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| Charles A Spencer was an American scientific pioneer and inventor,<ref name="memoir">{{cite web|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3220512|title=Memoir of Charles A. Spencer|publisher=Wiley on behalf of American Microscopical Society|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref> who is widely believed to have developed the first American-made achromatic objective microscope.<ref name="harvard">{{cite web | title = Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments | publisher = Harvard University | people = Charles A. Spencer | url = http://www.reichertspr.com/harvardref | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}</ref><ref name="smithsonian">{{cite web | title = Spencer Microscope | publisher = Smithsonian Institute | url = http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1060256 |accessdate=2015-03-04}}</ref><ref name="CMB">{{cite book | last = Khanna | first = Pragya | authorlink = Pragya Khanna | title = Cell and Molecular Biology | publisher = I. K. International Pvt Ltd | date=2008-01-01 | pages = 35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2RD_j96s8AC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=none+finer+than+the+marvelous+microscopes+invented+by&source=bl&ots=iTMYexogEw&sig=xQzT8XgRhWRhPx4_LspqLFz8eB0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z74BVeThIIGKyASkw4GoCg&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=none%20finer%20than%20the%20marvelous%20microscopes%20invented%20by&f=false | isbn = 978-81-89866-59-4}}</ref><ref name="JAM">{{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=L.B. |date=1900|publisher=Bausch & Lomb Optical Company|title=Life of Herbert R. Spencer |journal= Journal of Applied Microscopy and Laboratory Methods|volume=3 |page=757|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMnRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA757&dq=%22Charles+A+Spencer%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j5DPVNaHKIyayASwoIGgDA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Charles%20A%20Spencer%22&f=false}}</ref> He was born in 1813 in Madison County, NY <ref name=memoir/> and died in 1881.<ref name="TAM1">{{cite journal |last=Secretary |date=1900|publisher= American Microscopical Society|title=Necrology|journal= Transactions of the American Microscopical Society |volume=21 |page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9oDzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA254&dq=%22Charles+A+Spencer%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j5DPVNaHKIyayASwoIGgDA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Charles%20A%20Spencer%22&f=false}}</ref> | ]Charles A Spencer was an American scientific pioneer and inventor,<ref name="memoir">{{cite web|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3220512|title=Memoir of Charles A. Spencer|publisher=Wiley on behalf of American Microscopical Society|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref> who is widely believed to have developed the first American-made achromatic objective microscope.<ref name="harvard">{{cite web | title = Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments | publisher = Harvard University | people = Charles A. Spencer | url = http://www.reichertspr.com/harvardref | doi = | id = | isbn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}</ref><ref name="smithsonian">{{cite web | title = Spencer Microscope | publisher = Smithsonian Institute | url = http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1060256 |accessdate=2015-03-04}}</ref><ref name="CMB">{{cite book | last = Khanna | first = Pragya | authorlink = Pragya Khanna | title = Cell and Molecular Biology | publisher = I. K. International Pvt Ltd | date=2008-01-01 | pages = 35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2RD_j96s8AC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=none+finer+than+the+marvelous+microscopes+invented+by&source=bl&ots=iTMYexogEw&sig=xQzT8XgRhWRhPx4_LspqLFz8eB0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z74BVeThIIGKyASkw4GoCg&ved=0CFMQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=none%20finer%20than%20the%20marvelous%20microscopes%20invented%20by&f=false | isbn = 978-81-89866-59-4}}</ref><ref name="JAM">{{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=L.B. |date=1900|publisher=Bausch & Lomb Optical Company|title=Life of Herbert R. Spencer |journal= Journal of Applied Microscopy and Laboratory Methods|volume=3 |page=757|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMnRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA757&dq=%22Charles+A+Spencer%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j5DPVNaHKIyayASwoIGgDA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Charles%20A%20Spencer%22&f=false}}</ref> He was born in 1813 in Madison County, NY <ref name=memoir/> and died in 1881.<ref name="TAM1">{{cite journal |last=Secretary |date=1900|publisher= American Microscopical Society|title=Necrology|journal= Transactions of the American Microscopical Society |volume=21 |page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9oDzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA254&dq=%22Charles+A+Spencer%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j5DPVNaHKIyayASwoIGgDA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Charles%20A%20Spencer%22&f=false}}</ref> | ||
| == Microscopy == | == Microscopy == | ||
Revision as of 17:16, 15 April 2015
Charles A Spencer was an American scientific pioneer and inventor, who is widely believed to have developed the first American-made achromatic objective microscope. He was born in 1813 in Madison County, NY and died in 1881.
Microscopy
Spencer’s first microscopes were available for purchase in 1838. Previous to Spencer’s invention, European manufacturers held a monopoly on research-quality microscopic equipment. At least one of Spencer’s microscopes survives and is currently held by the Smithsonian Institution.
Business
In 1854, Spencer formed a partnership with A.K. Eaton for the manufacture of high quality microscopes, which was located in Canastota, NY, USA. This partnership would prove successful, with back-orders from all over the world reportedly exceeding $20,000 US in the currency of the day.
A “crippling” fire in 1875 however, would lead to the failure and dissolution of this original partnership. Following a move to Geneva, NY and a brief partnership with Geneva Optical Works, a new business was founded that included Spencer’s sons in 1877 called “Charles A. Spencer & Sons.”
Honors and Tributes
Despite not seeking recognition for their work in the trade, in 1878 the Spencer’s microscopes would receive the Paris Universal Exposition Exposition Universelle (1878) highest award, the Grand Gold Medal, for excellence in their optics.
In 1884, ground was broken in Rochester, NY for the foundation of a monument to Spencer and his peer, Robert B. Tolles to provide an enduring honor of their achievements in American microscopy, and the scientific advances that grew from it.
References
- ^ "Memoir of Charles A. Spencer". Wiley on behalf of American Microscopical Society. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
- ^ "Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments". Harvard University.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|people=ignored (help) - ^ "Spencer Microscope". Smithsonian Institute. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
- Khanna, Pragya (2008-01-01). Cell and Molecular Biology. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 35. ISBN 978-81-89866-59-4.
- ^ Elliot, L.B. (1900). "Life of Herbert R. Spencer". Journal of Applied Microscopy and Laboratory Methods. 3. Bausch & Lomb Optical Company: 757.
- ^ Secretary (1900). "Necrology". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 21. American Microscopical Society: 254.
- Krauss, William C. (May 1900). "The Debt of American Microscopy to Spencer and Tolles". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 23. Wiley on behalf of American Microscopical Society: 20.