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| {{French literature (small)}} | {{French literature (small)}} | ||
| '''Pierre Eugène Drieu La Rochelle''' (] ] – ] ]) was a ] writer of ]s, ] and political ]s, who lived and died in ]. He became a proponent of ''French ]'' in the 1930s, and was a well-known ] during the ]. | '''Pierre Eugène Drieu La Rochelle''' (], ] – ], ]) was a ] writer of ]s, ] and political ]s, who lived and died in ]. He became a proponent of ''French ]'' in the 1930s, and was a well-known ] during the ]. | ||
| ==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
| Drieu was born in a ], '']'' and ] family from ], based in the ] of ]. His father was a failed businessman and womanizer who married his mother for her dowry. Although a brilliant student, Pierre failed his final exam at the '']''. Injured three times, his experience as a soldier during ] marked him for the rest of his life. | Drieu was born in a ], '']'' and ] family from ], based in the ] of ]. His father was a failed businessman and womanizer who married his mother for her dowry. Although a brilliant student, Pierre failed his final exam at the '']''. Injured three times, his experience as a soldier during ] marked him for the rest of his life. | ||
| In ] Drieu married Colette Jéramec, the sister of a ]ish friend. The marriage ended in failure and they divorced in 1921. Sympathetic to the ]ist movement, the ] and the ], and a close friend of ] in the 1920s, he was also interested in the ] '']'', but refused to adhere to any one of these political currents. He wrote ''Mesure de la France'' ("Measure of France") in 1922, which gave him a small notoriety, and edited several novels. He later (beginning in the 1930s) embraced ] and ]. | In ], Drieu married Colette Jéramec, the sister of a ]ish friend. The marriage ended in failure and they divorced in 1921. Sympathetic to the ]ist movement, the ] and the ], and a close friend of ] in the 1920s, he was also interested in the ] '']'', but refused to adhere to any one of these political currents. He wrote ''Mesure de la France'' ("Measure of France") in 1922, which gave him a small notoriety, and edited several novels. He later (beginning in the 1930s) embraced ] and ]. | ||
| In Drieu's political writings, he argued that the ] (the ''gouvernement d'assemblée'' of the ]) was responsible for what he saw as the ] of France (], declining ]s etc.) In ''Le Jeune Européen'' ("European Youth", 1927) and ''Genève ou Moscou'' ("Geneva or Moscow", 1928), Drieu La Rochelle advocated a strong ] and denounced the "''decadent ]''" of democracy. He believed that a ] Europe could bolster a strong economic and political union isolated from the ] Russians and Americans; in 1939 he was left to believe that only ] could deliver such an ] promise.<ref name="Tucker">{{cite journal| author = Tucker, William R. | year = 1965 | title = Fascism and Individualism: The Political Thought of Pierre Drieu La Rochelle | journal = Journal of Politics | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 153-177}}</ref> His pro-European views exposed in 1928 were soon followed by closer contacts with the employers' organization, among which ]'s '']'', and then with some currents of the ] at the end of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s. | In Drieu's political writings, he argued that the ] (the ''gouvernement d'assemblée'' of the ]) was responsible for what he saw as the ] of France (], declining ]s etc.) In ''Le Jeune Européen'' ("European Youth", 1927) and ''Genève ou Moscou'' ("Geneva or Moscow", 1928), Drieu La Rochelle advocated a strong ] and denounced the "''decadent ]''" of democracy. He believed that a ] Europe could bolster a strong economic and political union isolated from the ] Russians and Americans; in 1939 he was left to believe that only ] could deliver such an ] promise.<ref name="Tucker">{{cite journal| author = Tucker, William R. | year = 1965 | title = Fascism and Individualism: The Political Thought of Pierre Drieu La Rochelle | journal = Journal of Politics | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 153-177}}</ref> His pro-European views exposed in 1928 were soon followed by closer contacts with the employers' organization, among which ]'s '']'', and then with some currents of the ] at the end of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s. | ||
| ==Fascism and collaboration== | ==Fascism and collaboration== | ||
| As late as 1931, in ''L'Europe contre les patries'' ("Europe Against the Nations"), Drieu was writing as an anti-Hitlerian, but by 1934, especially after the ] organized by ] before the '']'', and then a visit to ] in September 1935 (where he witnessed the ] rally in ]), he embraced ] as an antidote to the "mediocrity" of liberal democracy. After the |
As late as 1931, in ''L'Europe contre les patries'' ("Europe Against the Nations"), Drieu was writing as an anti-Hitlerian, but by 1934, especially after the ] organized by ] before the '']'', and then a visit to ] in September 1935 (where he witnessed the ] rally in ]), he embraced ] as an antidote to the "mediocrity" of liberal democracy. After the February 6, 1934 riots, he collaborated to the review ''La Lutte des Jeunes'' and reinvidicated himself as a fascist. Representative of his politics at the time was the title of his October 1934 book ''Socialisme fasciste'' ("Fascist socialism"), in which he described his discontent with ] as answer to France's problems, and found inspiration with ] and ], and the earlier French socialism of ], ], and ]. | ||
| Drieu La Rochelle joined ]'s fascist '']'' (PPF) in 1936, and became the editor of its review, ''L'Emancipation Nationale'', until his rupture with the party beginning of 1939. In 1937, with ''Avec Doriot'', he was arguing for a specifically French fascism. He continued writing his most famous novel, ''Gilles'', during this time. | Drieu La Rochelle joined ]'s fascist '']'' (PPF) in 1936, and became the editor of its review, ''L'Emancipation Nationale'', until his rupture with the party beginning of 1939. In 1937, with ''Avec Doriot'', he was arguing for a specifically French fascism. He continued writing his most famous novel, ''Gilles'', during this time. | ||
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| He supported ] and the ]' ]. After the occupation of ], Drieu succeeded ] (whom he saved twice from the hands of the ]) as director of the '']'' and thus became a leading figure of French cultural collaboration with the Nazi occupiers, whom he hoped would become the leader of a "]". His friendship with the German ambassador in Paris, ], pre-dated the war. Starting from 1943, however, he got disillusioned by the ], and turned to the study of ]. In a last act of provocation, he again adhered to Jacques Doriot's PPF, simultaneously declaring in his secret diary his admiration for ]. | He supported ] and the ]' ]. After the occupation of ], Drieu succeeded ] (whom he saved twice from the hands of the ]) as director of the '']'' and thus became a leading figure of French cultural collaboration with the Nazi occupiers, whom he hoped would become the leader of a "]". His friendship with the German ambassador in Paris, ], pre-dated the war. Starting from 1943, however, he got disillusioned by the ], and turned to the study of ]. In a last act of provocation, he again adhered to Jacques Doriot's PPF, simultaneously declaring in his secret diary his admiration for ]. | ||
| At the ] in 1944, Drieu had to go into hiding. Despite the protection of ], and after a failed first attempt in July 1944, he committed ] on ] ]. Suicide had been a constant temptation throughout his adult life. Like ], his death caused him to be revered as a martyr by ] and others who shared his deep dissatisfaction with bourgeois society.{{fact}} | At the ] in 1944, Drieu had to go into hiding. Despite the protection of ], and after a failed first attempt in July 1944, he committed ] on ], ]. Suicide had been a constant temptation throughout his adult life. Like ], his death caused him to be revered as a martyr by ] and others who shared his deep dissatisfaction with bourgeois society.{{fact}} | ||
| ==Works== | ==Works== | ||
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Pierre Eugène Drieu La Rochelle (January 3, 1893 – March 15, 1945) was a French writer of novels, short stories and political essays, who lived and died in Paris. He became a proponent of French fascism in the 1930s, and was a well-known collaborationist during the Vichy period.
Early life
Drieu was born in a middle class, petit bourgeois and nationalist family from Normandy, based in the XVIIIth arrondissement of Paris. His father was a failed businessman and womanizer who married his mother for her dowry. Although a brilliant student, Pierre failed his final exam at the Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques. Injured three times, his experience as a soldier during World War I marked him for the rest of his life.
In 1917, Drieu married Colette Jéramec, the sister of a Jewish friend. The marriage ended in failure and they divorced in 1921. Sympathetic to the dadaist movement, the surrealist and the communists, and a close friend of Louis Aragon in the 1920s, he was also interested in the royalist Action Française, but refused to adhere to any one of these political currents. He wrote Mesure de la France ("Measure of France") in 1922, which gave him a small notoriety, and edited several novels. He later (beginning in the 1930s) embraced fascism and Anti-semitism.
In Drieu's political writings, he argued that the parliamentary system (the gouvernement d'assemblée of the French Third Republic) was responsible for what he saw as the decadence of France (economic crisis, declining birth rates etc.) In Le Jeune Européen ("European Youth", 1927) and Genève ou Moscou ("Geneva or Moscow", 1928), Drieu La Rochelle advocated a strong Europe and denounced the "decadent materialism" of democracy. He believed that a federal Europe could bolster a strong economic and political union isolated from the imperialist Russians and Americans; in 1939 he was left to believe that only Nazi Germany could deliver such an autarkian promise. His pro-European views exposed in 1928 were soon followed by closer contacts with the employers' organization, among which Ernest Mercier's Redressement français, and then with some currents of the Radical Party at the end of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s.
Fascism and collaboration
As late as 1931, in L'Europe contre les patries ("Europe Against the Nations"), Drieu was writing as an anti-Hitlerian, but by 1934, especially after the February 6, 1934 riots organized by far right leagues before the Palais Bourbon, and then a visit to Nazi Germany in September 1935 (where he witnessed the Reichsparteitag rally in Nuremberg), he embraced Nazism as an antidote to the "mediocrity" of liberal democracy. After the February 6, 1934 riots, he collaborated to the review La Lutte des Jeunes and reinvidicated himself as a fascist. Representative of his politics at the time was the title of his October 1934 book Socialisme fasciste ("Fascist socialism"), in which he described his discontent with Marxism as answer to France's problems, and found inspiration with George Sorel and Fernand Pelloutier, and the earlier French socialism of Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Proudhon.
Drieu La Rochelle joined Jacques Doriot's fascist Parti Populaire Français (PPF) in 1936, and became the editor of its review, L'Emancipation Nationale, until his rupture with the party beginning of 1939. In 1937, with Avec Doriot, he was arguing for a specifically French fascism. He continued writing his most famous novel, Gilles, during this time.
He supported collaborationism and the Nazis' occupation of northern France. After the occupation of Paris, Drieu succeeded Jean Paulhan (whom he saved twice from the hands of the Gestapo) as director of the Nouvelle Revue Française and thus became a leading figure of French cultural collaboration with the Nazi occupiers, whom he hoped would become the leader of a "Fascist International". His friendship with the German ambassador in Paris, Otto Abetz, pre-dated the war. Starting from 1943, however, he got disillusioned by the New Order, and turned to the study of Eastern spirituality. In a last act of provocation, he again adhered to Jacques Doriot's PPF, simultaneously declaring in his secret diary his admiration for Stalinism.
At the liberation of Paris in 1944, Drieu had to go into hiding. Despite the protection of André Malraux, and after a failed first attempt in July 1944, he committed suicide on March 15, 1945. Suicide had been a constant temptation throughout his adult life. Like Robert Brasillach, his death caused him to be revered as a martyr by neo-fascists and others who shared his deep dissatisfaction with bourgeois society.
Works
The following list is not exhaustive.
- Interrogation (1917), poems
- Etat civil (1921)
- Mesure de la France (1922), essay
- L'homme couvert de femmes (1925), novel
- Le Jeune Européen (1927), essay
- Genève ou Moscou (1928), essay
- Une femme à sa fenêtre (1929), novel
- L'Europe contre les patries (1931), essay
- Le Feu Follet (1931). This short novel narrates the last days of a drug addict who commits suicide. It was inspired by the death of Drieu's friend, the surrealist poet Jacques Rigaut. Louis Malle adapted it for the screen in 1963.
- Drôle de voyage (1933), novel
- La comédie de Charleroi (1934), is a collection of short stories in which Drieu attempts to deal with his war trauma.
- Socialisme fasciste (1934), essay
- Beloukia (1936), novel
- Rêveuse bourgeoisie (1937). In this novel, Drieu tells the story of his parents' failed marriage.
- Avec Doriot (1937), political pamphlet
- Gilles (1939) is Drieu's major work. It is at the same time an autobiographical novel and a bitter indictment of inter-war France.
- Ne plus attendre (1941), essay
- Notes pour comprendre le siècle (1941), essay
- Chronique politique (1943), essay
- L'homme à cheval (1943), novel
- Les chiens de paille (1944), novel
- Le Français d'Europe (1944), essay
- Histoires déplaisantes (1963 - posthumous), short stories
- Mémoires de Dirk Raspe (1966 - posthumous), novel
- Journal d'un homme trompé (1978 - posthumous), short stories
- Journal de guerre (1992 - posthumous), war diary
References
- Tucker, William R. (1965). "Fascism and Individualism: The Political Thought of Pierre Drieu La Rochelle". Journal of Politics. 27 (1): 153–177.
- Andreu, Pierre and Grover, Frederic, Drieu la Rochelle, Paris, Hachette 1979.
- Carrol, David, French literary fascism, Princeton University Press 1998.
- Dambre, Marc (ed.), Drieu la Rochelle écrivain et intellectuel, Paris, Presses de la Sorbonne Nouvelle 1995.
- Hervier, Julien, Deux individus contre l’Histoire : Pierre Drieu la Rochelle et Ernst Jünger, Paris, Klincksieck 1978
- Lecarme, Jacques, Drieu la Rochelle ou la bal des maudits, Paris, Presses Universitaires Françaises, 2001.