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Diarrhea or diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the ancient Greek word διαρροή = leakage; lit. "to run through"). In the Third World, diarrhea is the most common cause of death among infants, killing more than 1.5 million per year.

DIARRHEA IS FUNNY!!!

Causes

This condition can be a symptom, disease, allergy, food intolerance, foodborne illness or extreme excesses of Vitamin C or magnesium and may be accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. There are other conditions which involve some but not all of the symptoms of diarrhea, and so the formal medical definition of diarrhea involves defecation of more than 200 grams per day (though formal weighing of stools to determine a diagnosis is never actually carried out).

It occurs when insufficient fluid is absorbed by the colon. As part of the digestion process, or due to fluid intake, food is mixed with large amounts of water. Thus, digested food is essentially liquid prior to reaching the colon. The colon absorbs water, leaving the remaining material as a semisolid stool. If the colon is damaged or inflamed, however, absorption is inhibited, and watery stools result.

Diarrhea is most commonly caused by viral infections or bacterial toxins. In sanitary living conditions and with ample food and water available, an otherwise healthy patient typically recovers from the common viral infections in a few days and at most a week. However, for ill or malnourished individuals diarrhea can lead to severe dehydration and can become life-threatening without treatment.

It can also be a symptom of more serious diseases, such as dysentery, cholera, or botulism and can also be indicative of a chronic syndrome such as Crohn's disease. Though appendicitis patients don't generally have diarrhea, it is a common symptom of a ruptured appendix. It is also an effect of severe radiation sickness.

Symptomatic treatment for diarrhea involves the patient consuming adequate amounts of water to replace that loss, preferably mixed with electrolytes to provide essential salts and some amount of nutrients. For many people, further treatment is unnecessary. The following types of diarrhea generally indicate medical supervision is desirable:

• Diarrhea in infants.
• Moderate or severe diarrhea in young children.
• Diarrhea associated with blood.
• Diarrhea that continues for more than 2 weeks.
• Diarrhea that is associated with more general illness such as non-cramping abdominal pain, fever, weight loss, etc.
• Diarrhea in travelers (more likely to have exotic infections such as parasites)
• Diarrhea in food handlers (potential to infect others)
• Diarrhea in institutions (Hospitals, child care, mental health institutes, geriatric and convalescent homes etc).

Mechanism

To expell the contents of the lower digestive tract, the fluidity of the contents of the small and large intestines is increased. Active transport of Na back into the gut initiates a reverse sodium transport. This causes both Cl and HCO₃ to follow passively, as well as water. Now in the intestines, the water dilutes toxins as well as triggers contractions of the intestine due to increase in intestinal distension. These contractions push the contents of the lower GI tract towards and out of the anal canal. Medications such as loperamide are designed to prevent such contractions in response to the distension, and should not be used to prevent diarrhea. Such inhibition actually prolongs the infection or irritation, and can cause a worsening over time because the evacuation of the bowel contents has been delayed.

Acute diarrhea

This may be defined as diarrhea that lasts less than 4 weeks, and is also called enteritis.

This can nearly always be