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| ==Organization== | ==Organization== | ||
| When the Pakistan Army started the ] on the Bengali population, they did not expect a prolonged resistance.<ref>Pakistan Defence Journal, 1977, Vol 2, p2-3</ref> But the Awami League formed a political resistance and named it the Mukti Bahini. Recruits were mostly drawn from die hard Awami League ideologists and also large number of Bengali civilians. | |||
| ] | |||
| When the Pakistan Army started the ] on the Bengali population, they did not expect a prolonged resistance.<ref>Pakistan Defence Journal, 1977, Vol 2, p2-3</ref> But a large number of Bengali members of the ]s (EBR), East Pakistan Rifles (EPR, later ], ]), police, other paramilitary forces, students and other civilians started resistance against the Pakistan Army. With the formation of ] on 17 April 1971, ] (later General) was appointed as the Commander-in-Chief of all ]. The members of EBR, EPR, police and other paramilitary forces were later called "regular force" or "niomito bahini". | |||
| During a conference of sector commanders held from 11 to 17 July 1971 held at ], the forces were further organized and the command was set up with Col. Abdullah as the commander-in-chief (C-in-C) with the status of a cabinet minister, Lt. Col., Mubariz Ali(ex-SSG Commando Pakistan Army) as the Chief of Staff (COS), Group Captain A K Khandker as the Deputy Chief of Staff (DCOS) and Major A R Chowdhury as the Assistant Chief of Staff (ACOS). Bangladesh was divided into ].<ref>Islam, Major Rafiqul, A Tale of Millions,pp226 – pp231</ref> Sector commanders were in charge of conducting guerrilla operations and training fighters. The 10th Sector was under the command of C-in-C Osmany and included the Naval Commandos and C-in-C's special force.<ref>, Liberation War Museum, Bangladesh.</ref> | |||
| During this conference some major initiatives were taken to organize the Mukti Bahini. This meeting was focused to discuss different problems and future course of action. In this conference Lt. Col. M A Rabb was appointed the Chief-of-staff and Group Captain A K Khandaker was appointed the Deputy Chief-of-staff. The important issues that were discussed during this conference are:<ref name=lokkho>{{cite book|last=Islam|first=Rafikul|title=লক্ষ প্রাণের বিনিময়ে / Lokkho praner binimoye|year=1981|publisher=মনিরুল হক, অনন্যা/Anannya<!--|isbn=9844120030 THIS IS NOT A GOOD ISBN -->}}</ref><ref name=dolil>{{cite book|last=Rahman|first=Hasan Hafizur|title=বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ, দলিলপত্রঃ দশম খণ্ড / HISTORY OF BANGLADESH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE DOCUMENTS, VOL-10|year=1984|publisher=Hakkani Publishers|isbn=984-433-091-2|pages=1–3}}</ref> | |||
| # Define the boundary of different sectors | |||
| # Organize guerrilla warfare by the following ways: | |||
| #* A group of 5-10 trained fighters would be sent inside Bangladesh with specific instructions | |||
| #* Guerrilla fighters will be classified as: | |||
| #* Guerrilla base: each base would provide food, medicine and accommodation of the guerrilla fighters. | |||
| #** Action group: members of this group would take part in frontal attacks, 50~100% of them would carry arms | |||
| #** Intelligence: members of this group would gather enemy information, they would not take part in frontal attacks, 30% of them would carry arms | |||
| # The regular force would be immediately organized as battalion force and sector troops. | |||
| # Military attacks against the enemy would be carried out by the following ways: | |||
| #* A large number of guerrilla fighters would be sent inside Bangladesh to carry out raid and ambush at every convenient places | |||
| #* Industries would be shut down by disrupting electric supply | |||
| #* Pakistanis would not be allowed to export any raw materials or manufactured goods and the warehouse would be destroyed | |||
| #* The railways and boats used to carry enemy soldiers and enemy military instruments would be destroyed | |||
| #* The war strategy should be to force the enemy to disperse | |||
| #* After dispersing the enemy the smaller groups would be attacked by the guerrilla fighters<ref name="lokkho"/><ref name="lokkho"/> | |||
| Besides the eleven sectors, the combatants were also divided and reorganized into several groups: | |||
| * Regular army battalion ("niomito bahini", নিয়মিত বাহিনী) | |||
| * Sector troops | |||
| * Irregular force or freedom fighters ("oniomito bahini", অনিয়মিত বাহিনী)<ref name="lokkho"/> | * Irregular force or freedom fighters ("oniomito bahini", অনিয়মিত বাহিনী)<ref name="lokkho"/> | ||
| The ] forces fought in various regions of Bangladesh. These included under the leadership of ],<ref name= "Jahan 1973"/> organized by Major General Oban Singh of the ] and Student League leaders Serajul Alam Khan, ], Kazi Arif Ahmed, ], ], ], Shahjahan Siraj, Nur E Alam Siddiqi, and Abdul Quddus Makhon and the ] under ] of Tangail. Kaderia Bahini also created a volunteer group to help his Bahini.<ref>{{cite book|last=Siddiki|first=Kader|title=Shadhinota '71|year=2004|publisher=Anannya / অনন্যা|isbn=984412039X|pages=550–552}}</ref> Some other groups of freedom fighters were controlled by the Leftist parties and groups including the NAP and Communist Parties. A strong guerrilla force led by ] fought several battles with the Pakistani soldiers in Payarabagan, Barisal. Three brigades were created by ], ] and ] by the name of Z-force, K-force and S-force. A young guerrilla group named "Crack Platoon" did some courageous guerrilla attacks in the Dhaka city that attracted several international media at that time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alam|first=Habibul|title=Brave of heart|year=2010|publisher=APPL / এপিপিএল|isbn=9840802011}}</ref> | |||
| ==Awards given to Mukti Bahini sepoys== | ==Awards given to Mukti Bahini sepoys== | ||
Revision as of 21:05, 18 May 2015
| Mukti Bahini Liberation Army | |
|---|---|
| Leaders | Awami League Gonobahini, Mujib Bahini, Kader Bahini, Hemayet Bahini |
| Dates of operation | March – December, 1971 |
| Active regions | Bangladesh |
| Ideology | Nationalism Secularism Democracy |
| Allies | India |
| Opponents | Pakistan |
| Battles and wars | Battle of Gazipur, Battle of Goalhati, Battle of Garibpur, Operation Jackpot (partial list) |
The Mukti Bahini (Template:Lang-bn meaning Liberation Army), refers to all mainly Awami League recruits funded by Indian Army and Intelligence unit RAW for specific operations under the disguise of Bangladesh resistance forces during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. It consisted of a few organized units of Bengali civilians under the direct control of India under Uban Singh and Awami League. Its members later shared the title in Bangladesh as Freedom Fighters (FFs).
The Mukti Bahini became defacto part of the Bangladesh-India Allied Forces in the December campaign, being instrumental in securing the final Pakistan surrender on December 16th, 1971.
It received extensive support from Indian allied forces during the war.
Formation
The Mukti Bahini consisted of Bengali military and paramilitary personnel (including entire regiments which defected from the Pakistan Armed Forces) and thousands of Bengali civilians (including people from a cross section of society, especially youth) in response to the Operation Searchlight on March 25, 1971.
Organization
When the Pakistan Army started the military crackdown on the Bengali population, they did not expect a prolonged resistance. But the Awami League formed a political resistance and named it the Mukti Bahini. Recruits were mostly drawn from die hard Awami League ideologists and also large number of Bengali civilians.
- Irregular force or freedom fighters ("oniomito bahini", অনিয়মিত বাহিনী)
The Mukti Bahini forces fought in various regions of Bangladesh. These included under the leadership of Mujib Bahini, organized by Major General Oban Singh of the Indian Army and Student League leaders Serajul Alam Khan, Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani, Kazi Arif Ahmed, Abdur Razzak, Tofael Ahmed, A. S. M. Abdur Rab, Shahjahan Siraj, Nur E Alam Siddiqi, and Abdul Quddus Makhon and the Kaderia Bahini under Kader Siddique of Tangail. Kaderia Bahini also created a volunteer group to help his Bahini. Some other groups of freedom fighters were controlled by the Leftist parties and groups including the NAP and Communist Parties. A strong guerrilla force led by Siraj Sikder fought several battles with the Pakistani soldiers in Payarabagan, Barisal. Three brigades were created by Ziaur Rahman, Khaled Mosharraf and K M Shafiullah by the name of Z-force, K-force and S-force. A young guerrilla group named "Crack Platoon" did some courageous guerrilla attacks in the Dhaka city that attracted several international media at that time.
Awards given to Mukti Bahini sepoys
Main articles: Bir Sreshtho, Bir Uttom, Bir Bikrom, and Bir ProtikThe Bir Sreshtho (Template:Lang-bn) (The Most Valiant Hero), is the highest award given to those who show utmost bravery and die in action for their nation. It was awarded to seven Mukti Bahini fighters. They were:
- Ruhul Amin
- Mohiuddin Jahangir
- Mostafa Kamal
- Hamidur Rahman
- Munshi Abdur Rouf
- Nur Mohammad Sheikh
- Matiur Rahman
- General
The other three gallantry awards are, in decreasing order of importance, Bir Uttom, Bir Bikrom and Bir Protik. All of these awards were introduced immediately after the Liberation War in 1971.
Militias
The Mukti Bahini's central command were annoyed at the formation of militias like the Mujib Bahini and Kader Bahini, which were supported by Indian intelligence services. These militias consisted of radical left-wing cadres. They became a parallel force and operated outside the command of the provisional government and the military leadership. These militias were also responsible for ruthless revenge attacks against Urdu-speaking civilians. For example, members of the Kader Bahini, led by Abdul Kader Sidique, attacked Biharis in Dhaka after the Pakistani surrender on 16 December.
Dissolution
On 16 December 1971, the allied forces of the Mukti Bahini and the Indian army defeated the Pakistan Army deployed in the East. The resulting surrender was the largest in number of prisoners of war since World War II. Mukti Bahini was succeeded by the Bangladesh Armed Forces.
See also
References
- "The Daily Star". The Daily Star. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ^ Jahan, Rounaq (1 February 1973). "Bangladesh in 1972: Nation Building in a New State". Asian Survey. 13 (2): 31. doi:10.2307/2642736.
- Eyal Benvenisti (23 February 2012). The International Law of Occupation. Oxford University Press. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-0-19-163957-9. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
- Cite error: The named reference
cdrb.orgwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - "Coercion and Governance". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- "Combat Diary". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- "The War of the Twins". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- Pakistan Defence Journal, 1977, Vol 2, p2-3
- Cite error: The named reference
lokkhowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - Siddiki, Kader (2004). Shadhinota '71. Anannya / অনন্যা. pp. 550–552. ISBN 984412039X.
- Alam, Habibul (2010). Brave of heart. APPL / এপিপিএল. ISBN 9840802011.
- The Bangladesh Gazette, 15 December 1973.
- "Coercion and Governance". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- "The Bangladesh Military Coup and the CIA Link". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Ayub, Muhammad (2005). An Army, its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947–1999. Pittsburgh: RoseDog Books. ISBN 0-8059-9594-3.
Further reading
- Helal Uddin Ahmed. "Mukti Bahini". In Sirajul Islam (ed.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.