm kẁā pratheṣ̄thịy teụ̄xn kār phær̀ kracāy k̄hxng ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām nı pratheṣ̄ thī̀ p̄hey h̄ı̂ h̄ĕn ngæ̀ mum h̄ım̀ k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim nı pratheṣ̄thịy nı phụ̄̂nthī̀ xụ̄̀n « . " . Kār wikherāah̄̒ nı cheing lụk thī̀ mī h̄ı̂ doy dr. " Co sef s̄ithṭhi̒ " keī̀yw kạb ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām nı rāch xāṇācạkr thịy sụ̀ng pĕn pratheṣ̄ thī̀ tậng xyū̀ nı xecheīy tawạnxxk c̄heīyng tı̂ thī̀ chāw mus̄lim kảlạng thukk̄h̒ thrmān p̣hāy tı̂ s̄̀wn h̄ıỵ̀ nạbt̄hụ̄x ṣ̄ās̄nā phuthṭh | |||
Mā t̄hụng ngān wicạy chîn nī̂ sụ̀ng t̄hūk tī phimph̒ nı bāng kxk pho s̄t̒ fị nı phụ̄̂nthī̀ h̄ım̀ rwm t̄hụng chāw mus̄lim p̣hāynı rāch xāṇācạkr thī̀ chèn (Nakhon Si Thammarat, s̄ngk̄hlā, p̣hūkĕt phạngngā trạng læa s̄tūl) thuk phụ̄̂nthī̀ thī̀ tậng xyū̀ nı phụ̄̂nthī̀ kıl̂ kheīyng pị thāng thiṣ̄ h̄enụ̄x Tām thī̀ xṭhibāy doy kār s̄ædng tn k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim nı p̣hākh klāng nı (meụ̄xngh̄lwng krungtheph‡ læa pĕn h̄nī̂ xyuṭhyā) læa xụ̄̀n «læa nı p̣hākh h̄enụ̄x (cheīyngh̄ım̀ RI)nxkh̄enụ̄x pị cāk (k̄hxnkæ̀n, kāḷs̄inṭhu̒ , s̄klnkhr, læa mị̀mī thī̀ s̄xng) nı p̣hākh tawạnxxk c̄heīyng h̄enụ̄x | |||
Kĥnh̄ā p̄hū̂ thī̀ s̄ncı nı phụ̄̂nthī̀ h̄ım̀ c̄hephāa s̄ảh̄rạb s̄xng h̄etup̄hl h̄lạk; | |||
Khrậng ræk thī̀ kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā k̀xn h̄n̂ā māk thī̀s̄ud keī̀yw kạb ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām nı pratheṣ̄thịy dị̂ mùng nên c̄hephāa nı phụ̄̂nthī̀ thī̀ xyū̀ kịl xxk pị thāng thiṣ̄ tı̂ læa thảh̄ı̂ khwām prathạbcı h̄ı̂ kạb h̄lāy «ẁā mị̀mī ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām nı pratheṣ̄thịy tæ̀ nı thậng s̄ām p̣hūmip̣hākh | |||
S̄xng k̆ khụ̄x ẁā phụ̄̂nthī̀ h̄el̀ā nận læa cạngh̄wạd thī̀ mī cảnwn māk k̄hxng prachākr læa læ̂w phwk k̄heā k̆ h̄lạ̀ng n̂ảtā s̄æng nı khwām s̄ảkhạỵ k̄hxng kār k̄hêāt̄hụng thāng p̣hūmiṣ̄ās̄tr̒ k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim h̄æ̀ng pratheṣ̄thịy nxkh̄enụ̄x pị cāk khwām h̄lākh̄lāy thāng chātiphạnṭhu̒ , phrrkh læa p̣hāynı phạb k̄hxng ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām. " | |||
Kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā mùng nên pị thī̀ prachākr klùm pêāh̄māy nı pratheṣ̄ k̄hxng nạk wichākār mus̄lim p̄hū̂nả chumchn khrū læa mạs̄yid k̄hxng phwk k̄heā yeāwchn reīyk r̂xng læa p̄hū̂h̄ỵing mæ̂ nı nxkh̄enụ̄x cāk kār thảngān nı xngkh̒kr chumchn thāngkār chèn khṇa krrmkār xis̄lām nı p̣hūmip̣hākh P̄h̀ān kār prachum mùng nên kār rū̂ mum mxng k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim nı pratheṣ̄thịy pạỵh̄ā t̀x pị nī̂ | |||
(1) Næwkhid k̄hxng cheụ̄̂xchāti ṣ̄ās̄nā læa khwām pĕn phlmeụ̄xng | |||
(2) H̄ǹwy ngān thāng ṣ̄ās̄nā nı chumchn mus̄lim h̄æ̀ng pratheṣ̄thịy | |||
(3) Khwām s̄ạmphạnṭh̒ xis̄lām - phuthṭh ṣ̄ās̄nā nı pratheṣ̄thịy | |||
(4) Bthbāth k̄hxng kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā xis̄lām læa s̄t̄hān thī̀ læa tảh̄æǹng k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim k̄hxng kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā k̄hxng rạṭ̄h | |||
(5 ) Tảh̄æǹng k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim nı pratheṣ̄thịy cāk nyobāy k̄hxng rạṭ̄hbāl læa rạṭ̄h | |||
(6) Kḍh̄māy s̄t̄hāna s̄̀wn bukhkhl læa mus̄lim | |||
(7) Chātiphạnṭhu̒ miti - khwām k̄hạdyæ̂ng thāng ṣ̄ās̄nā bān tı̂ k̄hxng s̄h̄ rāch xāṇācạkr | |||
(8)Thạṣ̄nkhti thạ̀wpị k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim xyū̀ nı khwām k̄hạdyæ̂ng nı p̣hākh tı̂ k̄hxng pratheṣ̄thịy | |||
(9) Kār dảnein kār thī̀ cảpĕn ca t̂xng dảnein kār doy rạṭ̄hbāl pheụ̄̀x pheìm khwām plxdp̣hạy | |||
H̄enụ̄x s̄ìng xụ̄̀n dı kār wicạy nī̂ s̄ædng h̄ı̂ h̄ĕn ẁā khả ẁā" chāw mus̄lim nı pratheṣ̄thịy" sụ̀ng bāng khn h̄ĕn ẁā kār l̀wng lameid thāng cheụ̄̂xchāti doy c̄hephāa xỳāng yìng s̄ảh̄rạb" chāw mus̄lim mā ley̒ " nı p̣hākh tı̂ pĕn p̄hl mā cāk kār kĕb p̣hās̄ʹī k̄hxng khả nī̂ h̄lạngcāk thī̀ krungtheph‡ prakāṣ̄ pī 1945 sụ̀ng dị̂ rạb kār peid tạw nı pratheṣ̄thịy nı kār thī̀ ṣ̄ūny̒ xis̄lām xỳāng pĕn thāngkār Dạngnận chāw mus̄lim nı p̣hākh tı̂ chxb peid tạw khả ẁā" mlāyū mus̄lim"nı tạw xeng mæ̂ ca mī s̄ìng thī̀ l̂xm rxb cảkạd raya k̄hxng chātiphạnṭhu̒ p̣hūmip̣hākh læa phrrkh Bigvalh p̣hākh xụ̄̀n «k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim nı pratheṣ̄thịy thī̀ mī khwām dod dèn d̂wy khwām tæk t̀āng kạb h̄lāy khn thī̀ xāṣ̄ạy xyū̀ nı p̣hākh tı̂ k̄hxng pratheṣ̄ | |||
Nı ṭ̄hāna thī̀ pĕn chāw mus̄lim nı p̣hākh tı̂ mị̀ cheụ̄̀x nı khả ẁā" chāw mus̄lim nı pratheṣ̄thịy"lameid dı «tæ̀ phb phwk k̄heā p̣hākh p̣hūmicı nı kār pl̀xy mạn nı tạw xeng; p̄hl cāk kār nên xeklạks̄ʹṇ̒ pracả chāti k̄hxng phwk k̄heā | |||
Cảnwn k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim nı h̄̂ā l̂ān khn k̄hxng pratheṣ̄thịy pheụ̄̀x h̄ı̂ phwk k̄heā thả k̄hụ̂n pramāṇ 7.5- 8% K̄hxng prachākr thī̀ 44% k̄hxng p̄hū̂ thī̀ xāṣ̄ạy xyū̀ nı p̣hākh tı̂ læa s̄̀wn thī̀ h̄elụ̄x mī kārk ra cāy pị yạng s̄̀wn thī̀ h̄elụ̄x k̄hxng p̣hūmip̣hākh k̄hxng rāch xāṇācạkr | |||
Rùn ræk | |||
Ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām nı s̄āylm thī̀ phạd p̄h̀ān pratheṣ̄thịy cāk s̄ām thiṣ̄thāng cāk thāng tı̂ læa thāng h̄enụ̄x ṣ̄ūny̒ Mā t̂n Bashaúrh cāk thāng tı̂ k̄hxng pratheṣ̄ nı ḥ xr̒n k̄hxng 13.14 AD doy p̄hū̂ kĥā chāw mus̄lim Nı k̄hṇa thī̀ ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām mā t̄hụng nı txn klāng k̄hxng pratheṣ̄ nı ṣ̄twrrs̄ʹ thī̀ 15 doy ph̀xkĥā sun xindeīy pexr̒seīy læa chi Phụ̄̂nthī̀ k̄hxng p̣hākh h̄enụ̄x pị thī̀ ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām doy chāw cīn mus̄lim læa bengkxl nı xāyu cĕd s̄ib læa pæd k̄hxng ṣ̄twrrs̄ʹ thī̀ 18 tām lảdạb Læa tậng rkrāk k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim k̄hxng pratheṣ̄ xih̄r̀ān, xindeīy, pākīs̄t̄hān, sīreīy, xindonīseīy læa chāw mus̄lim mā ley̒ nı s̄̀wn t̀āng«k̄hxng pratheṣ̄ h̄lạngcāk rạchkāl thī̀ p̄hm k̀xtậng meụ̄xngh̄lwng h̄ım̀ k̄hxng rāch xāṇācạkr thịy nı Rattanacussn (h̄rụ̄x krungtheph‡) | |||
Kār phær̀ kracāy k̄hxng ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām nı s̄ạngkhm thịy pĕn thī̀ dod dèn nı pī thī̀ p̄h̀ān mā mæ̂ẁā k̄heā ca dị̂ k̄hêā mā nı pratheṣ̄ mā nān h̄lāy ṣ̄twrrs̄ʹ doy c̄hephāa p̣hākh tı̂ thī̀ xyū̀ tid kạb rạṭ̄h k̄hxng phm̀ā thī̀ k̄heā reìm phær̀ kracāy pị thạ̀w p̄hæ̀ndin'' s̄yām'' h̄rụ̄x rāch xāṇācạkr thịy nı pạccubạn yụ̄n xyū̀ thī̀ prachākr mus̄lim nı reụ̄̀xng nī̂ Rạṭ̄h pheīyng xỳāng deīyw keụ̄xb 10 l̂ān khn Læa rwm t̄hụng ngein thun krungtheph l̂ān k̄hxng prachākr mus̄lim rwm k̄hxng pratheṣ̄thịy cảnwn 64 l̂ān khn | |||
Tæ̀ prawạtiṣ̄ās̄tr̒ k̄hxng ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām nı pratheṣ̄thịy s̄xng s̄xng h̄lạk ræk h̄nụ̀ng k̄hxng xāṇācạkr xis̄lām pạttānī nı wạy yī̀s̄ib k̄hxng ṣ̄twrrs̄ʹ thī̀ 15 Thī̀ s̄xng: Kār mā t̄hụng k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim cāk kār mị̀ xyū̀ nı pratheṣ̄ māleseīy chèn pexr̒seīy læa xindeīy læa Ahamyin s̄t̄hānī h̄el̀ā nī̂ mī s̄̀wn thảh̄ı̂ t̀x pị nı kār rwm klùm k̄hxng pratheṣ̄ nı pī 1939 læa klāy s̄yām pratheṣ̄thịy | |||
Khwām h̄lākh̄lāy mị̀ dị̂ pĕn prpạks̄ʹ̒ kạn | |||
Rūp bæb bæ̀ng k̄hxng chīwit xis̄lām nı pratheṣ̄thịy xxk pĕn 3 s̄̀wn tām p̣hūmi h̄lạng thāng prawạtiṣ̄ās̄tr̒ læa p̣hūmiṣ̄ās̄tr̒ : | |||
(1) Mā ley̒ mus̄lim thī̀ phūd p̣hās̄ʹā mā ley̒ læa mī khwām k̄hêmk̄ĥn nı s̄ām p̣hūmip̣hākh k̄hxng p̣hākh tı̂(pạttānī yalā læa nrāṭhiwās̄ ) | |||
(2)Mā ley̒ mus̄lim thī̀ ca rwm xyū̀ nı s̄ạngkhm thịy læa xāṣ̄ạy xyū̀ nı phụ̄̂nthī̀ thī̀ xyū̀ tid kạb s̄ām cạngh̄wạd chāydæn p̣hākh tı̂ k̄hxng p̣hākh h̄enụ̄x læa phūd p̣hās̄ʹā thịy dị̂ | |||
(3) Chāw mus̄lim h̄lāy chụ̄̀x chātiphạnṭhu̒ (pexr̒seīy mā ley̒ Shawwam, Alandonis xindeīy bengkxl læa p̄hū̂ thī̀ mī p̣hūmi h̄lạng thāng p̣hās̄ʹā cīn) læa p̄hū̂ thī̀ mī kā rbū rṇā kār k̄hêā kạb s̄ạngkhm thịy læa yạng phūd p̣hās̄ʹā thịy læa phwk k̄heā dị̂ būrṇ ā kār kạb prachāchn nı tĥxngt̄hìn nı cạngh̄wạd p̣hākh klāng k̄hxng pratheṣ̄thịy (krungtheph‡ , xyuṭhyā)chèn deīyw kạb thī̀ Nı cạngh̄wạd thāng p̣hākh h̄enụ̄x læa p̣hākh tawạnxxk c̄heīyng h̄enụ̄x P̄hū̂ xphyph h̄el̀ā nī̂ cāk pratheṣ̄ pheụ̄̀xnb̂ān dị̂ tậng rkrāk xyū̀ nı pratheṣ̄thịy d̂wy h̄etup̄hl thāng ṣ̄ers̄ʹṭ̄hkic læa kārmeụ̄xng læa thī̀ ca h̄lb h̄nī kār kdk̄hī̀ thāng ṣ̄ās̄nā thī̀ phwk k̄heā dị̂ rạb khwām deụ̄xdr̂xn thī̀ xyū̀ nı mụ̄x k̄hxng cīn khxmmiwnis̄t̒ cĕbkhæ̂n læa phm̀ā | |||
S̄̀wn ræk dị̂ phyāyām thī̀ ca rạks̄ʹā xeklạks̄ʹṇ̒ læa k̄hād kā rbū rṇā kār læa xāc ca lalāy nı s̄ạngkhm thịy læa xyū̀ nı mā ley̒ phūd kār s̄nthnā thāng ṣ̄ās̄nā læa s̄ạngkhm Nı k̄hṇa thī̀ s̄̀wn thī̀ t̄hūk p̄hs̄ān II læa III, nı s̄ạngkhm thịy læa phūd p̣hās̄ʹā thịy; h̄etup̄hl thī̀ s̄ạngkhm læa ṣ̄ās̄nā | |||
Ṭhex phb ẁā kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim mā ley̒ thī̀ xāṣ̄ạy xyū̀ nı kịl t̄hụng k̄hxng tı̂ chxb thī̀ ca reīyk tạw xeng ẁā pĕn Malaoyen xāṣ̄ạy xyū̀ nı pratheṣ̄thịy ẁā phwk k̄heā ca s̄r̂āng khwām pheụ̄̀x thī̀ ca khid ẁā phwk k̄heā pĕn phlmeụ̄xng k̄hxng lảphong pratheṣ̄thịy Balmalaoah S̄̀wn thī̀ s̄xng mị̀ h̄ĕn khwām k̄hạdyæ̂ng rah̄ẁāng phwk k̄heā ld lng pĕn mus̄lim læa khn thịy nı welā deīywkạn Mạn pĕn mum mxng deīywkạn sụ̀ng ca h̄ĕn cāk kār thī̀ p̄hū̂khn nı s̄̀wn thī̀ s̄ām k̄hxng pạỵh̄ā nī̂ Vhola thậngh̄md r̀wm kạn kār tậng kh̀ā s̄ảh̄rạb kār rabu tạw xeng ẁā pĕn khn thịy pĕn mus̄lim læa phūd p̣hās̄ʹā thịy mæ̂ ca mī khwām h̄lākh̄lāy thī̀ dī k̄hxng Arkiethm | |||
Nxkcāk nī̂ yạng mī nikāy cảnwn māk p̣hāynı chumchn mus̄lim nı rāch xāṇācạkr thịy chna s̄̀wn h̄ıỵ̀ chāw mus̄lim s̄uh̄nī̀ læa ṣ̄ūny̒ nxkh̄enụ̄x pị cāk klùm lĕk «k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim xịth̒ sụ̀ng pĕn xih̄m̀ām læa Ismailia læa thảh̄ı̂ pĕn tạwthæn k̄hxng chnk lùm n̂xy chāw mus̄lim thī̀ h̄ıỵ̀ thī̀s̄ud nı pratheṣ̄ | |||
H̄lạk khả s̄xn h̄lạk Shaafa'is k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim s̄uh̄nī̀ nı pratheṣ̄thịy læa kracāy rah̄ẁāng cheụ̄̂xs̄āy mā ley̒ tām d̂wy kār prapā læa kār phær̀ kracāy nı h̄mū̀ chāw mus̄lim thī̀mā k̄hxng xindeīy læa cīn læa yạng mī rongreīyn Salafi | |||
S̄ảh̄rạb khwām s̄ạmphạnṭh̒ rah̄ẁāng chāw mus̄lim læa chāw phuthṭh mī lạks̄ʹṇa būrṇ ā kār - ykwên p̣hākh tı̂ thī̀ dod dèn d̂wy khwām s̄ạmphạnṭh̒ Baldmoah - c̄hāk thī̀ k̄heā phb wạd thịy phuthṭh læa mạs̄yid tām thī̀ pĕn khn pælk h̄n̂ā phwk k̄heā mị̀ Kār leụ̄xktậng xāc ca pĕn p̄hū̂ s̄mạkhr mus̄lim rạṭ̄hs̄p̣hā nı xithṭhiphl k̄hxng phuthṭh ṣ̄ās̄nā Brrthạd d̂ān l̀āng k̄hxng khwām s̄ạmphạnṭh̒ nī̂ khụ̄x kār rwm læa kār xyū̀ r̀wm nı phụ̄̂nthī̀ s̄̀wn h̄ıỵ̀ k̄hxng pratheṣ̄ ykwên p̣hākh tı̂ thī̀ mạn ca peid xxk k̀xn h̄n̂ā nī̂ | |||
Kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā thāng ṣ̄ās̄nā | |||
S̄ædng h̄ı̂ h̄ĕn ẁā chāw mus̄lim mā ley̒ nı p̣hākh tı̂ læa kheārph ḳhos̄ʹk h̄enụ̄x tid kạb s̄t̄hābạn kār phiṣ̄es̄ʹ Pondok (h̄rụ̄x Fondauq): Mạn pĕn rongreīynpracả xekchn s̄xn ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām s̄xn withyāṣ̄ās̄tr̒ xis̄lām læa s̄t̄hābạn withyāṣ̄ās̄tr̒ xīk khrậng Cụng mī phwk k̄heā mī khwām wị māk t̀x khwām phyāyām k̄hxng rạṭ̄hbāl thī̀ ca pælng s̄t̄hābạn Albunduk pị yạng s̄t̄hābạn kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā thī̀ thạns̄mạy | |||
Nı phụ̄̂nthī̀ p̣hākh klāng k̄hxng pratheṣ̄ keụ̄xb ca h̄āy pị wạtʹhnṭhrrm rongreīyn Albunduk sụ̀ng s̄̀wn h̄ıỵ̀ k̄hxng khn rùn h̄ım̀ pị thī̀ rongreīyn xekchn s̄xn ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām thī̀ mị̀ Albunduk læ̂w ŷāy pị yạng kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā thī̀ s̄ūng k̄hụ̂n Nı p̣hākh h̄enụ̄x thī̀ chāw mus̄lim t̂xngkār p̄hū̂ thī̀ mī p̣hūmi h̄lạng cīn læa xindeīy s̄̀ng lūk pị reīyn nı rongreīyn thī̀ thạns̄mạy k̄hxng kār h̄mun thī̀ tæk t̀āng kạn cud mùngh̄māy k̄hxng kār reīyn rū̂ thāng wichākār cāk kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā k̄hxng ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām pĕn phiṣ̄es̄ʹ Læa p̄hl ngān cảnwn māk k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim nı pratheṣ̄ cīn nı p̣hākh h̄enụ̄x xāchīph xạn thrng keīyrti chèn wiṣ̄wkrrm kār phæthy̒ læa kārmeụ̄xng Sụ̀ng phwk k̄heā dị̂ rạb khwām kheārph nạbt̄hụ̄x læa chụ̄̀nchm doy khn k̄hxng ṣ̄ās̄nā xụ̄̀n «nı meụ̄xng cheīyngh̄ım̀, p̣hākh h̄enụ̄x | |||
Nı p̣hūmip̣hākh p̣hākh tawạnxxk c̄heīyng h̄enụ̄x k̄hxng s̄h̄ rāch xāṇācạkr - thī̀ chumchn mus̄lim thī̀ mī k̄hnād lĕk māk - mị̀mī rongreīyn s̄xn ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām Dạngnận s̄t̄hābạn kār thảngān k̄hxng tĥxngt̄hìn xis̄lām - chèn s̄t̄hābạn kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā læa kār phạtʹhnā k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim nı p̣hākh tawạnxxk c̄heīyng h̄enụ̄x k̄hxng pratheṣ̄thịy læa nả mā cāk din dæn k̄hxng" xudrṭhānī" tām- kār h̄ı̂kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā xis̄lām p̄h̀ān kickrrm kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā nxk rabb thī̀ pĕn khrū k̄hxng mạs̄yid thī̀ mī xyū̀ nı 36 mạs̄yid nı phụ̄̂nthī̀ læa kh̀āy vdū r̂xn Cạd doy rongreīyn h̄el̀ā nận | |||
Nxkcāk nī̂ nı d̂ān dạng kl̀āw k̄ĥāng t̂n k̄hxng khwām h̄lākh̄lāy nı kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā ṣ̄ās̄nā nı pratheṣ̄thịy dị̂ mī kār tậng k̄ĥx s̄ạngket ẁā s̄̀wn h̄ıỵ̀ k̄hxng p̄hū̂ cb kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā cāk rongreīyn mạṭhym nı p̣hākh tı̂ læa xụ̄̀n «thī̀ mị̀ s̄āmārt̄h k̄hêā r̀wm mh̄āwithyālạy tĥxngt̄hìn s̄ảh̄rạb kār mị̀ s̄āmārt̄h thī̀ ca p̄h̀ān kār thds̄xb kār rạb k̄hêā reīyn nı mh̄āwithyālạy thī̀ Dạngnận p̄hū̂ thī̀ t̂xngkār thī̀ ca s̄ảrĕc kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā k̄hxng phwk k̄heā thī̀ mh̄āwithyālạy nı tawạnxxkklāng læa xecheīy tawạnxxk c̄heīyng tı̂ thī̀ ca dị̂ rạb mātrṭ̄hān thī̀ dī k̄hụ̂n k̄hxng kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā nı d̂ān k̄hxng ṣ̄ās̄nā læa nạk wichākār H̄lạngcāk cb kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā k̄hxng phwk k̄heā nı t̀āng pratheṣ̄ ca klạb mā meụ̄xng thịy ca mī s̄̀wn r̀wm nı kār reīyn kār s̄xn thậng nı rongreīyn xekchn s̄xn ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām h̄rụ̄x nı mh̄āwithyālạy k̄hxng rạṭ̄h | |||
S̄ạỵchāti læa ṣ̄ās̄nā xis̄lām | |||
Chāw mus̄lim s̄̀wn h̄ıỵ̀ mị̀ phb khwām lảbāk cı dı «k̄hxng pratheṣ̄thịy nı kār pĕn phlmeụ̄xng thịy læa nı welā deīywkạn pĕn mus̄lim tæ̀ pĕn cảnwn māk doy pheụ̄̀x khwām p̣hākh p̣hūmicı s̄ảh̄rạb phwk k̄heā læa s̄lokæn k̄hxng phwk k̄heā" prachāchn chāw thịy mus̄lim. " | |||
Chāw mus̄lim nı pratheṣ̄thịy læa s̄nuk kạb s̄erīp̣hāph thāng ṣ̄ās̄nā tạwxỳāng chèn p̄hū̂h̄ỵing ca dị̂ rạb xnuỵāt h̄ı̂ s̄wm p̄ĥā phok ṣ̄īrs̄ʹa nı p̣hāph xỳāng pĕn thāngkār læa nı s̄t̄hān thī̀ thảngān k̄hxng h̄ǹwy ngān p̣hākh rạṭ̄h læa xụ̄̀n « Mạn k̆ yạng thảngān k̄hxng rạṭ̄hbāl thịy thī̀ ca h̄ı̂ s̄ìng xảnwy khwām s̄adwk p̄hū̂ s̄æwng buỵ thuk pī læa h̄ı̂ wạn h̄yud rāchkār nı p̣hākh tı̂ pheụ̄̀x c̄helim c̄hlxng kịl Fitr læa Eid al - Adha læa h̄ı̂ bırạbrxng s̄uk̄hp̣hāph s̄ảh̄rạb xāh̄ār ḥā lāl læa kār rạb rū̂ tảh̄æǹng k̄hxng" chịkh̒xạl xis̄lām" sụ̀ng thả h̄n̂āthī̀ pĕn rạṭ̄hmntrī ẁākār krathrwng Awqaf nı pratheṣ̄ mus̄lim thī̀ rạṭ̄hbāl thịy ca h̄ı̂ chîn Thī̀din nı ỳān chānmeụ̄xng k̄hxng meụ̄xngh̄lwng krungtheph‡ , h̄nxngcxk ṣ̄ūny̒ thī̀ ca s̄r̂āng xākhār'' '' chiefdom, h̄̂xng prachum mạs̄yid læa xākhār xụ̄̀n «dạng kl̀āw k̄ĥāng t̂n læa h̄ạwh̄n̂ā p̄hèā thī̀ reīyk ẁā'' xạl xis̄lām'' | |||
Rạṭ̄hbāl s̄nạbs̄nun ṭhnākhār thịy xis̄lām nı pratheṣ̄ thī̀ yī̀s̄ib h̄k s̄āk̄hā kracāy xyū̀ thạ̀w pratheṣ̄ mæ̂ ca mī kār k̄hād kār s̄nạbs̄nun dı «thī̀ ṭhnākhār doy kār lngthun nı pratheṣ̄ xis̄lām lok | |||
Kĥnh̄ā k̄ĥxmūl xỳāng ỳx | |||
Kār wicạy dị̂ k̄ĥx s̄rup h̄lạngcāk kār ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā k̄ĥxmūl ẁā | |||
* Chumchn mus̄lim nı pratheṣ̄thịy mī xeklạks̄ʹṇ̒ c̄hephāa d̂wy cảnwn māk læa khwām h̄lākh̄lāy | |||
* Mī s̄xng s̄̀wn h̄lạk k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim thī̀ xyū̀ nı pratheṣ̄thịy krm rwm xyū̀ nı chumchn læa dị̂ phūd khuy kạb lîn k̄hxng k̄heā læa pĕn thī̀ phær̀h̄lāy nı phụ̄̂nthī̀ s̄̀wn h̄ıỵ̀ k̄hxng rāch xāṇācạkr læa s̄udtĥāy yạng mị̀ dị̂ rwm læa mæ̂ krathạ̀ng kār reīyk r̂xng khwām pĕn xis̄ra læa mī khwām k̄hêmk̄ĥn nı s̄ām p̣hūmip̣hākh p̣hākh tı̂ | |||
* Khwām tæk t̀āng rah̄ẁāng thậng s̄xng klùm xyū̀ nı p̣hūmi h̄lạng thāng prawạtiṣ̄ās̄tr̒ læa chātiphạnṭhu̒ læa p̣hās̄ʹā nı tæ̀la S̄̀wn ræk h̄ĕn tạw xeng pĕn xngkh̒kr xis̄ra rwm kạb rāch xāṇācạkr thịy læa dạngnận cụng reīyk r̂xng h̄ı̂ mī khwām pĕn xis̄ra læa klạb pị s̄ū̀ s̄ìng thī̀ mạn pĕn nı xdīt thī̀ p̄h̀ān mā Læa xụ̄̀n «thī̀ cheụ̄̀x ẁā pĕn s̄̀wn h̄nụ̀ng k̄hxng rạṭ̄h k̄hxng phuthṭh ṣ̄ās̄nā læa mạn s̄ædng h̄ı̂ h̄ĕn t̄hụng chnk lùm n̂xy chāw mus̄lim nı pratheṣ̄ nận cụng phyāyām thī̀ ca būrṇ ā kār læa kār dảrng xyū̀ r̀wm | |||
* Kār s̄eụ̄̀xm s̄p̣hāph nı kār phạtʹhnā cạngh̄wạd chāydæn p̣hākh tı̂ pheụ̄̀x thṣ̄wrrs̄ʹ thī̀ p̄h̀ān mā cāk kār laley ṣ̄ers̄ʹṭ̄hkic læa k̄hād xokās̄ nı kār ĉāng ngān s̄ảh̄rạb chāw mus̄lim nı p̣hākh rạṭ̄h læa xekchn læa nạk ḳh̀ā thep s̄ī dæng | |||
* Kæ̂ p̣hāwa thī̀ klụ̄nmị̀k̄hêākhāymị̀xxk xyū̀ nı p̣hākh tı̂ ca thảh̄ı̂ khwām phyāyām thī̀ dī nı kār dảnein kār tām khwām t̂xngkār k̄hxng chāw mus̄lim mā ley̒ nı p̣hākh tı̂ sụ̀ng ca ngeā nı kār rạks̄ʹā khwām plxdp̣hạy læa khwām mạ̀nkhng thạ̀w pratheṣ̄thịy doy rwm læa mị̀ pheīyng tæ̀ nı p̣hākh tı̂ | |||
* P̣hākh tı̂ pĕn lạks̄ʹṇa kār xyū̀ r̀wm kạn rah̄ẁāng chāw phuthṭh læa chāw mus̄lim mā nān h̄lāy ṣ̄twrrs̄ʹ thī̀ p̄h̀ān mā sụ̀ng ch̀wy h̄ı̂ p̣hāph rwm thī̀ chāw mus̄lim nı pratheṣ̄thịy pras̄b khwām s̄ảrĕc nı kār rwm rwm læa kār xyū̀ r̀wm kạn kạb p̄hū̂ thī̀ nạbt̄hụ̄x ṣ̄ās̄nā phuthṭh pĕn s̄̀wn h̄ıỵ̀ | |||
Thank you, the people of Thailand........ |
Revision as of 19:04, 29 December 2013
"Siam" redirects here. For other uses, see Siam (disambiguation).This article is missing information about Thai history from 1933 to 1997. Please expand the article by making an edit requestto include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page. (July 2012) |
Kingdom of Thailandราชอาณาจักรไทย Ratcha Anachak Thai | |
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Flag Emblem | |
Motto: ชาติ ศาสนา พระมหากษัตริย์ (Thai) Chat Satsana Phramahakasat "Nation, Religion, King" (unofficial) | |
Anthem: Phleng Chat Thai Thai National Anthem (Instrumental) Thai Royal Anthem (instrumental) | |
Capitaland largest city | Bangkok |
Official languages | Thai |
Official script | Thai alphabet |
Ethnic groups (2009) |
|
Demonym(s) | Thai |
Government | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
• King | Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) |
• Prime Minister | Yingluck Shinawatra (PT)(Acting) |
Legislature | National Assembly |
• Upper house | Senate |
• Lower house | House of Representatives |
Formation | |
• Sukhothai Kingdom | 1238–1448 |
• Ayutthaya Kingdom | 1351–1767 |
• Thonburi Kingdom | 1768–1782 |
• Rattanakosin Kingdom | 6 April 1782 |
• Constitutional monarchy | 24 June 1932 |
Area | |
• Total | 513,120 km (198,120 sq mi) (51st) |
• Water (%) | 0.4 (2,230 km) |
Population | |
• 2011 estimate | 66,720,153 (20th) |
• 2010 census | 65,479,453 |
• Density | 132.1/km (342.1/sq mi) (88th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2013 estimate |
• Total | $701.554 billion |
• Per capita | $10,849 |
GDP (nominal) | 2013 estimate |
• Total | $424.985 billion |
• Per capita | $6,572 |
Gini (2010) | 39.4 medium inequality |
HDI | 0.690 medium (103rd) |
Currency | Baht (฿) (THB) |
Time zone | UTC+7 |
Drives on | Left |
Calling code | +66 |
ISO 3166 code | TH |
Internet TLD |
Thailand (/ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/ TY-lənd; Template:Lang-th, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Template:Lang-th, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] ), formerly known as Siam (Template:Lang-th; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Adherent of Buddhism, and Upholder of religions.
Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country in terms of total area, with an area of approximately 513,000 km (198,000 sq mi), and is the 20th-most-populous country, with around 64 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, which is Thailand's political, commercial, industrial and cultural hub. About 75% of the population is ethnically Thai, 14% Thai Chinese, and 3% is ethnically Malay; the rest belong to minority groups including Mons, Khmers and various hill tribes. The country's official language is Thai. The primary religion is Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the population.
Thailand experienced rapid economic growth between 1985 and 1996, and is presently a newly industrialized country and a major exporter. Tourism also contributes significantly to the Thai economy. There are approximately 2.2 million legal and illegal migrants in Thailand, and the country has also attracted a number of expatriates from developed countries.
Etymology
The country has always been called Mueang Thai by her citizens; but by others, by the exonym Siam (Template:Lang-th RTGS: Sayam, pronounced [sàjǎːm]). Also spelled Siem, Syâm or Syâma, it has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyâma (श्याम, meaning "dark" or "brown"). The names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word, and Śyâma is possibly not its origin but a learned and artificial distortion.
The signature of King Mongkut (r. 1851 – 1868) reads SPPM (Somdet Phra Poramenthra Maha) Mongkut King of Siam, giving it official status until 23 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. Thailand was renamed Siam from 1945 to 11 May 1949, after which it again reverted to Thailand.
The word Thai (ไทย) is not, as commonly believed, derived from the word Thai (ไท) meaning "independence" in the Thai language; it is, however, the name of an ethnic group from the central plains (the Thai people). A famous Thai scholar argued that Thai (ไท) simply means "people" or "human being" since his investigation shows that in some rural areas the word "Thai" was used instead of the usual Thai word "khon" (คน) for people.
The Thai use the phrase "land of the free" to express pride in the fact that Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia never colonized by a European power. While the Thai people will often refer to their country using the polite form Prathet Thai (Thai: ประเทศไทย), they most commonly use the more colloquial word Mueang Thai (Thai: เมืองไทย) or simply Thai (Thai: ไทย); the word mueang (Thai: เมือง) meaning nation but most commonly used to refer to a city or town. Ratcha Anachak Thai (Template:Lang-th) means "Kingdom of Thailand" or "Kingdom of Thai".
Etymologically, its components are: -Ratcha- (from Sanskrit raja, meaning "king, royal, realm") ; -ana- (from Pāli āṇā, "authority, command, power", itself from Sanskrit ājñā, same meaning) -chak (from Sanskrit cakra or cakraṃ meaning "wheel", a symbol of power and rule). The Thai National Anthem (Template:Lang-th), composed and written by Peter Feit during the extremely "patriotic" 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as: prathet-thai (Thai: ประเทศไทย). The first line of the national anthem is: prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai (Thai: ประเทศไทยรวมเลือดเนื้อชาติเชื้อไทย) and was translated in 1939 by Colonel Luang Saranuprabhandi as: "Thailand is the unity of Thai blood and body."
History
Main article: History of ThailandThere is evidence of human habitation in Thailand that has been dated at 40,000 years before the present. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, starting with the Kingdom of Funan around the 1st century CE to the Khmer Empire.
After the fall of the Khmer Empire in the 13th century, various states thrived there, such as the various Tai, Mon, Khmer and Malay kingdoms, as seen through the numerous archaeological sites and artifacts that are scattered throughout the Siamese landscape. Prior to the 12th century however, the first Thai or Siamese state is traditionally considered to be the Buddhist kingdom of Sukhothai, which was founded in 1238.
Following the decline and fall of the Khmer empire in the 13th–15th century, the Buddhist Tai kingdoms of Sukhothai, Lanna and Lan Xang (now Laos) were on the ascension. However, a century later, the power of Sukhothai was overshadowed by the new kingdom of Ayutthaya, established in the mid-14th century in the lower Chao Phraya River or Menam area.
Ayutthaya's expansion centred along the Menam while in the northern valley the Lanna Kingdom and other small Tai city-states ruled the area. In 1431, the Khmer abandoned Angkor after the Ayutthaya forces invaded the city. Thailand retained a tradition of trade with its neighbouring states, from China to India, Persia and Arab lands. Ayutthaya became one of the most vibrant trading centres in Asia. European traders arrived in the 16th century, beginning with the Portuguese, followed by the French, Dutch and English.
After the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767 to the Burmese, King Taksin the Great moved the capital of Thailand to Thonburi for approximately 15 years. The current Rattanakosin era of Thai history began in 1782, following the establishment of Bangkok as capital of the Chakri dynasty under King Rama I the Great. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, "A quarter to a third of the population of some areas of Thailand and Burma were slaves in the 17th through the 19th centuries."
Despite European pressure, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian nation that has never been colonized. This has been ascribed to the long succession of able rulers in the past four centuries who exploited the rivalry and tension between French Indochina and the British Empire. As a result, the country remained a buffer state between parts of Southeast Asia that were colonized by the two colonizing powers, Great Britain and France. Western influence nevertheless led to many reforms in the 19th century and major concessions, most notably being the loss of a large territory on the east side of the Mekong to the French and the step-by-step absorption by Britain of the Malay Peninsula.
20th century
The losses initially included Penang and eventually culminated in the loss of four predominantly ethnic-Malay southern provinces, which later became Malaysia's four northern states, under the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.
In 1932, a bloodless revolution carried out by the Khana Ratsadon group of military and civilian officials resulted in a transition of power, when King Prajadhipok was forced to grant the people of Siam their first constitution, thereby ending centuries of absolute monarchy.
In 1939, the name of the kingdom, 'Siam', was changed to 'Thailand.'
During World War II, the Empire of Japan demanded the right to move troops across Thailand to the Malayan frontier. Japan invaded the country and engaged the Thai Army for six to eight hours before Plaek Pibulsonggram ordered an armistice. Shortly thereafter Japan was granted free passage, and on 21 December 1941, Thailand and Japan signed a military alliance with a secret protocol wherein Tokyo agreed to help Thailand regain territories lost to the British and French. Subsequently, Thailand declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on 25 January 1942 and undertook to 'assist' Japan in its war against the Allies, while at the same time maintaining an active anti-Japanese resistance movement known as the Seri Thai. Approximately 200,000 Asian labourers (mainly romusha) and 60,000 Allied POWs worked on the Thailand–Burma Death Railway.
After the war, Thailand emerged as an ally of the United States. As with many of the developing nations during the Cold War, Thailand then went through decades of political instability characterised by coups d'état as one military regime replaced another, but eventually progressed towards a stable prosperity and democracy in the 1980s.
- An example of pottery discovered near Ban Chiang in Udon Thani province, the earliest dating to 2100 BCE.
- Phimai, Prasat Phimai is the largest temple in the country from the Khmer Empire.
- The immense 19 metre high gilded statue of a seated Buddha in Wat Phanan Choeng, the latter from 1324, pre-dates the founding of the city.
- 15 metre high Buddha image in Sukhothai, Phra Achana , built in 13th Century
- Painting of Ayutthaya, ordered by the Dutch East India Company, 1665.
- Kosa Pan presents King Narai's letter to Louis XIV at Versailles, 1 September 1686.
Politics and government
Main articles: Politics of Thailand, Constitutions of Thailand, Law of Thailand, and Government of ThailandThe politics of Thailand is currently conducted within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government and a hereditary monarch is head of state. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislative branches.
Constitutional history
Since the political reform of the absolute monarchy in 1932, Thailand has had 17 constitutions and charters. Throughout this time, the form of government has ranged from military dictatorship to electoral democracy, but all governments have acknowledged a hereditary monarch as the head of state.
28 June 1932
Prior to 1932, the Kingdom of Siam did not possess a legislature, as all legislative powers were vested within the person of the monarch. This had been the case since the foundation of the Sukhothai Kingdom in the 12th century: as the king was seen as a "Dharmaraja" or "King who rules in accordance with Dharma" (the Buddhist law of righteousness). However on 24 June 1932 a group of civilians and military officers, calling themselves the Khana Ratsadon (or People's Party) carried out a bloodless revolution, in which the 150 years of absolute rule of the House of Chakri was ended. In its stead the group advocated a constitutional form of monarchy with an elected legislature.
The "Draft Constitution" of 1932 signed by King Prajadhipok, created Thailand's first legislature, a People's Assembly with 70 appointed members. The assembly met for the first time on 28 June 1932, in the Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall. The Khana Ratsadon decided that the people were not yet ready for an elected assembly; however they later changed their minds. By the time the "permanent" constitution came into force in December of that year, elections were scheduled for 15 November 1933. The new constitution also changed the composition of the assembly to 78 directly elected and 78 appointed (by the Khana Ratsadon) together compromising 156 members.
1932 to 1972
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The history of Thailand from 1932 to 1973 was dominated by military dictatorships which were in power for much of the period. The main personalities of the period were the dictator Luang Phibunsongkhram (better known as Phibun), who allied the country with Japan during the Second World War, and the civilian politician Pridi Phanomyong, who founded Thammasat University and was briefly the prime minister after the war. The Japanese invasion of Thailand occurred on December 8, 1941.
A succession of military dictators followed Pridi's ousting — Phibun again, Sarit Dhanarajata and Thanom Kittikachorn — under whom traditional, authoritarian rule was combined with increasing modernisation and westernisation under the influence of the U.S. The end of the period was marked by Thanom's resignation, following a massacre of pro-democracy protesters led by Thammasat students. Thanom misread the situation as a coup d'état, and fled, leaving the country leaderless - HM appointed Thammasat University chancellor Sanya Dharmasakti PM by royal command. For events subsequent to the abdication of the king, including the name change of 1939, up to the coup d'état of 1957, see Plaek Pibulsonggram.
Thailand helped the USA and South Vietnam in the Vietnam war between 1965 and 1971. Thai forces also saw heavy action in the covert war in Laos that occurred between 1964 and 1972.
1973 to 1997
This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (November 2013) |
1997 to 2001
See also: 1997 Constitution of ThailandThe 1997 Constitution was the first constitution to be drafted by popularly elected Constitutional Drafting Assembly, and was popularly called the "People's Constitution". The 1997 Constitution created a bicameral legislature consisting of a 500-seat House of Representatives (สภาผู้แทนราษฎร, sapha phutaen ratsadon) and a 200-seat Senate (วุฒิสภา, wuthisapha). For the first time in Thai history, both houses were directly elected.
Many human rights are explicitly acknowledged, and measures were established to increase the stability of elected governments. The House was elected by the first past the post system, where only one candidate with a simple majority could be elected in one constituency. The Senate was elected based on the province system, where one province can return more than one senator depending on its population size.
The two houses of the National Assembly have two different terms. In accordance with the constitution the Senate is elected to a six-year term, while the House is elected to a four-year term. Overall the term of the National Assembly is based on that of the House. The National Assembly each year will sit in two sessions an "ordinary session" and a "legislative session". The first session of the National Assembly must take place within thirty days after the general election of the House of Representatives. The first session must be opened by the king in person by reading a Speech from the Throne; this ceremony is held in the Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall. He may also appoint the crown prince or a representative to carry out this duty. It is also the duty of the king to prorogue sessions through a Royal Decree when the House term expires. The king also has the prerogative to call extraordinary sessions and prolong sessions at his discretion.
The National Assembly may host a "Joint-sitting" of both Houses under several circumstances. These include: The appointment of a regent, any alteration to the 1924 Palace Law of Succession, the opening of the first session, the announcement of policies by the Cabinet of Thailand, the approval of the declaration of war, the hearing of explanations and approval of a treaty and the amendment of the Constitution.
Members of the House of Representatives served four-year terms, while senators served six-year terms. The 1997 People's Constitution also promoted human rights more than any other constitutions. The court system (ศาล, saan) included a constitutional court with jurisdiction over the constitutionality of parliamentary acts, royal decrees, and political matters.
Thaksin period: 2001–present
The January 2001 general election, the first election under the 1997 Constitution, was called the most open, corruption-free election in Thai history. Thai Rak Thai Party, led by Thaksin Shinawatra won the election. The Thaksin government was the first in Thai history to complete a four-year term. The 2005 election had the highest voter turnout in Thai history, and Thai Rak Thai Party won an absolute majority. However, despite efforts to clean up the system, vote buying and electoral violence remained problems of electoral quality in 2005.
The PollWatch Foundation, Thailand's most prominent election watchdog, declared that vote buying in this election, specifically in the North and the Northeast, was more serious than in the 2001 election. The organization also accused the government of violating the election law by abusing state power in presenting new projects in a bid to seek votes.
2006 coup d'état
See also: 2006 Thai coup d'étatWithout meeting much resistance, a military junta overthrew the interim government of Thaksin Shinawatra on 19 September 2006. The junta abrogated the constitution, dissolved Parliament and the Constitutional Court, detained and later removed several members of the government, declared martial law, and appointed one of the king's Privy Counselors, General Surayud Chulanont, as the Prime Minister. The junta later wrote a highly abbreviated interim constitution and appointed a panel to draft a new permanent constitution. The junta also appointed a 250-member legislature, called by some critics a "chamber of generals" while others claimed that it lacks representatives from the poor majority.
In this interim constitution draft, the head of the junta was allowed to remove the prime minister at any time. The legislature was not allowed to hold a vote of confidence against the cabinet and the public was not allowed to file comments on bills. This interim constitution was later surpassed by the permanent constitution on 24 August 2007. Martial law was partially revoked in January 2007. The ban on political activities was lifted in July 2007, following the 30 May dissolution of the Thai Rak Thai party. The new constitution was approved by referendum on 19 August, which led to a return to a democratic general election on 23 December 2007.
Political crisis
See also: 2008–2010 Thai political crisisThe People's Power Party (Thailand), led by Samak Sundaravej formed a government with five smaller parties. Following several court rulings against him in a variety of scandals, and surviving a vote of no confidence, and protesters blockading government buildings and airports, in September 2008, Sundaravej was found guilty of conflict of interest by the Constitutional Court of Thailand (due to being a host in a TV cooking program), and thus, ended his term in office.
He was replaced by PPP member Somchai Wongsawat. As of October 2008, Wongsawat was unable to gain access to his offices, which were occupied by protesters from the People's Alliance for Democracy. On 2 December 2008, Thailand's Constitutional Court in a highly controversial ruling found the Peoples Power Party guilty of electoral fraud, which led to the dissolution of the party according to the law. It was later alleged in media reports that at least one member of the judiciary had a telephone conversation with officials working for the Office of the Privy Council and one other. The phone call was taped and has since circulated on the Internet. In it, the callers discuss finding a way to ensure the ruling PPP party would be disbanded. Accusations of judicial interference were levelled in the media but the recorded call was dismissed as a hoax. However, in June 2010, supporters of the eventually disbanded PPP were charged with tapping a judge's phone.
Immediately following what many media described as a "judicial coup", a senior member of the Armed Forces met with factions of the governing coalition to get their members to join the opposition and the Democrat Party was able to form a government, a first for the party since 2001. The leader of the Democrat party, and former leader of the opposition, Abhisit Vejjajiva was appointed and sworn-in as the 27th Prime Minister, together with the new cabinet on 17 December 2008.
In of April 2010, a set of new protests by the Red Shirt opposition movement resulted in 87 deaths (mostly civilian and some military) and 1,378 injured. When the army tried to disperse the protesters on 10 April 2010, the army was met with automatic gunfire, grenades, and fire bombs from the opposition faction in the army, known as the "watermelon". This resulted in the army returning fire with rubber bullets and some live ammunition. During the time of the "red shirt" protests against the government, there have been numerous grenade and bomb attacks against government offices and the homes of government officials. Grenades were fired at protesters, that were protesting against the "red shirts" and for the government, by unknown gunmen killing one pro-government protester, the government stated that the Red Shirts were firing the weapons at civilians.
On 3 July 2011, the oppositional Pheu Thai Party, led by Yingluck Shinawatra (the youngest sister of Thaksin Shinawatra), won the general election by a landslide (265 seats in the House of Representatives, out of 500). Yingluck is the nation's first female prime minister and her role was officially endorsed in a ceremony presided over by King Bhumibol Adulyadej. The Pheu Thai Party is a continuation of Thaksin's Thai Rak Thai party.
Protests recommenced in late 2013, as the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD), led by former minister Suthep Thaugsuban, demanded an end to the so-called Thaksin regime. The PAD protesters called for the establishment of an unelected “people’s council”—in place of Yingluck's government—that will cleanse Thai politics and eradicate the Thaksin regime. In response to the intensive protests, Yinluck dissolved parliament on 9 December 2013 and proposed a new election for 2 February 2014, a date that was later approved by the election commission. The PAD insisted that the prime minister stand down within 24 hours, regardless of her actions, with 160,000 protesters in attendance at Government House on 9 December. Yingluck insisted that she would continue her duties until the scheduled election in February 2014, urging the protesters to accept her proposal: "Now that the government has dissolved parliament, I ask that you stop protesting and that all sides work towards elections. I have backed down to the point where I don't know how to back down any further."
In response to the Electoral Commission (EC)'s registration process for party-list candidates—for the scheduled election in February 2014—anti-government protesters marched to the Thai-Japanese sports stadium, the venue of the registration process, on 22 December 2013. Suthep and the PDRC led the protest, estimating that 3.5 million people participated in the march; however, security forces claimed that approximately 270,000 protesters joined the rally. Yingluck and the Pheu Thai Party reiterated their election plan and anticipate presenting a list of 125 party-list candidates to the EC.
Administrative divisions
Main article: Subdivisions of ThailandThailand is divided into 76 provinces (จังหวัด, changwat), which are gathered into 5 groups of provinces by location. There are also 2 special governed districts: the capital Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) and Pattaya, of which Bangkok is at provincial level and thus often counted as a province.
Each province is divided into districts and the districts are further divided into sub-districts (tambons). As of 2006 there are 877 districts (อำเภอ, amphoe) and the 50 districts of Bangkok (เขต, khet). Some parts of the provinces bordering Bangkok are also referred to as Greater Bangkok (ปริมณฑล, pari monthon). These provinces include Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Samut Prakan, Nakhon Pathom and Samut Sakhon. The name of each province's capital city (เมือง, mueang) is the same as that of the province. For example, the capital of Chiang Mai province (Changwat Chiang Mai) is Mueang Chiang Mai or Chiang Mai.
A clickable map of Thailand exhibiting its provinces
The southern region
See also: South Thailand insurgencyThailand controlled the Malay Peninsula as far as Malacca in the 1400s and held much of the peninsula, including Temasek (Singapore) some of the Andaman Islands and a colony on Java, but eventually failed when the British used force to guarantee their suzerainty over the sultanate.
Mostly the northern states of the Malay Sultanate presented annual gifts to the Thai king in the form of a golden flower—a gesture of tribute and an acknowledgement of vassalage. The British intervened in the Malay State and with the Anglo-Siamese Treaty tried to build a railway from the south to Bangkok. Thailand relinquished sovereignty over what are now the northern Malay provinces of Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu to the British. Satun and Pattani provinces were given to Thailand.
The Malay peninsula provinces were infiltrated by the Japanese during World War II, and by the Malayan Communist Party (CPM) from 1942 to 2008, when they decided to sue for peace with the Malaysian and Thai governments after the CPM lost its support from Vietnam and China subsequent to the Cultural Revolution. Recent insurgent uprisings may be a continuation of separatist fighting which started after World War II with Sukarno's support for the PULO, and the intensification. Most victims since the uprisings have been Buddhist and Muslim bystanders.
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of ThailandThe foreign relations of Thailand are handled by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand.
Thailand participates fully in international and regional organizations. It is a Major non-NATO ally and Priority Watch List Special 301 Report of the United States. The country remains an active member of ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations). Thailand has developed increasingly close ties with other ASEAN members—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, and Vietnam—whose foreign and economic ministers hold annual meetings. Regional cooperation is progressing in economic, trade, banking, political, and cultural matters. In 2003, Thailand served as APEC host. Dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi, the former Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, currently serves as Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). In 2005 Thailand attended the inaugural East Asia Summit.
In recent years, Thailand has taken an increasingly active role on the international stage. When East Timor gained independence from Indonesia, Thailand, for the first time in its history, contributed troops to the international peacekeeping effort. Its troops remain there today as part of a UN peacekeeping force. As part of its effort to increase international ties, Thailand has reached out to such regional organizations as the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Thailand has contributed troops to reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Thaksin initiated negotiations for several free trade agreements with China, Australia, Bahrain, India, and the US. The latter especially was criticized, with claims that high-cost Thai industries could be wiped out. Thaksin also announced that Thailand would forsake foreign aid, and work with donor countries to assist in the development of neighbors in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Thaksin was ambitious to position Thailand as a regional leader, initiating various development projects in poorer neighbouring countries like Laos. More controversially, he established close, friendly ties with the Burmese dictatorship.
Thailand joined the US-led invasion of Iraq, sending a 423-strong humanitarian contingent. It withdrew its troops on 10 September 2004. Two Thai soldiers died in Iraq in an insurgent attack.
Abhisit appointed Peoples Alliance for Democracy leader Kasit Piromya as Foreign Minister. Prior to his appointment, Kasit had led anti-Cambodia protests and called Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen a "gangster minded (ใจนักเลง jai-nak-leng)" (he later claimed the word he used actually meant "a person who is lionhearted, a courageous and magnanimous gentleman"). In April 2009, "large-scale fighting" erupted between Thai and Cambodian troops on territory immediately adjacent to the 900-year-old ruins of Cambodia's Preah Vihear Hindu temple near the border. The Cambodian government claimed its army had killed at least four Thais and captured 10 more, although the Thai government denied that any Thai soldiers were killed or injured. Two Cambodian soldiers were killed and three Thai soldiers were killed. Both armies blamed the other for firing first and denied entering the other's territory.
Military
Main article: Royal Thai Armed ForcesThe Royal Thai Armed Forces (Template:Lang-th constitute the military of the Kingdom of Thailand. They consist of the Royal Thai Army (กองทัพบกไทย), the Royal Thai Navy (กองทัพเรือไทย, ราชนาวีไทย), and the Royal Thai Air Force (กองทัพอากาศไทย). It also incorporates various paramilitary forces.
Currently, the Royal Thai Armed Forces has a combined manpower of about 800,000 personnel. The Head of the Thai Armed Forces (จอมทัพไทย: Chomthap Thai) is King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), although this position is only nominal. The Armed Forces is managed by the Ministry of Defence of Thailand, which is headed by the Minister of Defence (a member of the Cabinet of Thailand) and commanded by the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters, which in turn is headed by the Chief of Defence Forces of Thailand. In 2011, Thailand's known military expenditure totalled approximately US$5.1 billion.
According to the constitution, serving in the Armed Forces is a duty of all Thai citizens. However, only males over the age of 21, who have not gone through reserve training of the Army Reserve Force Students, are given the option of whether they want to volunteer for the armed forces, or choose the random draft. The candidates are subjected to varying lengths of training, from six months to two years of full-time service, depending on their education, whether they have partially completed the reserve training course, and whether they volunteered prior to the drafting date (usually 1 April every year).
Candidates with a recognized bachelor's degree will be subjected to one year of full-time service if they chose the random draft, or six months if they volunteer at their respective district office (Sasadee). Likewise, the training length is also reduced for those who have partially completed the three-year reserve training course (Ror Dor). A person who completed one year out of three will only have to serve full-time for one year. Those who completed two years of reserve training will only have to do six months of full-time training, while those who complete three years or more of reserve training will be exempted entirely.
The Royal Thai Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 18 January, commemorating the victory of King Naresuan the Great in battle against the Crown Prince of Burma in 1593.
Geography
Main article: Geography of ThailandTotalling 513,120 square kilometres (198,120 sq mi), Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country by total area. It is slightly smaller than Yemen and slightly larger than Spain.
Thailand is home to several distinct geographic regions, partly corresponding to the provincial groups. The north of the country is the mountainous area of the Thai highlands, with the highest point being Doi Inthanon in the Thanon Thong Chai Range at 2,565 metres (8,415 ft) above sea level. The northeast, Isan, consists of the Khorat Plateau, bordered to the east by the Mekong River. The centre of the country is dominated by the predominantly flat Chao Phraya river valley, which runs into the Gulf of Thailand.
Southern Thailand consists of the narrow Kra Isthmus that widens into the Malay Peninsula. Politically, there are six geographical regions which differ from the others in population, basic resources, natural features, and level of social and economic development. The diversity of the regions is the most pronounced attribute of Thailand's physical setting.
The Chao Phraya and the Mekong River are the sustainable resource of rural Thailand. Industrial scale production of crops use both rivers and their tributaries. The Gulf of Thailand covers 320,000 square kilometres (124,000 sq mi) and is fed by the Chao Phraya, Mae Klong, Bang Pakong and Tapi Rivers. It contributes to the tourism sector owing to its clear shallow waters along the coasts in the Southern Region and the Kra Isthmus. The Gulf of Thailand is also an industrial centre of Thailand with the kingdom's main port in Sattahip along with being the entry gates for Bangkok's Inland Seaport.
The Andaman Sea is regarded as Thailand's most precious natural resource as it hosts the most popular and luxurious resorts in Asia. Phuket, Krabi, Ranong, Phang Nga and Trang and their lush islands all lay along the coasts of the Andaman Sea and despite the 2004 Tsunami, they continue to be and ever more so, the playground of the rich and elite of Asia and the world.
Plans have resurfaced of a logistical connection of the two bodies of water which would be coined the Thai Canal, analogous to the Suez and the Panama Canal. Such an idea has been greeted with positive accounts by Thai politicians as it would cut fees charged by the Ports of Singapore, improve ties with China and India, lower shipping times and increase ship safety owing to pirate fears in the Strait of Melaka and, support the Thai government's policy of being the logistical hub for Southeast Asia.
The ports would improve economic conditions in the south of Thailand, which relies heavily on tourism income, and it would also change the structure of the Thai economy moving it closer to a services centre of Asia. The canal would be a major engineering project and has expected costs of 20–30 billion dollars.
The local climate is tropical and characterized by monsoons. There is a rainy, warm, and cloudy southwest monsoon from mid-May to September, as well as a dry, cool northeast monsoon from November to mid-March. The southern isthmus is always hot and humid. This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.
Education
Main article: Education in ThailandThailand enjoys a high level of literacy, and education is provided by a well-organized school system of kindergartens, primary, lower secondary and upper secondary schools, numerous vocational colleges, and universities. The private sector of education is well developed and significantly contributes to the overall provision of education which the government would not be able to meet through the public establishments. Education is compulsory up to and including age group 14, and the government provides free education through to age group 17.
Teaching relies heavily on rote rather than on student-centred methodology. The establishment of reliable and coherent curricula for its primary and secondary schools is subject to such rapid changes that schools and their teachers are not always sure what they are supposed to be teaching, and authors and publishers of textbooks are unable to write and print new editions quickly enough to keep up with the volatile situation. The issue concerning university entrance has therefore also been in constant upheaval for a number of years. Nevertheless, education has seen its greatest progress in the years since 2001. Most of the present generation of students are computer literate. Thailand was ranked 54th out of 56 countries globally for English proficiency, the second-lowest in Asia.
Extensive nationwide IQ tests were carried out in December 2010 to January 2011 on 72,780 Thai students. The average IQ was found to be at 98.59, which is higher than previous studies have found. The IQ levels are not consistent throughout the country though, with the lowest average of 88.07 found in the southern region of Narathiwat and the highest average of 108.91 reported in Nonthaburi province. The Thai Ministry of Public Health blames the discrepancies on iodine deficiency and steps are being taken to require that iodine be added to table salt, a practice common in many Western countries.
In 2013, the Ministry of ICT announced that 27,231 schools would receive classroom-level access to high-speed internet.
Science and technology
Main article: List of Thai inventions and discoveriesThe National Science and Technology Development Agency is an agency of the government of Thailand which supports research in science and technology and their application in the Thai economy.
The Synchrotron Light Research Institute (SLRI) is a Thai synchrotron light source for physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences. It is located on the Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), in Nakhon Ratchasima, about 300 km north east of Bangkok. The Institute, financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), houses the only large scale synchrotron in Southeast Asia. It was originally built as the SORTEC synchrotron in Japan and later moved to Thailand and modified for 1.2 GeV operation. It provides users with regularly scheduled light.
Internet
In Bangkok, there are 23,000 free wi-fi internet hotspots provided to the public. The Internet in Thailand also consists of 10Gbit/s high speed fiber-optic lines that can be leased and ISP's such as KIRZ that provide residential internet services.
The internet is censored by the Thai government, making some sites unreachable. Organisations involved are the Royal Thai Police, the Communications Authority of Thailand, and the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT).
Energy
See also: Nuclear power in ThailandThere are no nuclear power plants in Thailand, although the development of one may occur in 2026. Presently, 80% of the country's total energy comes from fossil fuels.
Economy
Main article: Economy of ThailandThailand is an emerging economy and considered as a newly industrialized country. After enjoying the world's highest growth rate from 1985 to 1996 – averaging 12.4% annually – increased pressure on Thailand's currency, the baht, in 1997, the year in which the economy contracted by 1.9% led to a crisis that uncovered financial sector weaknesses and forced the Chavalit Yongchaiyudh administration to float the currency, however, Prime Minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh was forced to resign after his cabinet came under fire for its slow response to the crisis. The baht was pegged at 25 to the US dollar from 1978 to 1997, however, the baht reached its lowest point of 56 to the US dollar in January 1998 and the economy contracted by 10.8% that year. This collapse prompted the Asian financial crisis.
Thailand's economy started to recover in 1999, expanding 4.2% and 4.4% in 2000, thanks largely to strong exports. Growth (2.2%) was dampened by the softening of the global economy in 2001, but picked up in the subsequent years owing to strong growth in Asia, a relatively weak baht encouraging exports and increasing domestic spending as a result of several mega projects and incentives of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, known as Thaksinomics. Growth in 2002, 2003 and 2004 was 5–7% annually. Growth in 2005, 2006 and 2007 hovered around 4–5%. Due both to the weakening of the US dollar and an increasingly strong Thai currency, by March 2008, the dollar was hovering around the 33 baht mark.
Thailand exports an increasing value of over $105 billion worth of goods and services annually. Major exports include Thai rice, textiles and footwear, fishery products, rubber, jewellery, cars, computers and electrical appliances. Thailand is the world's no.1 exporter of rice, exporting more than 6.5 million tons of milled rice annually. Rice is the most important crop in the country. Thailand has the highest percentage of arable land, 27.25%, of any nation in the Greater Mekong Subregion. About 55% of the arable land area is used for rice production.
Substantial industries include electric appliances, components, computer parts and cars, while tourism in Thailand makes up about 6% of the economy. Prostitution in Thailand and sex tourism also form a de facto part of the economy. Cultural milieu combined with poverty and the lure of money have caused prostitution and sex tourism in particular to flourish in Thailand. One estimate published in 2003 placed the trade at US$4.3 billion per year or about 3% of the Thai economy. According to research by Chulalongkorn University on the Thai illegal economy, prostitution in Thailand in the period between 1993 and 1995, made up around 2.7% of the GDP. It is believed that at least 10% of tourist dollars are spent on the sex trade.
The economy of Thailand is an emerging economy which is heavily export-dependent, with exports accounting for more than two thirds of gross domestic product (GDP) The exchange rate is Baht 30.90/USD as of 26 April 2012.
Thailand has a GDP worth US$602 billion (on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis). This classifies Thailand as the 2nd largest economy in Southeast Asia, after Indonesia. Despite this, Thailand ranks midway in the wealth spread in Southeast Asia as it is the 4th richest nation according to GDP per capita, after Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia.
It functions as an anchor economy for the neighboring developing economies of Laos, Burma, and Cambodia. Thailand's recovery from the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis depended mainly on exports, among various other factors. Thailand ranks high among the world's automotive export industries along with manufacturing of electronic goods.
Between 1997 and 2010, 4,306 mergers & acquisitions with a total known value of USD$81 billion with the involvement of Thai firms have been announced. The year 2010 was a new record in terms of value with USD$12 billion of transactions. The largest transaction with involvement of Thai companies has been: PTT Chemical PCL merged with PTT Aromatics and Refining PCL valued at USD$3.8 billion in 2011.
Forty-nine percent of Thailand's labor force is employed in agriculture, however this is less than the 70% employed in 1980. Agriculture has been experiencing a transition from labour intensive and transitional methods into a more industrialised and competitive sector. Between 1962 and 1983, the agricultural sector grew by 4.1% on average a year and continued to grow at 2.2% between 1983 and 2007. However, the relative contribution of agriculture to GDP has declined while exports of goods and services have increased. As of December 2011, the unemployment rate in Thailand stands at 0.4%.
With the instability surrounding the recent coup and the military rule, however, the GDP growth of Thailand has settled at around 4–5% from previous highs of 5–7% under the previous civilian administration, as investor and consumer confidence has been degraded somewhat due to political uncertainty. The IMF has predicted that the Thai economy will rebound strongly from the low 0.1% GDP growth in 2011 to 5.5% in 2012, 7.5% in 2013 thanks to the accommodative monetary policy of the Bank of Thailand and a package of fiscal stimulus measures by the incumbent Yingluck Shinawatra government.
Thailand generally uses the metric system but traditional units of measurement for land area are used, and imperial measure (feet, inches etc.) are occasionally used with building materials such as wood and plumbing sizes. Years are numbered as B.E. (Buddhist Era) in education, the civil service, government, and on contracts and newspaper datelines; in banking, however, and increasingly in industry and commerce, standard Western year (Christian or Common Era) counting prevails.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of ThailandTemplate:Largest cities of Thailand
Language
Main article: Languages of ThailandYear | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1910 | 8,131,247 | — |
1919 | 9,207,355 | +13.2% |
1929 | 11,506,207 | +25.0% |
1937 | 14,464,105 | +25.7% |
1947 | 17,442,689 | +20.6% |
1960 | 26,257,916 | +50.5% |
1970 | 34,397,371 | +31.0% |
1980 | 44,824,540 | +30.3% |
1990 | 54,548,530 | +21.7% |
2000 | 60,916,441 | +11.7% |
2010 | 65,926,261 | +8.2% |
Source: National Statistical Office of Thailand |
The official language of Thailand is Thai, a Tai–Kadai language closely related to Lao, Shan in Burma, and numerous smaller languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Yunnan south to the Chinese border. It is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout the country. The standard is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai alphabet, an abugida script that evolved from the Khmer script. Several other dialects exist, and coincide with the regional designations. Southern Thai is spoken in the southern provinces, and Northern Thai is spoken in the provinces that were formerly part of the independent kingdom of Lannathai.
Thailand is also host to several other minority languages, the largest of which is the Lao dialect of Isan spoken in the northeastern provinces. Although sometimes considered a Thai dialect, it is a Lao dialect, and the region in where it is traditionally spoken was historically part of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang. In the far south, Yawi, a dialect of Malay, is the primary language of the Malay Muslims. Varieties of Chinese are also spoken by the large Chinese population, with Teochew being best represented.
Numerous tribal languages are also spoken, including those belonging to the Mon–Khmer family, such as Mon, Khmer, Viet, Mlabri and Orang Asli; Austronesian family, such as Cham and Moken; Sino-Tibetan family such as Lawa, Akhan, and Karen; and other Tai languages such as Nyaw, Phu Thai, and Saek. Hmong is a member of the Hmong–Mien languages, which is now regarded as a language family of its own.
English is a mandatory school subject, but the number of fluent speakers remains very low, especially outside the cities.
Religion
Main article: Religion in ThailandReligion in Thailand (Pew Research) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
religion | percent | |||
Buddhist | 93% | |||
Muslim | 5% | |||
Christian | 1% | |||
Other | 1% |
The most common religion is Theravada Buddhism. Thai Buddhism ranks amongst the highest in the world. According to the last census (2000) 94.6% of the total population are Buddhists of the Theravada tradition. Muslims are the second largest religious group in Thailand at 4.6%. Thailand's southernmost provinces – Pattani, Yala, Satun, Narathiwat and part of Songkhla Chumphon have dominant Muslim populations, consisting of both ethnic Thai and Malay. The southern tip of Thailand is mostly ethnically Malay, and most Malays are Sunni Muslims. Christians represent 0.7% of the population. A small community of Sikhs in Thailand and some Hindus also live in the country's cities. There is also a small Jewish community in Thailand, dating back to the 17th century.
Culture
Main article: Culture of ThailandSee also: Music of Thailand, Isan, and Cinema of ThailandThai culture has been shaped by many influences, including Indian, Lao, Burmese, Cambodian, and Chinese.
Its traditions incorporate a great deal of influence from India, China, Cambodia, and the rest of Southeast Asia. Thailand's national religion Theravada Buddhism is important to modern Thai identity. Thai Buddhism has evolved over time to include many regional beliefs originating from Hinduism, animism as well as ancestor worship. The official calendar in Thailand is based on the Eastern version of the Buddhist Era, which is 543 years ahead of the Gregorian (western) calendar. For example, the year AD 2012 is 2555 BE in Thailand.
Several different ethnic groups, many of which are marginalized, populate Thailand. Some of these groups overlap into Burma, Laos, Cambodia, and Malaysia and have mediated change between their traditional local culture, national Thai and global cultural influences. Overseas Chinese also form a significant part of Thai society, particularly in and around Bangkok. Their successful integration into Thai society has allowed for this group to hold positions of economic and political power. Thai Chinese businesses prosper as part of the larger bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.
The traditional Thai greeting, the wai, is generally offered first by the younger of the two people meeting, with their hands pressed together, fingertips pointing upwards as the head is bowed to touch their face to the hands, usually coinciding with the spoken word "Sawasdee khrap" for male speakers, and "Sawasdee ka" for females. The elder then is to respond afterwards in the same way. Social status and position, such as in government, will also have an influence on who performs the wai first. For example, although one may be considerably older than a provincial governor, when meeting it is usually the visitor who pays respect first. When children leave to go to school, they are taught to wai to their parents to represent their respect for them. The wai is a sign of respect and reverence for another, similar to the namaste greeting of India and Nepal.
Association football, however, has possibly overtaken Muay Thai's position as most widely viewed and liked sport in contemporary Thai society and it is not uncommon to see Thais cheering their favourite English Premier League teams on television and walking around in replica kits. Another widely enjoyed pastime, and once a competitive sport, is kite flying.
Thai cuisine blends five fundamental tastes: sweet, spicy, sour, bitter and salty. Some common ingredients used in Thai cuisine include garlic, chillies, lime juice, lemon grass, and fish sauce. The staple food in Thailand is rice, particularly jasmine variety rice (also known as Hom Mali rice) which is included in almost every meal. Thailand is the world's largest exporter of rice, and Thais domestically consume over 100 kg of milled rice per person per year. Over 5000 varieties of rice from Thailand are preserved in the rice gene bank of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), based in the Philippines. The king of Thailand is the official patron of IRRI.
Like most Asian cultures, respect towards ancestors is an essential part of Thai spiritual practice. Thais have a strong sense of hospitality and generosity, but also a strong sense of social hierarchy. Seniority is an important concept in Thai culture. Elders have by tradition ruled in family decisions or ceremonies. Older siblings have duties to younger ones.
Taboos in Thailand include touching someone's head or pointing with the feet, as the head is considered the most sacred and the foot the dirtiest part of the body. Thai society has been influenced in recent years by its widely available multi-language press and media. There are some English and numerous Thai and Chinese newspapers in circulation; most Thai popular magazines use English headlines as a chic glamor factor. Many large businesses in Bangkok operate in English as well as other languages.
Thailand is the largest newspaper market in Southeast Asia with an estimated circulation of over 13 million copies daily in 2003. Even upcountry, out of Bangkok, media flourishes. For example, according to Thailand's Public Relations Department Media Directory 2003–2004, the nineteen provinces of Isan, Thailand's northeastern region, hosted 116 newspapers along with radio, TV and cable.
Sports
See also: Thailand at the Olympics, Rugby union in Thailand, Golf in Thailand, and Football in ThailandMuay Thai (Thai: มวยไทย, RTGS: Muai Thai, [muɛj tʰɑj], lit. "Thai boxing") is a native form of kickboxing and Thailand's national sport. It incorporates kicks, punches, knees and elbow strikes in a ring with gloves similar to those used in Western boxing and this has led to Thailand gaining medals at the Olympic Games in boxing.
Takraw (Thai: ตะกร้อ) is a sport native to Thailand, which the players hit a rattan ball and only be allowed to use their feet, knees, chest and head to touch the ball. Sepak takraw is a form of this sport which appears in volleyball style, the players must volley a ball over a net and force it to hit the ground on opponent's side. It is a popular in other countries in Southeast Asia also. A rather similar game but played only with the feet is Buka ball.
Rugby is also a growing sport in Thailand with the Thailand national rugby union team rising to be ranked 61st in the world. Thailand became the first country in the world to host an international 80 kg welterweight rugby tournament in 2005. The national domestic Thailand Rugby Union (TRU) competition includes several universities and services teams such as Chulalongkorn University, Mahasarakham University, Kasetsart University, Prince of Songkla University, Thammasat University, Rangsit University, the Thai Police, the Thai Army, the Thai Navy and the Royal Thai Air Force. Local sports clubs which also compete in the TRU include the British Club of Bangkok, the Southerners Sports Club (Bangkok) and the Royal Bangkok Sports Club.
Thailand has been called the Golf Capital of Asia as it is a popular destination for golf. The country attracts a large number of golfers from Japan, Korea, Singapore, South Africa and Western countries who come to play golf in Thailand every year. The growing popularity of golf, especially among the middle classes and expats, is evident since there are more than 200 world-class golf courses nationwide, and some of them are chosen to host PGA and LPGA tournaments, such as Amata Spring Country Club, Alpine Golf & Sports Club, Thai Country Club and Black Mountain Golf Club.
Basketball is also a growing sport in Thailand, especially on the professional sports club level. The Chang Thailand Slammers won the 2011 Asean Basketball League Championship. The Thailand national basketball team had its most successful year at the 1966 Asian Games where it won the silver medal.
Thammasat Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Bangkok, Thailand. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 25,000. It is located in Thammasat University's Rangsit campus. It was built for the 1998 Asian Games by construction firm Christiani and Nielsen, the same company that constructed the Democracy Monument in Bangkok.
Rajamangala National Stadium is the biggest sporting arena in Thailand. It currently has a capacity of 65,000. It is located in Bang Kapi, Bangkok. The stadium was built in 1998 for the 1998 Asian Games and is the home stadium of Thailand national football team up to present.
Other sports in Thailand are slowly growing as the country develops its sporting infrastructure. The success in sports like weightlifting and Taekwondo at the last two Summer Olympic Games has demonstrated that boxing is no longer the only medal chance for Thailand.
International rankings
Main article: International rankings of ThailandOrganization | Survey | Ranking |
---|---|---|
Heritage Foundation | Indices of Economic Freedom | 60 out of 179 |
A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine | Global Services Location Index 2011 | 7 out of 50 |
Reporters Without Borders | Worldwide Press Freedom Index | 137 out of 179 |
Transparency International | Corruption Perceptions Index | 80 out of 179 |
United Nations Development Programme | Human Development Index | 78 out of 177 |
World Economic Forum | Global Competitiveness Report(2008) | 34 out of 134 |
World Gold Council | Gold reserve(2010) | 24 out of 111 |
HSBC International | Expat Explorer Survey (2012) | 2 out of 30 |
See also
Template:Misplaced Pages books
- Outline of Thailand
- Index of Thailand-related articles
- Royal Thai Police
- Law of Thailand
- Telecommunications in Thailand
- Thai ceramics
- Thai temple art and architecture
- Tourism in Thailand
- Transportation in Thailand
References
- ^ Thailand, CIA World Factbook.
- Barbara A. West (2009), Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Facts on File, p. 794, ISBN 1438119135
- ประกาศสานักทะเบียนกลาง กรมการปกครอง เรื่อง จานวนราษฎรทั่วราชอาณาจักร แยกเป็นกรุงเทพมหานครและจังหวัดต่าง ๆ ตามหลักฐานการทะเบียนราษฎร ณ วันที่ 31 ธันวาคม 2553. Web.archive.org (2011-07-16). Retrieved 20 May 2012.
- Template:Th icon National Statistics Office, "100th anniversary of population censuses in Thailand: Population and housing census 2010: 11th census of Thailand". popcensus.nso.go.th.
- ^ "Thailand". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- "Gini Index". World Bank. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
- "Human Development Report 2011 – Human development statistical annex" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. pp. 127–130. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- "Merriam-Webster Online". Merriam-webster.com. 25 April 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- "A Royal Occasion speeches". Worldhop.com Journal. 1996. Retrieved 5 July 2006.
- The Secretariate of the House of Representatives (November 2007). "Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E 2550" (PDF). The Secretariate of the House of Representatives. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
- Thailand and the World Bank, World Bank on Thailand country overview.
- The Guardian, Country profile: Thailand, 25 April 2009.
- THAILAND: Burmese migrant children missing out on education. IRIN Asia. 15 June 2009.
- Hard lessons in expat paradise. BBC News. 14 December 2006.
- Charles Eliot (1921). The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch, Vol. 3 (of 3) . London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. pp. Ch. xxxvii 1, citing in turn Footnote 189: The name is found on Champan inscriptions of 1050 A.D. and according to Gerini appears in Ptolemy's Samarade = Sâmaraṭṭha. See Gerini, Ptolemy, p. 170. But Samarade is located near Bangkok and there can hardly have been Thais there in Ptolemy's time, and Footnote 190: So too in Central Asia Kustana appears to be a learned distortion of the name Khotan, made to give it a meaning in Sanskrit.
- Thailand (Siam) History, CSMngt-Thai.
- จิตร ภูมิศักดิ์ 1976: "ความเป็นมาของคำสยาม ไทย ลาวและขอม และลักษณะทางสังคม ของชื่อชนชาติ" (Jid Phumisak 1976: "Coming Into Existence for the Siamese Words for Thai, Laotian and Khmer and Societal Characteristics for Nation-names")
- Thailand. History. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- "Science news: What happened at Angkor Wat". The Washington Post. 13 April 2010.
- Slave-owning societies. Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand. Kyoto Review of South East Asia.
- "King, country and the coup". The Indian Express. India. 22 September 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945, Transaction Publishers, 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8
- The Council of State, Constitutions of Thailand. This list contains 2 errors: it states that the 6th constitution was promulgated in 1912 (rather than 1952), and it states that the 11th constitution was promulgated in 1976 (rather than 1974).
- Thanet Aphornsuvan, Template:PDFlink, 2001 Symposium: Constitutions and Human Rights in a Global Age: An Asia Pacific perspective
- "A list of previous coups in Thailand". Associated Press. 19 September 2006. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- "Raw Data: List of Recent Coups in Thailand's History". Fox News. 19 September 2006. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
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- Robert B. Albritton and Thawilwadee Bureekul, Template:PDFlink, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica Asian Barometer Project Office Working Paper Series No. 28, 2004
- Pongsudhirak Thitinan, "Victory places Thaksin at crossroads", Bangkok Post, 9 February 2005
- "Unprecedented 72% turnout for latest poll". The Nation. 10 February 2005.
- Aurel Croissant and Daniel J. Pojar, Jr., Quo Vadis Thailand? Thai Politics after the 2005 Parliamentary Election, Strategic Insights, Volume IV, Issue 6 (June 2005)
- The Nation, NLA 'doesn't represent' all of the people, 14 October 2006
- The Nation, Assembly will not play a major role, 14 October 2006
- The Nation, Interim charter draft, 27 September 2006
- "Ban on political activities lifted". The Nation. 18 July 2007.
- Ahuja, Ambika (10 September 2008). "Thai Premier Ousted Over Stints on Cooking Show". The Washington Post. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- Thailändisches Verfassungsgericht verbietet Regierungspartei. Spiegel, 2 December 2008
- "PM vows to seek truth". Bangkok Post. 22 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- BBC News, Bangkok clashes death toll climbs to 18, with 800 hurt, 11 April 2010
- Aj Jazeera English, Bloodiest Thai clashes in 18 years, 11 April 2010
- Australia 'very concerned' over Thailand clashes, NST Online Australia, 11 April 2010
- Military admits firing at reds, Bangkok Post, 15 April 2010
- "Thailand confirms Yingluck Shinawatra as first female PM". The Guardian. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- Kevin Hewison (3 December 2013). "Thailand's street politics turns violent yet again". The Conversation Australia. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- "Thai prime minister dissolves parliament". Aljazeera. 9 December 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- Reuters (10 December 2013). "Thai PM Urges Protesters to Take Part in Election". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
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has generic name (help) - Thanarak Khoonton (22 December 2013). "Suthep: Protesters to block EC registration". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
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(help) - "FTA Watch Group website". Ftawatch.org. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- John D. Ciorciari (10 March 2004). "Thaksin's Chance for Leading Role in the Region". Straits Times. Singapore.
- 'Thaksin to face charges over Burma telecom deal. ICT News, 2 August 2007
- The Telegraph, Troops from Thailand and Cambodia fight on border, 3 April 2009
- Bloomberg, Thai, Cambodian Border Fighting Stops, Thailand Says, 3 April 2009
- Chapter 2 of the 2007 Constitution of Thailand
- John Pike (27 April 2005). "Ministry of Defense". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- SIPRI Military Expenditure Database – Thailand. SIPRI, 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- Chapter 4 of the 2007Constitution of Thailand
- Keeping the dismal record consistent, Thai university applicants scored an average 28.34% in English in the recent university entrance exams. It is little wonder that Thailand produces a “workforce with some of the world’s weakest English-language skills.” In a recent IMD World Competitiveness Report Thailand was ranked 54th out of 56 countries globally for English proficiency, the second-lowest in Asia. Singapore was third, Malaysia 28th and Korea 46th: The Sorry State of Thai Education – Part 4: Dismal English-language education, Reuters & The Korea Herald, 23 March 2012.
- "MOPH reports low IQ among Thai youth : National News Bureau of Thailand". Thainews.prd.go.th. 8 July 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- Thanya Kunakornpaiboonsiri. (2013-03-11) Thailand to cover 27,231 schools with internet | Articles | FutureGov – Transforming Government | Education | Healthcare. Futuregov.asia. Retrieved on 2013-04-16.
- Bangkok's free internet: 23,000 hotspots | Bangkok Post: learning. Bangkok Post (2012-05-02). Retrieved on 2013-04-16.
- Thailand – Analysis – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Eia.gov (2013-02-20). Retrieved on 2013-04-16.
- "CIA world factbook – Greater Mekong Subregion". Cia.gov. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ "Rice Around The World. Thailand". Irri.org. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- Thailand mulls legal prostitution. The Age, 26 November 2003
- Pasuk Phongpaichit Thailand's illegal economy and public policy. Seminar paper delivered at the Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, November 1999
- Paradise revealed, Taipei Times. 25 January 2006
- "Daily Foreign Exchange Rate". Bank of Thailand. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- "Statistics on Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) – M&A Courses | Company Valuation Courses | Mergers & Acquisitions Courses". Imaa-institute.org. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- "PTT Chemical, PTT Aromatics Boards Approve Merger Plan". Businessweek. 24 February 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ Henri Leturque and Steve Wiggins 2010. Thailand's progress in agriculture: Transition and sustained productivity growth. London: Overseas Development Institute
- Phisanu Phromchanya (24 February 2012). "Thailand Economy To Rebound Strongly In 2012,". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- "Weights and measures in Thailand". Cockatoo.com. 17 December 1923. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Thailand. Pew Research Center. 2010.
- "U.S. Department of States – Thailand". State.gov. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- Murray L Weidenbaum (1 January 1996). The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia. Martin Kessler Books, Free Press. pp. 4–8. ISBN 978-0-684-82289-1.
- Template:PDFlink
- "International Rugby Board – THAILAND". Irb.com. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- The Nation, 19 July 2005
- "Golf in Thailand by". Golfasia.com. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- Chawadee Nualkhair (10 July 2009). "Thailand woos foreign golfers with sun, sand traps". Reuters. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- "Why to book with golf2thailand.com : Thailand Golf Courses Thailand Golf Packages". Golf2thailand.com. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
- "Chang Thailand Slammers – AirAsia ASEAN Basketball League". aseanbasketballleague.com. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- "Thailand Basketball". www.best-basketball-tips.com. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
- "Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009" (PDF). World Economic Forum. weforum.org. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
- "Expat Explorer Survey 2012" (PDF). Expat. HSBC Group. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
External links
- Government
- Thaigov.go.th Royal Government of Thailand
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members
- Mfa.go.th Thailand Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Thailand Internet Information National Electronics and Computer Technology Center
- Ministry of Culture
- General information
- "Thailand". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
- Thailand entry in Library of Congress Country Studies. 1987
- Thailand from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Template:Dmoz
- Thailand from the BBC News
- Thailand Encyclopædia Britannica entry
- Wikimedia Atlas of Thailand
- Longdo Map On-line Thailand maps in English and Thai
- Thailand Laws – Thailand acts and legal information, both in English and Thai language.
- Key Development Forecasts for Thailand from International Futures
- 2010 Thailand population census by Economic and Social statistics Bureau
- Travel
- Tourism Authority of Thailand Official tourism website
- Thailand Travel Guide - Wikitravel
- Other
- Photos tagged with "Thailand" at Flickr
- Thailand Country Fact Sheet from the Common Language Project
- Southeast Asia Visions. "Browse the Southeast Asia Visions Collection". Cornell University Library. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
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