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| '''John Hunyadi''' (''Hunyadi János'' in ], ''Iancu Corvin de Hunedoara'' in ]) (c. ] - ]) was a ] statesman and soldier. | |||
| John was the son of Vajk, a ] of possibly partial ]n descent, who married Elizabeth (''Erzsébet'') Morzsinay. He derived his family name from the small estate of Hunyad (today ]ized to Hunedoara), which came into his father's possession in ]. | |||
| The later epithet ''Corvinus'', adopted by his son ] was originated from the Coat of Arms of the family which showed a raven (''corvus'' in ]). (The ''Silesian Annals'' state that when a raven carried off the ring King Matthias had removed from his finger, Matthias chased the bird down and slew him, retrieving the ring, and in commemoration of this event he took the raven as a symbol for his signet sign. Others think that the Coat of Arms was derived from another property of the family, Raven's Rock (Hollókö in Hungarian). Another legend says that when Matthias was in prison in Prague his mother was able to send him a letter with a raven (and that's why the Hungarian Postal Service had a raven as its symbol for more than a century). | |||
| He has sometimes been confused with an elder brother who died fighting for Hungary about ]. While still a youth, he entered the service of ], who appreciated his qualities and borrowed money from him; he accompanied that monarch to ] in his quest for the imperial crown in ]; took part in the ] in ], and in ] drove the ] from ]. For these services he received numerous estates and a seat in the royal council. In ] ] made him ] of ], the district lying between the Aluta and the ], a most dangerous dignity entailing constant warfare with the Turks. | |||
| On the sudden death of Albert in ] Hunyadi, feeling acutely that the situation demanded a warrior-king on the throne of ], lent the whole weight of his influence to the candidature of the young Polish ] (]), and thus came into collision with the powerful ], the chief supporters of Albert's widow Elizabeth and her infant son, ]. He took a prominent part in the ensuing civil war and was rewarded by Wladislaus III. with the captaincy of the fortress of ] and the ] of ], which latter dignity, however, he shared with his rival ]. | |||
| The burden of the Turkish War now rested entirely on his shoulders. In ] he delivered ] by the victory of Semendria. In ], not far from ], on which he bad been forced to retire, he annihilated an immense Turkish host, and recovered for Hungary the suzerainty of ] and ]; and in July he vanquished a third Turkish army near the Iron Gates. These victories made Hunyadi's name terrible to the Turks and renowned throughout ], and stimulated him in ] to undertake, along with King Wladislaus, the famous expedition known as the ''hosszú hodború'' or "long campaign." Hunyadi, at the head of the vanguard, crossed the ] through the ], captured ], defeated three Turkish ]s, and, after taking ], united with the royal army and defeated ] at ]. The impatience of the king and the severity of the winter then compelled him (February ]) to return home, but not before he had utterly broken the sultan's power in ], ], Serbia, ] and ]. | |||
| No sooner had he regained Hungary than he received tempting offers from the pope, represented by the legate ], from ], despot of Serbia, and ], prince of Albania, to resume the war and realize his favourite idea of driving the Turk from Europe. All the preparations had been made, when Murad's envoys arrived in the royal camp at ] and offered a ten years' truce on advantageous terms. Both Hunyadi and Branković counselled their acceptance, and Wladislaus swore on the Gospels to observe them. | |||
| Two days later Cesarini received the tidings that a fleet of galleys had set off for the Bosporus to prevent Murad (who, crushed by his recent disasters, had retired to ]) from recrossing into ], and the cardinal reminded the king that he had sworn to co-operate by land if the western powers attacked the Turks by sea. He then, by virtue of his legatine powers, absolved the king from his second oath, and in July the Hungarian army recrossed the frontier and advanced towards the ] coast in order to march to ] escorted by the galleys. | |||
| Branković, however, fearful of the sultan's vengeance in case of disaster, privately informed Murad of the advance of the Christian host, and prevented Gjergj Kastrioti from joining it. On reaching ], the Hungarians found that the Venetian galleys had failed to prevent the transit of the sultan, who now confronted them with fourfold odds, and on the ] ] they were utterly routed, Wladislaus falling on the field and Hunyadi narrowly escaping. | |||
| At the diet which met in February ] a provisional government, consisting of five ] captain-generals, was formed, Hunyadi receiving ] and the ultra-Theissian counties as his district; but the resulting anarchy became unendurable, and on the ] ] Hunyadi was unanimously elected governor of Hungary in the name of Ladislaus V, with regal powers. His first act as governor was to proceed against the German king ], who refused to deliver up the young king. After ravaging ], ] and ] and threatening ], Hunyadi's difficulties elsewhere compelled him to make a truce with Frederick for two years. | |||
| In ] he received a golden chain and the title of prince from ], and immediately afterwards resumed the war with the Turks. He lost the two days' battle of ] (]th-]th) owing to the treachery of Dan, ] of Wallachia, and of his old enemy Branković, who imprisoned him for a time in the dungeons of the fortress of Semendria; but he was ransomed by the Magyars, and, after composing his differences with his powerful and jealous enemies in Hungary, led a punitive expedition against the Serbian prince, who was compiled to accept most humiliating terms of peace. | |||
| In ] Hunyadi went to ] to negotiate with Frederick the terms of the surrender of Ladislaus V, but no agreement could be reached, whereupon the Cilleis and Hunyadi's other enemies accused him of conspiracy to overthrow the king. He stopped the criticism by relinquishing his titles and privileges to the young king. On his return to Hungary at the beginning of ], Ladislaus created him count of ] and captain-general of the kingdom. | |||
| Meanwhile the Turkish question had again become acute, and it was plain, after the ] in ], that ] was rallying his resources in order to subjugate Hungary. His immediate objective was Belgrade, and thither, at the end of ], Hunyadi repaired, after a public reconciliation with all his enemies. At his own expense he provisioned and armed the fortress, and leaving in it a strong garrison under the command of his brother-in-law ] and his own eldest son ], he proceeded to form a relief army and a fleet of two hundred ]s. To the eternal shame of the Magyar nobles, he was left entirely to his own resources. His one ally was the ] friar, ], who preached a crusade so effectually that the peasants and yeomanry, ill-armed (most of them had but slings and scythes) but full of enthusiasm, flocked to the standard of Hunyadi, the kernel of whose host consisted of a small band of seasoned mercenaries and a few banderia of noble horsemen. | |||
| On the ] ] Hunyadi with his flotilla destroyed the Turkish fleet; on the ]st Szilágyi beat off a fierce assault, and the same day Hunyadi, taking advantage of the confusion of the Turks, pursued them into their camp, which he captured after a desperate encounter. Mehmed thereupon raised the siege and returned to Constantinople, and the independence of Hungary was secured for another seventy years. The Magyars had, however, to pay dearly for this crowning victory, the hero dying of plague in his camp three weeks later (] ]). | |||
| We are so accustomed to regard Hunyadi as the epitome of Christian ] that we are apt to forget that he was a great captain and a great statesman as well as a great hero. It has well been said that he fought with his head rather than with his arm. He was the first to recognize the insufficiency and the unreliability of the feudal levies, the first to employ a regular army on a large scale, the first to depend more upon strategy and tactics than upon mere courage. He was in fact the first Hungarian general in the modern sense of the word. It was only late in life that he learnt to read and write, and his ] was always very defective. He owed his influence partly to his natural genius and partly to the transparent integrity and nobility of his character. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| * J Teleki, ''The Age of the Hunyadis in Hungary'' (Hung.), (Pesth, 1852-1857; supplementary volumns by D Cs~inki 1895) | |||
| * ], ''Genus, incunabula et virtus Joannis Corvini de Hunyad'' (Buda, 1844) | |||
| * J de Chassin, ''Jean de Hunyad'' (Paris, 1859) | |||
| * A Pcr, ''Life of Hunyadi'' (Hung.) (Budapest, 1873) | |||
| * V Fraknói, ''Cardinal Carjaval and his Missions to Hungary'' (Hung) (Budapest, 1889) | |||
| * P Frankl, ''Der Friede von Szegedin und die Geschichte seines Bruches'' (Leipzig, 1904) | |||
| * RN Bain, "The Siege of Belgrade, 1456" (''Eng. Hist. Rev.'', 1892) | |||
| * A Bonfini, ''Rerum ungaricarum libri xlv, editio septima'' (Leipzig, 1771). | |||
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