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| The Scottish traveler ] reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from ], noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim ] depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam ] of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the ] front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area.<ref name="MB01">{{cite book|author=Okbazghi Yohannes|title=A Pawn in World Politics: Eritrea|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=sG41eDVRDnoC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=23 December 2014|year=1991|publisher=University of Florida Press|isbn=0-8130-1044-6|pages=31–32}}</ref> | The Scottish traveler ] reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from ], noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim ] depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam ] of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the ] front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area.<ref name="MB01">{{cite book|author=Okbazghi Yohannes|title=A Pawn in World Politics: Eritrea|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=sG41eDVRDnoC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=23 December 2014|year=1991|publisher=University of Florida Press|isbn=0-8130-1044-6|pages=31–32}}</ref> | ||
| James Bruce in his book published in 1805 reported Hadawi, the seat of Baharanagash, was part of the Tigré province of Abyssinia which was ruled by Ras ] at the time of his travel. The officer in Hadawi watches over the Naybe of Masawa (province of Turk's ]), and starve him into obedience by intercepting his provisions, whenever the governor of Tigré and the officer in Hadawi find it necessary. Bruce also located Tigré between ] and the river ] and stated many large governments, such as Enderta and Antalow, and the great part of Baharhagash were part of Tigré province.<ref name=A10-1>James Bruce . Published in 1805 pp. 171 Google Books</ref><ref name=A10-2>James Bruce . Published in 1805 pp. 128 Google Books</ref><ref name=A10-3>James Bruce . Published in 1805 pp. 229 & 230 Google Books</ref> | |||
| The territory became an Ottoman province or ] known as the ]. Massawa served as the new province's first capital. When the city became of secondary economic importance, the administrative capital was soon moved across the Red Sea to ]. Its headquarters remained there from the end of the 16th century to the early 19th century, with Medina temporarily serving as the capital in the 18th century.<ref name=encaet>{{cite book|author=Siegbert Uhlig|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=X38lxaUjm1MC&pg=PA951|accessdate=2013-06-01|year=2005|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05238-2|page=951}}</ref> | The territory became an Ottoman province or ] known as the ]. Massawa served as the new province's first capital. When the city became of secondary economic importance, the administrative capital was soon moved across the Red Sea to ]. Its headquarters remained there from the end of the 16th century to the early 19th century, with Medina temporarily serving as the capital in the 18th century.<ref name=encaet>{{cite book|author=Siegbert Uhlig|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=X38lxaUjm1MC&pg=PA951|accessdate=2013-06-01|year=2005|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05238-2|page=951}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 20:36, 19 January 2017
| Medri Bahri ('Land of the Sea')Medri Bahri ምድሪ ባሕሪ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1137–1890 | |||||||||
| Capital | Debarwa | ||||||||
| Common languages | Geez · Tigrinya | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Bahri Negash | |||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
| • Established | 1137 | ||||||||
| • Italian Eritrea | 1890 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of |  Eritrea | ||||||||
Template:Contains Ethiopic text Medri Bahri (Template:Lang-ti) was a medieval kingdom in the Horn of Africa. Situated in modern-day Eritrea, it was ruled by the Bahri Negus (also called the Bahri Negasi), whose capital was located at Debarwa.
Overview
After the end of the Kingdom of Aksum, the Eritrean highlands were under the domain of Bahr Negash, which was ruled by the Bahr Negus. The area was then known as Ma'ikele Bahr ("between the seas/rivers," i.e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river). It was later renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash, the Medri Bahri ("Sea land" in Tingrinya, although it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia). With its capital at Debarwa, the state's main provinces were Hamasien, Serae that formed one district, and this was politically, the most important district in the territory, and Akele Guzai. Later, Akele Guzai rejected the rule of the Bahr Negassi and remained independent, but was internally divided into several small free districts.
Turks briefly occupied the highland parts of Baharnagash in 1559 and withdraw after they encountered resistance and pushed back by the Bahrnegash and highland forces. In 1578 they tried to expand into the highlands with the help of Bahr Negash Yisehaq who has switched alliances due to power struggle, and by 1589 once again they were apparently compelled to withdraw their forces to the coast. After that Ottomans abandoned their ambitions to establish themselves on the highlands and remained in the lowlands until they left the region by 1872.
The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the Ottoman Empire front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area.
James Bruce in his book published in 1805 reported Hadawi, the seat of Baharanagash, was part of the Tigré province of Abyssinia which was ruled by Ras Mikael Sehul at the time of his travel. The officer in Hadawi watches over the Naybe of Masawa (province of Turk's Habesh Eyalet), and starve him into obedience by intercepting his provisions, whenever the governor of Tigré and the officer in Hadawi find it necessary. Bruce also located Tigré between Red Sea and the river Tekezé and stated many large governments, such as Enderta and Antalow, and the great part of Baharhagash were part of Tigré province.
The territory became an Ottoman province or eyalet known as the Habesh Eyalet. Massawa served as the new province's first capital. When the city became of secondary economic importance, the administrative capital was soon moved across the Red Sea to Jeddah. Its headquarters remained there from the end of the 16th century to the early 19th century, with Medina temporarily serving as the capital in the 18th century.
The Ottomans were eventually driven out in the last quarter of the 16th century. However, they retained control over the seaboard until the establishment of Italian Eritrea in the late 1800s.
References
- ^ Edward Denison, Guang Yu Ren, Naigzy Gebremedhin Asmara: Africa's secret modernist city, 2003. (page 20)
- Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia (1270–1527) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p.74.
- Daniel Kendie, The Five Dimensions of the Eritrean Conflict 1941–2004: Deciphering the Geo-Political Puzzle. United States of America: Signature Book Printing, Inc., 2005, pp.17-8.
- Mikael Hasama Raka, Future Life and Occult Beings 1984, p. 3.
- Jonathan Miran Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa. Indiana University Press, 2009, pp. 38-39 & 91 Google Books
- Jonathan Miran Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa. Indiana University Press, 2009, pp. 38-39 & 91 Google Books
- ^ Okbazghi Yohannes (1991). A Pawn in World Politics: Eritrea. University of Florida Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 0-8130-1044-6. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
- James Bruce Travels through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt .... Published in 1805 pp. 171 Google Books
- James Bruce Travels through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt .... Published in 1805 pp. 128 Google Books
- James Bruce Travels through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt .... Published in 1805 pp. 229 & 230 Google Books
- Siegbert Uhlig (2005). Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 951. ISBN 978-3-447-05238-2. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
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