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| '''Singh''' (meaning ''Lion''''''सिंह'''') {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɪ|ŋ}} is a ] or ] which originated in ]. Singh as a middle name or last name was first used in ] in 7th century, then in other states such as ], ], ], ]. ]s were among the last ones who had adopted the surname "Singh".<ref>{{cite book|title=The matrifocal family: power, pluralism, and politics|author=Raymond Thomas Smith|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|id= ISBN 978-0-415-91214-3|page=118|isbn=0-415-91214-8}}</ref> | |||
| It is derived from the ] word सिंह ''siṃha'' meaning ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Feuerstein|first=Georg|title=The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice|publisher=]/Hohm|origyear=1998|year=2002|oclc=39013819|isbn=81-208-1923-3|page=444}}</ref> It is used as a surname or middle name by ] including ]s, ]s,<ref name="Maharashtra">{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=4bfmnmsBfQ4C&pg=PA1846&dq=jat+surname+singh#v=onepage&q=jat%20surname%20singh&f=false | title=People of India: Maharashtra, Part 3 | publisher=Popular Prakashan, | author=B. V. Bhanu Contributors Kumar Suresh Singh, B. V. Mehta, Anthropological Survey of India | year=2004 | pages=1846 | isbn=9788179911020}}</ref> ], ]s, ]s, ] ]s, ]s, ]s, ], ] and ]s,<ref name="Kumar Suresh Singh">{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&q=kamaria+ahir&dq=kamaria+ahir | title=Communities, segments, synonyms, surnames and titles | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Original from the University of Michigan | author=Kumar Suresh Singh | year=1996 | pages=1390 | isbn=9780195633573}}</ref><ref name="Rolamba">{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=W445AAAAIAAJ&q=state+ruled+by+ahir+king&dq=state+ruled+by+ahir+king | title=Rolamba, Volume 2 | publisher=Joshi Research Institute. Original from the University of California | year=1982 | pages=34}}</ref> as well as by ],<ref name=" Catherine B. Asher, Cynthia Talbot">{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA269&dq=jat+surname+singh#v=onepage&q=jat%20surname%20singh&f=false | title=India Before Europe | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=Catherine B. Asher, Cynthia Talbot | year=2006 | pages=269 | isbn=9780521809047}}</ref> for whom it is mandatory. The surname is generally used by males. | |||
| By the sixteenth century, "Singh" had become a popular surname among Rajput warriors and Royal Kayastha administrators/lords.<ref name="Chander2003">{{cite book|author=Prakash Chander|title=India: Past & Present|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4_Rl5c_v1-kC&pg=PA120|accessdate=11 January 2013|date=1 January 2003|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-455-8|pages=120–}}</ref>{{Qn|date=June 2015}} | |||
| It was adopted into ] in 1699 as per the instructions of ]; the use of Singh as a last name is mandatory for all baptized male Sikhs since 1699, regardless of their geographical or cultural binding. | |||
| Some Brahmins, such as Bhumihar Brahmins, Maithil Brahmins also use this surname in Bihar. The anthropologist ] said in ''People of India (] and ])'', published by the ] (ASI) that the surname "Singh/Sinha", used to denote connection with power and authority, was now used in Bihar by Brahmin and Kayastha ], like the surname "Khan" is used by Muslims.<ref>{{cite news | |||
| | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-21/patna/28055564_1_surnames-caste-identity-kumar-suresh-singh | |||
| | author = Pranava K Chaudhary | |||
| | title = Using surnames to conceal identity | |||
| | publisher = ] | |||
| | date = 2009-02-21 | |||
| | accessdate = 2013-01-18 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| "Singh" has gradually emerged as a hereditary ]<ref>''The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English'' 2008 defines Singh as: "Singh/ Simha/Sinha/ Sinh • n. a title or surname adopted by certain warrior castes of northern India, esp. by male members of the Sikh Khalsa". From ''The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English'' 2008, originally published by ] 2008 encyclopedia.com; Also see: </ref> to be used as a ''middle name'', highlighting connections to a ] and Royal status. | |||
| In the Hindi speaking communities, Singh (Lion) is perhaps the most common surname in ], ] and ].<ref name="Raja Ram Mehrotra">{{cite book | url=http://books.google.com/?id=PZm1H9y2SZgC&pg=RA1-PA6-IA7&dq=yadav+ahir+surname+Singh#v=snippet&q=Singh&f=false | title=Book Of Indian Names | publisher=Rupa Publications, | author=Raja Ram Mehrotra | year=2001 | isbn=9788171675425}}</ref> | |||
| == Etymology == | |||
| The word "Singh" is derived to ] सिंह ''Simha/Sinha'' meaning ]. Several variants of the word are found in other languages: | |||
| * In ], the name is written and pronounced as সিংহ (''Shing-ho''). | |||
| * In ] (] script), the name is written सिंह ("siṅh", {{IPA-hi|sɪŋɦə|IPA}}) always pronounced सिंघ ("singh", {{IPA-hi|sɪŋɡʱ|IPA}}). Sanskrit words include Simha/ Sinha.<ref>{{cite book| last=Vanita |first=Ruth | authorlink=Ruth Vanita | title=Gandhi's tiger and Sita's smile: essays on gender, sexuality and culture | publisher=Yoda Press | location=]|year=2005|oclc=70008421|isbn=978-81-902272-5-4|page=37}}</ref> | |||
| * In ], the name is written and pronounced as सिंह (''Sinha''). | |||
| * In ] (] script), the name is written as ਸਿੰਘ and pronounced as ''Singh''. | |||
| * In ], it is spelled as સિંહ (''Sinh''). Another variant is Sinhji, the form of Singh used in ], where the 'g' is dropped and the suffix of respect 'ji' is added. | |||
| * In ], the word for lion is simham (సింహం). | |||
| * In ], simham (സിംഹം) means lion in English. | |||
| * In ], the name is written and pronounced as Sinha or Singha. | |||
| * In ], the word for lion is Singham, Sinham, Singhan, Sing or Singhe written as சிங்க, also derived from Sanskrit (see ]) | |||
| * In ], the name is written as සිංහ and pronounced as '']''. | |||
| * The term Sinhalese referring to peoples of ], meaning "Lion Blooded" (Sinha = lion, le = blood). The ] are said to be descended from ] (a king who is fabled to have descended from a lion) | |||
| * In ], it is spelled {{lang|my|သီဟ}} (''thiha''), derived from the Pali variant ''siha.'' | |||
| * ] is said to have also derived the word for lion from Buddhist missionaries from ]. | |||
| * In ], ''Singha'', written as {{lang-th|สิงห์}} with final syllable marked as silent, refers to a ]; the ] sign of ]; a popular brand of beer, ]; and is frequently used as a ] (for instance, ]). ''Singhakhom'' {{lang-th|สิงหาคม}}, in which the /ha/ is pronounced, is the ] month of August. ''Sing Toe'' {{lang-th|สิงโต}}, which omits /ha/ entirely and adds Thai for ''big'' or ''grown up'', refers to the ]. All except "Toe" are of Sanskrit origin. | |||
| * A common surname of Bihar, "Sinha" having same use and root. | |||
| * In ] and ], Singa or Singha, means ]. | |||
| * ] is derived from the ] word Singapura (]: सिंहपुर, lit. Lion City). | |||
| ==History== | |||
| Singh (], ], ], ], ], ]: , ]: Sinh) is derived from the ] word Siṃha meaning "lion". It is used as a common surname and middle name in ] by many communities, groups and peoples, especially the ] ]s, ] and the ]. | |||
| Singh was first used as a surname by the Rajputs beginning in the 7th century. It has been common practice among the Rajput men to have Singh as their middle name. The Rajputs started using Singh in preference to the classical epithet of ] (meaning shield). | |||
| The Sikhs adopted Singh as a surname in 1699, as per the wish of ], the tenth ]. In the Spring of 1699, on the day of Baisakhi, ] (originally named ]), made it mandatory for all Sikh males to append the name suffix Singh after their name. Singh is used as a middle name or as a surname (see naming patterns section) by approximately 10 million adherents of Sikhism. | |||
| Apart from the Sikhs and the Rajputs, several other groups in India have also adopted Singh as either a middle name or a surname. Some of these include the Yadavs (e.g. "Mulayam Singh Yadav"), the Bhumihars, the non-Sikh Punjabis, the Gujjars (e.g. "Nirbhay Singh Gujjar"), and the non-Sikh Jats (e.g. "Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana"). | |||
| Contrary to the popular belief that Singh is only used by ], Singh is used by a wider population from ] & ] to ] and from ] down into ], ] and ] to ] as well as the far eastern states of ], ], ], ] and even ], spanning the entire subcontinent, even reaching ] and ] across the world. It is also found in use among ] of Indian ] origin namely in places of ], ] and ], as well as people of Indian origin found in ] and ]. it is also used by the ] with connection to the royalty. | |||
| The use of Singh in ] as a middle name or last name denotes automatically that they are from the Kshatriya varna and are of the Rajput or ] sub-caste. Original occupation of ], ] and ] was of being warriors and rulers, many families under different circumstances over the centuries intermarried or changed their profession to being farmers, carpenters ] but retained Singh in their name denoting their ancestry and original family genealogy and caste. | |||
| The earliest recorded examples of the names ending with "Simha" are the names of the two sons of the ] ruler ] in the 2nd century CE.<ref name="Qanungo">{{cite book|last=Qanungo|first=Kalika Ranjan|title=Studies in Rajput History|publisher=]|location=]|year=1960|oclc=1326190|pages=138–140}}</ref> | |||
| The first ruler of the ]/] clan who bore the title Simha ruled around 500 CE. The ] branch of the Chalukyas continued using Simha as a last name till the 11th century.<ref name="Qanungo"/> The Rajputs started using Singh in preference to the classical epithet of "]" (meaning shield). Among the ]s, the use of the word Simha came into vogue among the ]s of Malwa in 10th century CE, among the ]s and the ] of Narwar in the 12th century CE, and the ]s of Marwar after the 17th century.<ref name="Qanungo"/> | |||
| In the 18th century, the non-kshatriya martial tribes, including the Brahmins and the Baniyas of what are now Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, also started using the title Singh in imitation.<ref name="Qanungo"/> In the 19th century, even the Bengal court peons of the lower castes also adopted the title Singh.<ref name="Qanungo"/> | |||
| The adherents of Sikh faith adopted Singh as a surname in 1699, as per the wish of ], the tenth ].<ref>A History of the Sikh People (1469-1988) by Dr. Gopal Singh ISBN 81-7023-139-6</ref> In the Spring of 1699, on the day of ], Guru Gobind Singh Ji (originally named Guru Gobind Rai Ji), made it mandatory for all Sikh males to ] the name ] Singh after their name (see also ]). | |||
| Singh/Sinha is used by Sikhs, ]s, ] and Kshatriya communities as either a middle name or a surname. e.g., ], ], ], ] etc. At times, the ] also use Sinha or Singh as a suffix to their first names, e.g. Udaysinh Peshwa, the scion of the ].<ref> | |||
| {{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-06-02/pune/27146334_1_maratha-warrior-king-chhatrapati-shivaji-peshwa-era | work=The Times Of India | title=Shivaji's generals will never fade |date=2 June 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/2/20110618201106180645033084fd3288d/In-PMC-we-don%E2%80%99t-trust.html |title=In PMC we don't trust |work=Pune Mirror }}{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref> | |||
| The last name "Singh" is in fact used by a wider population from ] ] ] to ] and from ] down into ], ], to ] as well as the far eastern states of ], ], ], ], and even ], spanning the entire subcontinent and even reaching ], where in ], as the ] strove to empower ] after the fall of the ], ] (1777–1849) was a prominent general, and ] ("Lord") Racha Wong Singh governed ], 1815–1823. The name is also found in use among ] of Indian origin namely in places of ], ], and ], as well as people of Indian origin found in ] and ] Island. | |||
| ==Naming patterns== | |||
| Singh is often used the traditional way, as previously described, by having it as the middle name after the first name and followed by the clan/family name by many communities, groups and peoples.<ref>], ''A History of the Sikhs, Volume I''</ref> For example, ], ], ], ], and ]. Sikh examples include ],Kirori Singh Bainsala, ], ], ] and ]. Thus Singh can be used as a middle name before the individual's surname (last name), a common practice among many groups in India, e.g., ] (1: First name, 2: Singh, 3: Family lineage name). Many adherents of Sikh faith across the world, some of which may come from many other races, countries, cultures and groups use the name "Singh" as a middle name with last name as Khalsa, e.g., Avtar Singh Khalsa (1: First Name, 2: Singh, 3: Belonging to Khalsa spiritual family). Another practise among Sikhs is to use village/town/city/country lineage after middle name Singh to avoid using the caste lineage, e.g., Parkash Singh Badal (1: First Name, 2: Singh, 3: Village/town/country lineage). | |||
| Singh is also used as a surname (last name) (for example, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]). | |||
| A common practice among the ] men was to have Singh as their last name, while ] women had the last name Kumari (Princess) which is derived from Kunwar (Prince). However, many Rajput women have Singh in their name as well.<ref>Kolff, Dirk H.A., ''The Rajput of Ancient and Medieval North India: A Warrior-Ascetic''; Folk, Faith and Feudalism, edited by NK Singh and Rajendra Joshi, Institute of Rajasthan Studies, Jaipur, India. Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi. ISBN 81-7033-273-7</ref> Several times during history Rajputs migrated out of ]; many of those who settled in other parts of India have since come to use Singh as their last name even though they belong to separate Rajput ] and clans. This happened over several generations due to the local population preferring to popularly call them just Singh in the new places. This was usually enough to denote that they belonged to the Kshatriya varna and were Hindu Rajput warriors by caste.<ref>Joshi, Rajendra, Feudal Bonds; ''Folk, Faith and Feudalism'', edited by NK Singh and Rajendra Joshi, Institute of Rajasthan Studies, Jaipur, India. Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi. ISBN 81-7033-273-7</ref> | |||
| ==Immigration issues: Common surname== | |||
| A section of around a million adherents of Sikhism that live abroad in ] only keep Singh or Kaur as their last name. This has caused legal problems in immigration procedures, especially in Canada. For a decade, the ] in ], India stated in letters to its Sikh clients that "the names Kaur and Singh do not qualify for the purpose of immigration to Canada", requiring people with these surnames to adopt new ones. The ban was denounced by the Sikh community, after which the Citizenship and Immigration Canada announced it was dropping the policy, calling the whole thing a misunderstanding based on a "poorly worded" letter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/article/240030|title='Singh' ban denounced|date=26 July 2007|work=thestar.com}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * Narsingh or ], a half-man (''Nar'') and half-lion (''Singh'') incarnation of Vishnu in Hindu religion. | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ]is | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{reflist|3}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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