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| | occupation = Inventor, Entrepreneur | | occupation = Inventor, Entrepreneur | ||
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| '''Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr.''' (March 4, 1877 – July 27, 1963) was an African |
'''Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr.''' (March 4, 1877 – July 27, 1963) was an African American inventor and community leader. His most notable inventions included a type of protective respiratory hood (or ]), a ], and a ] preparation. He is renowned for a heroic rescue in 1916 in which he and three others used his safety hood device to save workers trapped in a water intake tunnel being dug under ] after a natural gas explosion and fire which took the lives of workers and the first police officers and firefighters who attempted to rescue them. He is also credited as the first African American in ], to own an automobile.<ref name=PBS/> | ||
| ==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
| Morgan was born in ] to Sydney, a former ] and son of ] Colonel ], and Eliza Reed, also a former ]<ref name=ClevelandHistory>{{cite web|url=http://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=MGA|title=Morgan, Garrett A. - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History|date=Last Modified - February 23, 2005|work=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland|publisher=A joint effort by Case Western University and the Western Reserve Historical Society|accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref> who was half ].<ref name=PBS/> Morgan moved at the age of fourteen to ] in search of employment. Most of his teenage years were spent working as a handyman for a wealthy Cincinnati landowner. Like many African Americans of his day, he had to quit school at a young age in order to work. However, the teen-aged Morgan was able to hire his own tutor and continued his studies while living in ]. In 1895, he moved to ], where he worked repairing sewing machines for a clothing manufacturer. His first invention, developed during this period, was a belt fastener for sewing machines.<ref name=Bianco>Bianco, David, , ''Contemporary Black Biography'', 1992.</ref> He married his first wife, Madge Nelson, in 1896, but that marriage ended in divorce. Word of his skill at fixing things and experimenting spread quickly throughout Cleveland, opening up various opportunities for him. | Morgan was born in ] to Sydney, a former ] and son of ] Colonel ], and Eliza Reed, also a former ]<ref name=ClevelandHistory>{{cite web|url=http://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=MGA|title=Morgan, Garrett A. - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History|date=Last Modified - February 23, 2005|work=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland|publisher=A joint effort by Case Western University and the Western Reserve Historical Society|accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref> who was half ].<ref name=PBS/> Morgan moved at the age of fourteen to ] in search of employment. Most of his teenage years were spent working as a handyman for a wealthy Cincinnati landowner. Like many African Americans of his day, he had to quit school at a young age in order to work. However, the teen-aged Morgan was able to hire his own tutor and continued his studies while living in ]. In 1895, he moved to ], where he worked repairing sewing machines for a clothing manufacturer. His first invention, developed during this period, was a belt fastener for sewing machines.<ref name=Bianco>Bianco, David, , ''Contemporary Black Biography'', 1992.</ref> He married his first wife, Madge Nelson, in 1896, but that marriage ended in divorce. Word of his skill at fixing things and experimenting spread quickly throughout Cleveland, opening up various opportunities for him. | ||
| In 1907, Morgan opened his own sewing machine and shoe repair shop. It was the first of several businesses he would own. In 1908, Morgan helped found the Cleveland Association of Colored Men.<ref name=CAOCM/><ref name=MGA/> That same year, he married his second wife, Mary Anne Hassek, and together they had three sons. In 1909, he and his wife expanded their business ventures by opening a shop called Morgan's Cut Rate Ladies Clothing Store.<ref name=CAH/> The company had 32 employees, and made coats, suits, dresses, and other clothing.<ref name=MGA/> |
In 1907, Morgan opened his own sewing machine and shoe repair shop. It was the first of several businesses he would own. In 1908, Morgan helped found the Cleveland Association of Colored Men.<ref name=CAOCM/><ref name=MGA/> That same year, he married his second wife, Mary Anne Hassek, and together they had three sons. In 1909, he and his wife expanded their business ventures by opening a shop called Morgan's Cut Rate Ladies Clothing Store.<ref name=CAH/> The company had 32 employees, and made coats, suits, dresses, and other clothing.<ref name=MGA/> | ||
| A few years later, he developed his safety hood invention. He filed for a patent on it in 1912, and launched the National Safety Device Company in 1914. At around the same time, in 1913, he launched the G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company, which sold hair care products, including a hair straightening cream, a hair dye, and a hair straightening comb invented by Morgan. | A few years later, he developed his safety hood invention. He filed for a patent on it in 1912, and launched the National Safety Device Company in 1914. At around the same time, in 1913, he launched the G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company, which sold hair care products, including a hair straightening cream, a hair dye, and a hair straightening comb invented by Morgan. | ||
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| ==Products and inventions== | ==Products and inventions== | ||
| ===Hair care products=== | ===Hair care products=== | ||
| Morgan experimented with a liquid that gave sewing machine needles a high polish and prevented the needle from scorching fabric as it sewed. In 1905, Morgan accidentally discovered that the liquid could also straighten hair.<ref name=MGA/> He made the liquid into a cream and launched the G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company to market it. He also made a black hair oil dye and invented a curved-tooth comb for hair straightening in 1910.<ref name=CAH>, Cleveland Area History.</ref | Morgan experimented with a liquid that gave sewing machine needles a high polish and prevented the needle from scorching fabric as it sewed. In 1905, Morgan accidentally discovered that the liquid could also straighten hair.<ref name=MGA/> He made the liquid into a cream and launched the G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company to market it. He also made a black hair oil dye and invented a curved-tooth comb for hair straightening in 1910.<ref name=CAH>, Cleveland Area History.</ref> | ||
| ===Safety hood=== | ===Safety hood=== | ||
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| He also developed later models that incorporated an air bag that could hold about 15 minutes of fresh air.<ref name=FHWA/><ref name=BlackInventor/> | He also developed later models that incorporated an air bag that could hold about 15 minutes of fresh air.<ref name=FHWA/><ref name=BlackInventor/> | ||
| His invention became known nationally when he led a rescue that saved several men's lives after a 1916 tunnel explosion under ]. |
His invention became known nationally when he led a rescue that saved several men's lives after a 1916 tunnel explosion under ].<ref name=FHWA>{{cite book| url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=YcPvV893aXgC&pg=PA1108&lpg=PA1108&dq=%22An+American+Inventor%22+Federal+Highway+Administration&source=bl&ots=OAAwj2lL8c&sig=A-PEbbawQ2SSfYKG3wD9pA1reN4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h9pKUpqyCu36iQe1jYCwAg&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Garret%20Morgan&f=false |title=Inventors and Inventions | volume=Volume 4| chapter=Garrett Morgan| pages=1101–1107 |year=2008 |first=Mary|last=Sisson|editor1-first=Marshall|editor1-last=Cavendish | accessdate=2013-10-01| isbn=978-0-7614-7767-9}}</ref><ref name=SafetyHood/><ref name="Erie Tunnel fire">{{cite news| title=22 Men Killed Under Lake Fire| url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19160725&id=wyddAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2FoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1404,2973993| accessdate=October 1, 2013| newspaper=] | date=July 25, 1916| location=Lawrence, Kansas| page=1| volume=Vol. LX| format=On-Line Google News Archive}} Note: This source for the tunnel fire makes no mention of Morgan by name, save ''"The second saved one of first rescue expedition"''</ref> Before Morgan arrived, two previous rescue attempts had failed. The attempted rescuers had become victims themselves by entering the tunnel and not returning. Morgan was roused in the middle of the night after one of the members of the rescue team who had seen a demonstration of his device sent a messenger to convince him to come and to bring as many of his hoods as he could.<ref name=FHWA/> He arrived on the scene still wearing his pajamas, and brought his brother Frank and four of the hoods with him.<ref name=FHWA/><ref name=BlackInventor/><ref name=SafetyHood/> Most of the rescuers on the scene were initially skeptical of his device, so he and his brother personally went into the tunnel along with two other volunteers, and succeeded in pulling out two men from the previous rescue attempts.<ref name=FHWA/><ref name=SafetyHood/> He emerged carrying a victim on his back, and his brother followed just behind with another.<ref name=BlackInventor/> Others joined in after his team succeeded, and rescued several more.<ref name=FHWA/> His device was also used to retrieve the bodies of the victims that did not survive. Morgan personally made four trips into the tunnel during the rescue, and his health was affected for years afterward from the fumes he encountered there.<ref name=FHWA/> Cleveland's newspapers and city officials initially ignored Morgan's act of heroism as the first to rush into the tunnel for the rescue and his key role as the provider of the equipment that made the rescue possible, and it took years for the city to recognize his contributions.<ref name=PBS/><ref name=FHWA/> City officials requested the ] to issue medals to several of the men involved in the rescue, but excluded Morgan from their request.<ref name=FHWA/> He believed that the omission was racially motivated.<ref name=FHWA/> Later, in 1917, a group citizens of ] tried to correct for the omission by presenting him with a diamond-studded gold medal.<ref name=FHWA/> | ||
| He was also given a medal from the ], which made him an honorary member.<ref name=BlackInventor/> | He was also given a medal from the ], which made him an honorary member.<ref name=BlackInventor/> | ||
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| In 1916 he helped to found the ''Cleveland Call'' newspaper, and subsequently participated in its 1928 merger that created the '']'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History|url=http://ech.cwru.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=CCP|work=The Cleveland Call & Post|publisher=Case Western Reserve University|accessdate=09/03/11}}</ref> | In 1916 he helped to found the ''Cleveland Call'' newspaper, and subsequently participated in its 1928 merger that created the '']'' newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History|url=http://ech.cwru.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=CCP|work=The Cleveland Call & Post|publisher=Case Western Reserve University|accessdate=09/03/11}}</ref> | ||
| Morgan was a member of the ] fraternal organization, a predominantly black ] group (Excelsior Lodge No. 11 of ]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings of the 129th Communication of the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Ohio F&AM|year=1978|publisher=The Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Ohio|location=Columbus, Ohio|pages=70}}</ref> |
Morgan was a member of the ] fraternal organization, a predominantly black ] group (Excelsior Lodge No. 11 of ]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings of the 129th Communication of the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Ohio F&AM|year=1978|publisher=The Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Ohio|location=Columbus, Ohio|pages=70}}</ref> | ||
| In 1920, he helped found an all-black country club.<ref name=PBS/> | In 1920, he helped found an all-black country club.<ref name=PBS/> | ||
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| He was a member of the NAACP and donated money to ].<ref name=PBS/> | He was a member of the NAACP and donated money to ].<ref name=PBS/> | ||
| In 1931, motivated by his view that the city was not properly addressing the needs of the black community, he (unsuccessfully) ran for a seat on the ] as an independent candidate.<ref name= |
In 1931, motivated by his view that the city was not properly addressing the needs of the black community, he (unsuccessfully) ran for a seat on the ] as an independent candidate.<ref name=Bianco/><ref name=FHWA/> | ||
| ==Awards and recognitions== |
==Awards and recognitions== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| At the Emancipation Centennial Celebration in ], in August 1963, Morgan was nationally recognized.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Although in ill-health, and nearly blind, he continued to work on his inventions; one of his last was a self-extinguishing cigarette, which employed a small plastic pellet filled with water, placed just before the filter. | At the Emancipation Centennial Celebration in ], in August 1963, Morgan was nationally recognized.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Although in ill-health, and nearly blind, he continued to work on his inventions; one of his last was a self-extinguishing cigarette, which employed a small plastic pellet filled with water, placed just before the filter. | ||
| In the Cleveland, Ohio area, the Garrett A. Morgan Cleveland School of Science and the Garret A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant have been named in his honor. An elementary school in ] was also named after him.<ref>, Jet Magazine, May 31, 1973.</ref> In ], there is a street named Garrett A. Morgan Boulevard in his honor (formerly Summerfield Boulevard until 2002). |
In the Cleveland, Ohio area, the Garrett A. Morgan Cleveland School of Science and the Garret A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant have been named in his honor. An elementary school in ] was also named after him.<ref>, Jet Magazine, May 31, 1973.</ref> In ], there is a street named Garrett A. Morgan Boulevard in his honor (formerly Summerfield Boulevard until 2002). | ||
| Morgan was included in the 2002 book '']'' by ].<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002), ''100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.</ref> | Morgan was included in the 2002 book '']'' by ].<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002), ''100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.</ref> | ||
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=75221193}} | {{Authority control|VIAF=75221193}} | ||
| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. --> | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
| | NAME = Morgan, Garrett A. | | NAME = Morgan, Garrett A. | ||
| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Big Duke | | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Big Duke | ||
Revision as of 01:29, 5 February 2014
| Garrett Morgan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | (1878-03-04)March 4, 1878 Paris, Kentucky |
| Died | August 27, 1963(1963-08-27) (aged 86) Cleveland, Ohio, USA |
| Other names | Big Chief Mason |
| Occupation(s) | Inventor, Entrepreneur |
| Known for | Inventor of a type of traffic signal and a respiratory protective hood |
Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. (March 4, 1877 – July 27, 1963) was an African American inventor and community leader. His most notable inventions included a type of protective respiratory hood (or gas mask), a traffic signal, and a hair-straightening preparation. He is renowned for a heroic rescue in 1916 in which he and three others used his safety hood device to save workers trapped in a water intake tunnel being dug under Lake Erie after a natural gas explosion and fire which took the lives of workers and the first police officers and firefighters who attempted to rescue them. He is also credited as the first African American in Cleveland, Ohio, to own an automobile.
Biography
Morgan was born in Paris, Kentucky to Sydney, a former slave and son of Confederate Colonel John H. Morgan, and Eliza Reed, also a former slave who was half American Indian. Morgan moved at the age of fourteen to Cincinnati, Ohio in search of employment. Most of his teenage years were spent working as a handyman for a wealthy Cincinnati landowner. Like many African Americans of his day, he had to quit school at a young age in order to work. However, the teen-aged Morgan was able to hire his own tutor and continued his studies while living in Cincinnati. In 1895, he moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he worked repairing sewing machines for a clothing manufacturer. His first invention, developed during this period, was a belt fastener for sewing machines. He married his first wife, Madge Nelson, in 1896, but that marriage ended in divorce. Word of his skill at fixing things and experimenting spread quickly throughout Cleveland, opening up various opportunities for him.
In 1907, Morgan opened his own sewing machine and shoe repair shop. It was the first of several businesses he would own. In 1908, Morgan helped found the Cleveland Association of Colored Men. That same year, he married his second wife, Mary Anne Hassek, and together they had three sons. In 1909, he and his wife expanded their business ventures by opening a shop called Morgan's Cut Rate Ladies Clothing Store. The company had 32 employees, and made coats, suits, dresses, and other clothing.
A few years later, he developed his safety hood invention. He filed for a patent on it in 1912, and launched the National Safety Device Company in 1914. At around the same time, in 1913, he launched the G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company, which sold hair care products, including a hair straightening cream, a hair dye, and a hair straightening comb invented by Morgan.
His safety hood invention led him to nation-wide fame and a much higher level of commercial success. The hair care company was also successful enough to become a long-lasting established business.
He then went on to develop his traffic control signal, for which he filed for a patent in 1922.
He developed glaucoma in 1943, and was functionally blind and in poor health in his later life.
Morgan died on July 27, 1963, at the age of 86, and is buried at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.
Products and inventions
Hair care products
Morgan experimented with a liquid that gave sewing machine needles a high polish and prevented the needle from scorching fabric as it sewed. In 1905, Morgan accidentally discovered that the liquid could also straighten hair. He made the liquid into a cream and launched the G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company to market it. He also made a black hair oil dye and invented a curved-tooth comb for hair straightening in 1910.
Safety hood
Garrett Morgan invented a safety hood smoke protection device after seeing firefighters struggling from the smoke they encountered in the line of duty. His device used a wet sponge to filter out smoke and cool the air. It also took advantage of the way smoke and fumes tend to rise to higher positions while leaving a layer of more breathable air below, by using an air intake tube that dangled near the floor. He filed for a patent on the device in 1912, and founded a company called the National Safety Device Company in 1914 to market it. He was able to sell his invention around the country, sometimes using the tactic of having a hired white actor take credit rather than revealing himself as its inventor. For demonstrations of the device, he sometimes adopted the disguise of "Big Chief Mason", a purported full-blooded Indian from the Walpole Island Indian Reserve in Canada. He would demonstrate the device by building a noxious fire fueled by tar, sulphur, formaldehyde and manure inside an enclosed tent. Disguised as Big Chief Mason, he would enter the tent full of black smoke, and would remain there for 20 minutes before emerging unharmed.
His safety hood device was simple and effective, whereas the other proto-"gas mask" type devices in use at the time were generally difficult to put on, excessively complex, unreliable, or ineffective. His safety hood was used to save many lives during the period of its use.
He also developed later models that incorporated an air bag that could hold about 15 minutes of fresh air.
His invention became known nationally when he led a rescue that saved several men's lives after a 1916 tunnel explosion under Lake Erie. Before Morgan arrived, two previous rescue attempts had failed. The attempted rescuers had become victims themselves by entering the tunnel and not returning. Morgan was roused in the middle of the night after one of the members of the rescue team who had seen a demonstration of his device sent a messenger to convince him to come and to bring as many of his hoods as he could. He arrived on the scene still wearing his pajamas, and brought his brother Frank and four of the hoods with him. Most of the rescuers on the scene were initially skeptical of his device, so he and his brother personally went into the tunnel along with two other volunteers, and succeeded in pulling out two men from the previous rescue attempts. He emerged carrying a victim on his back, and his brother followed just behind with another. Others joined in after his team succeeded, and rescued several more. His device was also used to retrieve the bodies of the victims that did not survive. Morgan personally made four trips into the tunnel during the rescue, and his health was affected for years afterward from the fumes he encountered there. Cleveland's newspapers and city officials initially ignored Morgan's act of heroism as the first to rush into the tunnel for the rescue and his key role as the provider of the equipment that made the rescue possible, and it took years for the city to recognize his contributions. City officials requested the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission to issue medals to several of the men involved in the rescue, but excluded Morgan from their request. He believed that the omission was racially motivated. Later, in 1917, a group citizens of Cleveland tried to correct for the omission by presenting him with a diamond-studded gold medal.
He was also given a medal from the International Association of Fire Engineers, which made him an honorary member.
One of his company's customers was the United States Army, which used his device in World War I.
Morgan's invention of the safety hood was featured on the television show Inventions that Shook the World.
Traffic signal
See also: Traffic signal
The first American-made automobiles were introduced to consumers just before the turn of the 20th century, and pedestrians, bicycles, animal-drawn wagons and motor vehicles all had to share the same roads. To deal with the growing problem of traffic accidents, a number of versions of traffic signaling devices began to be developed, starting around 1913.
Morgan had witnessed a serious accident at an intersection, and he invented a traffic control device and applied for a patent on it in 1922. His invention was a hand-cranked mechanical sign system using signs that could be switched relatively easily by a traffic control officer. His device was relatively simple, yet had key additional safety features that many others at the time did not have. In addition to having "stop" and "go" indicators, it had an "all stop" signal that could be used to clear the intersection to allow pedestrians to cross or to stop cross-traffic before signaling a different direction to proceed. It also had a "half mast" warning position to indicate general caution at times when the device operator was not present. In addition to the signs, his device featured lights and warning bells powered by a battery or a connection to a main power source.
Community leadership
In 1910, he helped found the Cleveland Association of Colored Men, a group founded to help improve economic and social conditions for the black community (which later merged with the NAACP). He also served as its treasurer.
In 1916 he helped to found the Cleveland Call newspaper, and subsequently participated in its 1928 merger that created the Call and Post newspaper.
Morgan was a member of the Prince Hall Freemason fraternal organization, a predominantly black Freemason group (Excelsior Lodge No. 11 of Cleveland, Ohio).
In 1920, he helped found an all-black country club.
He was a member of the NAACP and donated money to Negro colleges.
In 1931, motivated by his view that the city was not properly addressing the needs of the black community, he (unsuccessfully) ran for a seat on the Cleveland City Council as an independent candidate.
Awards and recognitions
At the Emancipation Centennial Celebration in Chicago, Illinois, in August 1963, Morgan was nationally recognized. Although in ill-health, and nearly blind, he continued to work on his inventions; one of his last was a self-extinguishing cigarette, which employed a small plastic pellet filled with water, placed just before the filter.
In the Cleveland, Ohio area, the Garrett A. Morgan Cleveland School of Science and the Garret A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant have been named in his honor. An elementary school in Chicago, Illinois was also named after him. In Prince George's County, Maryland, there is a street named Garrett A. Morgan Boulevard in his honor (formerly Summerfield Boulevard until 2002).
Morgan was included in the 2002 book 100 Greatest African Americans by Molefi Kete Asante.
Morgan was an honorary member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.
References
- ^ Who Made America? Pioneers: Garrett Augustus Morgan PBS.org.
- ^ "Morgan, Garrett A. - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland. A joint effort by Case Western University and the Western Reserve Historical Society. Last Modified - February 23, 2005. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Bianco, David, Morgan, Garrett 1877-1963, Contemporary Black Biography, 1992.
- ^ Cleveland Association of Colored Men, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University.
- ^ Morgan, Garrett A., Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University.
- ^ Garrett Morgan, Cleveland Inventor, Cleveland Area History.
- ^ Sisson, Mary (2008). "Garrett Morgan". In Cavendish, Marshall (ed.). Inventors and Inventions. Vol. Volume 4. pp. 1101–1107. ISBN 978-0-7614-7767-9. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Garrett Morgan, Black Inventor Museum.
- Biography of Morgan from IEEE
- ^ Inventor of the Week: Garrett A. Morgan: The Safety Hood, MIT, February 1997.
- Editors, Time-Life (1991). Inventive Genius. New York: Time-Life Books. p. 40. ASIN B003YEPS0Q. ISBN 0-8094-7699-1.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help) - "22 Men Killed Under Lake Fire" (On-Line Google News Archive). Lawrence Journal-World. Vol. Vol. LX. Lawrence, Kansas. July 25, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
{{cite news}}:|volume=has extra text (help) Note: This source for the tunnel fire makes no mention of Morgan by name, save "The second saved one of first rescue expedition" - "Inventions that Shook the World: The 1910s". Discovery Channel. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
- "The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History". The Cleveland Call & Post. Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved 09/03/11.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - Proceedings of the 129th Communication of the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Ohio F&AM. Columbus, Ohio: The Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Ohio. 1978. p. 70.
- Chicago Names School for Inventor Garrett A. Morgan, Jet Magazine, May 31, 1973.
- Asante, Molefi Kete (2002), 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
- Prominent Members of Alpha, Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity web site.
External links
- The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History - Waterworks Disasters
- Images from Morgan's patents
- Garrett A. Morgan at Find a Grave