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Protoscience is a neologism with two meanings. The term may be used to refer to an unscientific field of study that later becomes a science (e.g., astrology was a precursor to modern astronomy). Alternately, it may refer to a field of study that appears to conform to the scientific method, but is either not falsifiable or not yet accepted as science or verified by a consensus of scientists.

Kuhn

The philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn used the word in an essay published in 1974:

...there are many fields — I shall call them proto-sciences — in which practice does generate testable conclusions but which nevertheless resemble philosophy and the arts rather than the established sciences in their developmental patterns. I think, for example, of fields like chemistry and electricity before the mid-eighteenth century, of the study of heredity and phylogeny before the mid-nineteenth, or of many of the social sciences today. In these fields, too, though they satisfy Sir Karl's demarcation criterion, incessant criticism and continual striving for a fresh start are primary forces, and need to be. No more than in philosophy and the arts, however, do they result in clear-cut progress.
I conclude, in short, that the proto-sciences, like the arts and philosophy, lack some element which, in the mature sciences, permits the more obvious forms of progress. It is not, however, anything that a methodological prescription can provide....I claim no therapy to assist the transformation of a proto-science to a science, nor do I suppose anything of this sort is to be had.

— Thomas Kuhn, Criticism and the growth of knowledge

Examples

Early philosophical disciplines that later evolved into branches of modern science are considered to be protosciences.

• Aspects of alchemy served as the foundation for modern chemistry.
• Early astrology included the study of astronomy, cf. Johannes Kepler. Modern astrology, however, is a pseudoscience.

Footnotes

1. Speekenbrink, Maarten (2003-10-28). "De Ongegronde Eis tot Consensus in de Psychologische" (Template:PDF). Retrieved 2006-08-02. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

See also

• Philosophy of science
• Falsifiability
• Pathological science
• Fringe science
• Obsolete scientific theories
• Emergent philosophy
• List of alternative, speculative and disputed theories

External links

• Protoscience Wikicity
• Questions to help distinguish a pseudoscience from a protoscience

• Protoscience