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{{pp-pc1|expiry=00:42, 24 February 2017|small=yes}} |
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{{about|the game}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}} |
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'''Bowling''' refers to a series of ]s or leisure activities in which a player rolls or throws a ] towards a target. It is one of the major forms of ]. In pin bowling variations, the target is usually to knock over ] at the end of a lane. When all the pins are knocked down on the first roll, this is a strike. In target variations, the aim is usually to get the ball as close to a ] as possible. The pin version of bowling is often played on a flat wooden or other synthetic surface (which can be oiled in different patterns for different techniques),<ref></ref> while in target bowling, the surface may be grass, gravel or a synthetic surface.<ref>{{cite book |last=Crystal-Mark |title=Laws of the Sport of Bowls| year=2010 |publisher=World Bowls Ltd |ref=harv |page=9}}</ref> The most common ] of pin bowling include ], ], ], ] and ], while in target bowling, ], ], ], ], ], ], and ], both indoor and outdoor varieties are popular. Today the sport of bowling is played by 100 million people in more than 90 countries worldwide (including 70 million in the United States),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfmba.com/tidbits.htm|title=Niagara Falls Bowling Association|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> and continues to grow through entertainment media such as video games for home consoles and handheld devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vir2l.com/gamepages/gamepage-amfpinbusters-ngage.php/|title=Bethsoft.com|work=Bethsoft.com|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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The term ''bowling'' in the United States and Canada most frequently refers to ten-pin bowling; in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries it more often refers to lawn bowls. |
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==History== |
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===From prehistory through the Middle Ages=== |
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The earliest known forms of bowling date to ]<ref name="bowlingmuseum1">{{cite web|url=http://helpwithbowling.com/history-origins-of-bowling.php|title=Bowling History - Origin of Bowling|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> and the ]. Remnants of balls used at the time were found among artifacts in ancient Egypt going back to 3200 BC <ref name=Pretsell>{{cite book |last=Pretsell|first=James M. |title=The Game of Bowls Past and Present| year=1908 |publisher=Oliver & Boyd |ref=harv |page=1}}</ref> Balls were made using the husks of grains, covered in material such as leather, and bound with string. Other balls made of porcelain have also been found, indicating that these were rolled along the ground rather than thrown due to their size and weight.<ref name=Pretsell/> Some of these resemble the modern day jack used in target bowl games. Bowling games of different forms are also noted by ] as an invention of the ] in ].{{sfn|Pretsell|1908|p=2}} About 2,000 years ago a similar game evolved between Roman legionaries entailing the tossing of stone objects as close as possible to other stone objects, which eventually evolved into Italian ], or outdoor bowling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://canbowl.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=331:a-little-bowling-history&catid=18:general&Itemid=62|title=A little Bowling History|author=Administrator|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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About 400 AD bowling began in Germany as a religious ritual to cleanse oneself from sin by rolling a rock into a club (kegel) representing the heathen, causing bowlers to be called keglers.<ref name="www.britannica.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/sports/bowling|title=bowling - game|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1299 the oldest known bowling green for target style bowling to survive to modern times was built, Master's Close (now the Old Bowling Green of the Southampton Bowling Club) in ]; it is still in use.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linney | first=E.J. |title=A History of the Game of Bowls| year=1933 |publisher=Edingburgh Press |ref=harv |page=22}}</ref> |
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In 1325 laws were passed in ] and ] limiting bets on lawn bowling to five shillings.<ref name="www.britannica.com"/> |
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In 1366 the first official mention of bowling in ] was made when King ] banned it as a distraction to archery practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bowlingmuseum.com/Visit/History-of-Bowling|title=Bowling Museum & Hall of Fame > Visit > History of Bowling|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In the 15th-17th centuries lawn bowling spread from Germany into Austria, Switzerland, and the Low Countries, with playing surfaces |
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made of cinders or baked clay.<ref name="www.britannica.com"/> |
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In 1455 lawn bowling lanes in ] were first roofed-over, turning bowling into an all-weather game.<ref name="www.britannica.com"/> In Germany they were called kegelbahns, often attached to taverns and guest houses. |
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In 1463 a public feast was held in ], with a venison dinner followed by lawn bowling.<ref name="www.britannica.com"/> |
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===To the 16th century=== |
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In 1511 English King ] (an avid bowler) banned bowling for the lower classes, imposing a levy for private lanes to limit them to the wealthy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banwellbowlsclub.com/history.html|title=History of Bowls|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> Another ] passed in 1541 (repealed in 1845) prohibited workers from bowling except on ], and only in their master's home and in his presence. In 1530 he acquired ] in central London as his new residence, having it extensively rebuilt complete with outdoor bowling lanes, indoor tennis court, jousting tiltyard, and cockfighting pit. |
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About 1520 Protestant Reformation founder ] set the number of pins (which varied from 3 to 17) at nine, and built a bowling lane next to his home for his children, sometimes rolling a ball himself.<ref name="www.britannica.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/geneveith/2014/01/luther-and-bowling/|title=Luther and bowling?|work=Cranach|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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On 19 July 1588 English Vice-Admiral Sir ] allegedly was playing bowls at ] when the arrival of the ] was announced, replying "We have time enough to finish the game and beat the Spaniards too."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.localhistories.org/armada.html|title=The Spanish Armada|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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], c. 1655. Many ]s depicted bowling.]] |
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In 1609 ] explorer ] discovered ], bringing Dutch colonization to ] (later New York); Hudson's men brought some form of lawn bowling with them.<ref name="www.britannica.com"/> |
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In 1617 English King ] published '']'', banning bowling on Sundays but permitting dancing and archery for those first attending an Anglican service, outraging Puritans; it was reissued in 1633 by his successor ], then ordered publicly burned in 1643 by the Puritan Parliament. |
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In 1670 Dutchmen liked to bowl at the Old King’s Arms Tavern near modern-day 2nd and Broadway in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bowlingmuseum.com/Visit/Online-Exhibits|title=Bowling Museum & Hall of Fame > Visit > Online Exhibits|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1733 ] in New York City was built on the site of a Dutch cattle market and parade ground, becoming the city's oldest public park to survive to modern times. |
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===In the 19th century=== |
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A painting which dates from around 1810, and has been on display at the International Bowling Hall of Fame and Museum, formerly located in St. Louis, Missouri (before its relocation on Jan 26, 2010, to the International Bowling Campus in Arlington, Texas), shows British bowlers playing a bowling sport outdoors, with a triangular formation of ten pins, chronologically before it appeared in the United States. A photograph of this painting appeared in the pages of the US-based '']'' magazine in 1988.<ref name="Pluckhahn121">Pluckhahn, Bruce; "Bowling Games People Play". ''Bowler's Journal'' magazine, December 1988 issue, pg. 121.</ref> |
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In 1819 New York writer ] made the first mention of ninepin bowling in American literature in his story '']. |
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On 1 January 1840 Knickerbocker Alleys in New York City opened, becoming the first indoor bowling alley.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almanac.com/fact/first-recorded-ten-pin-bowling-match-played-at|title=First recorded ten-pin bowling match played…|work=Old Farmer's Almanac|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1841 the state of ] banned nine-pin bowling to stop gambling, causing ten-pin bowling to be created to get around the law<ref name="bowlingmuseum1"/> — some 31 years after the aforementioned British outdoor ten-pin bowling painting was dated. |
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In 1846 the oldest surviving bowling lanes in the ] were built as part of ], the summer estate of Henry Chandler Bowen (1831-1896) in ]. The lanes, now part of Historic New England's Roseland Cottage House Museum contain Gothic Revival architectural elements in keeping with the style of the entire estate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historicnewengland.org/historic-properties/homes/roseland-cottage |title=Roseland Cottage — Historic New England |publisher=Historicnewengland.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2014}}</ref> |
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In 1848 the ] resulted in accelerated German immigration to the U.S., reaching 5 million by 1900, bringing their love of beer and bowling with them; by the late 19th century they made New York City a center of bowling. |
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In 1848 the ] for lawn bowling was founded in Scotland by 200 clubs; it was dissolved then refounded in 1892. |
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]'' magazine (U.S., 1860) ]] |
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In 1864 ] cotton merchant William Wallace Mitchell (1803–84) published ''Manual of Bowls Playing'', which became a standard reference for lawn bowling in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pelhamsbowlsclub.co.uk/Pages/History.aspx|title=History|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1875 the National Bowling Association (NBA) was founded by 27 local clubs in New York City to standardize rules for ten-pin bowling, setting the ball size and the distance between the foul line and the pins, but failing to agree on other rules; it was superseded in 1895 by the American Bowling Congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnCsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187&lpg=PA187&dq=national+bowling+association+1875|title=Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1880 Justin White of ] invented ]. |
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In the 1880s ] (founded 1845) of ], maker of billiard tables began making bowling balls, pins, and wooden lanes to sell to taverns installing bowling alleys. |
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On 9 September 1895 the modern standardized rules for ten-pin bowling were established in ] by the new ] (later the United States Bowling Congress), who changed the scoring system from a maximum 200 points for 20 balls to a maximum 300 points for 10 balls, and set the maximum ball weight at 16 lbs. and pin distance at 12 inches. The first ABC champion (1906-1921) was Jimmy Smith (1885-1948).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bowlinghistory.wordpress.com/2009/01/19/jimmy-smith-famous-bowler-bibliography/|title=A Jimmy Smith Bibliography|work=Dr. Jake's Bowling History Blog|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> In 1927 Mrs. Floretta "Doty" McCutcheon (1888-1967) defeated Smith in an exhibition match, founding a school that taught 500,000 women how to bowl.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bowl.com/Hall_of_Fame/Hall_of_Famers/Superior_Performance/Floretta_McCutcheon/|title=BOWL.com - Floretta McCutcheon|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ballreviews.com/miscellaneous/floretta-mccutcheon-biography-t71008.0.html|title=Floretta McCutcheon biography|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnCsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187&lpg=PA187|title=Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> In 1993 women were allowed to join the ABC. In 2005 the ABC merged with the Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC) et al. to become the United States Bowling Congress (USBC). |
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The ABC initially used bowling bowls made of ] hardwood from the ], which were eventually supplanted by the ] rubber bowling ball (1905) and the ] Mineralite rubber ball (1914). In 1980 urethane bowling balls were introduced by Ebonite.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ball-evolution%22|title=#1 Online Bowling Pro Shop, New Bowling Balls, Bowling Bags, Bowling Shoes, Bowling Accessories & Supplies|publisher=|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref> |
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In the early 1890s ] was invented in ], spreading to ] about 1899. |
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===In the 20th century=== |
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In 1903 the ] was founded by cricketer ]. On 1 January 2008 it merged with the English Women's Bowling Association to become Bowls England. |
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] |
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In 1903 D. Peifer of Chicago, Illinois invented a handicap method for bowling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bowling2u.com/trivia/game/history_of_bowling.asp|title=History of Bowling|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1905 ] was invented by Willam Wuerthele of ], catching on in ]. |
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Rules for target bowls evolved separately in each of the other countries that adopted the predominantly British game. In 1905 the International Bowling Board was formed;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Bowling-Board|title=International Bowling Board|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> its constitution adopted the laws of the Scottish Bowling Association, with variations allowed at the individual country level.<ref>{{cite book |last=Munro |first=J.P. |title=Bowls Encyclopedia| year=1951 |publisher=Wilke & Co |location=Melbourne Australia |ref=harv |page=167}}</ref> |
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In September 1907 the ] was founded in ], becoming the world's first women's lawn bowling association. |
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In 1909 the first ten-pin bowling alley in Europe was installed in Sweden, but the game failed to catch on in the rest of Europe until after World War II. Meanwhile, ten-pin bowling caught on in Great Britain after hundreds of bowling lanes were installed on U.S. military bases during World War II.<ref name="www.britannica.com"/> |
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In 1913 the monthly '']'' was founded in Chicago, Illinois, continuing to publish to the present day. |
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In late 1916 the ] (WIBC) (originally the Woman's National Bowling Association) was founded in |
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], merging with the United States Bowling Congress in 2005. |
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In 1920-1933 ] in the U.S. caused bowling alleys to disassociate from saloons, turning bowling into a family game and encouraging women bowlers.<ref name="books.google.com"/> |
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On 2 October 1921 the annual Petersen Open Bowling Tournament (a.k.a. The Pete) was first held in Chicago, Ill., becoming bowling's richest tournament of the day. In 1998 it was taken over by AMF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://petersenclassic.com/about-the-petersen-classic/|title=About The Petersen Classic|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1926 the International Bowling Association (IBA) was formed by the U.S., Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, and Finland, holding four world championships by 1936.<ref name="www.britannica.com"/> |
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On 21 March 1934 the National Bowling Writers Association was founded in ] by four bowling journalists; in 1953 it changed its name to the Bowling Writers Association of America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bowlingmedia.wstemp03.com/About-Us/IBMA-History|title=Bowling Media > About Us > IBMA History|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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On 20 August 1939 the National Negro Bowling Association was founded in ], dropping Negro from the title in 1944 and opening membership to all races, reaching 30,000 members in 2007.<ref name="ohio">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/National_Negro_Bowling_Association?rec=2347|title=National Negro Bowling Association - Ohio History Central|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1947 the ] was founded, holding the first Australian women's national lawn bowling championship in ] in 1949, which was won by Mrs. R. Cranley of ]. |
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On 18 April 1948 the Professional Women Bowling Writers (PWBW) was founded in ], admitting men in 1975. On 1 January 2007 it merged with the Bowling Writers Association of America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bowlingmedia.wstemp03.com/About-Us/NWBW-History|title=NWBW History - Bowling Media|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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About 1950 the Golden Age of Ten-Pin Bowling began, in which professional bowlers made salaries rivaling those of baseball, football, and hockey players; it ended in the late 1979s. |
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In 1950-1951 the ABC and WIBC opened membership to blacks.<ref name="ohio" /> |
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In 1951 the first ] tournament was held, becoming one of the four majors in 2000. |
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In 1952 the ] was founded in ] to coordinate international amateur competition in nine-pin and ten-pin bowling. In 1954 the first FIQ World Bowling Championships were held in ]. In 1979 the ] recognized it as the official world governing body for bowling. In 2014 it changed its name to World Bowling. |
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In 1952 ] (AMF) of ] began marketing automatic ] machines, eliminating the need for pinboys and causing bowling to rocket in popularity, making the 1950s the Decade of the Bowler. |
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In 1954 Steve Nagy (1913-1966) became the first person to bowl a perfect 300 game on TV on NBC-TV's "Championship Bowling".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=22550|title=Steve Nagy (1913 - 1966) - Find A Grave Memorial|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bowl-a-roll.blogspot.com/2011/11/perfect-tv-drama-steve-nagy-is.html|title=Bowl A Roll Lanes: Steve Nagy's 300 Game on Championship Bowling|author=Bowl-A-Roll Lanes|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NM_WhRp3E_E|title=Championship Bowling - Steve Nagy 300 (1954)|date=29 June 2014|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref> The PBA later named its sportsmanship award after him. |
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{{multiple image |
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| align = left |
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| direction = horizontal |
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| image1 = Dick Weber in 1986.jpg |
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| width1 = 120 |
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| caption1 = ] (1986) |
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| image2 = Earl Anthony.jpg |
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| width2 = 132 |
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| caption2 = ] (1979) |
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| image3 = Buzz Fazio 1965.jpg |
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| width3 = 121 |
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| caption3 = Buzz Fazio (1965) |
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}} |
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In 1958 the ] (PBA) was founded in ] by ], ], ], ], ], ] et al., reaching 4,300 members in 14 countries worldwide. In 1975 ] became the first PBA member with $100,000 yearly earnings, and the first to reach $1,000,000 total earnings in 1982. In 2000 it was purchased by former executives of ], who moved the PBA headquarters to ]. |
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On 28 November 1960 the first ] in ] was won by ]. In 2002 it was renamed the PBA World Championship, awarding the Earl Anthony Trophy to the winner. |
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In 1960 the ] (PWBA) was founded as the first professional women's bowling association; it went defunct in 2003. |
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In 1960 the ] (NBL) was founded to compete with the PBA, signing name players including ] and ], but failing to sign top star ], after which failure to get a TV contract caused it to fold after its first championship in 1962. |
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In 1962 the ] was founded, sponsored in 1965-1993 by ]. |
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In 1962 the American Wheelchair Bowling Association (AWBA) was founded in ] by Richard F. Carlson.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://awba.org/about-awba/history-of-the-awba/|title=History of the AWBA - AWBA.ORG - Promoting Abilities, not Disability|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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On 3–10 November 1963 the Fifth FIQ World Bowling Championships in ] were attended by 132 men and 45 women (first time) from 19 nations, and featured the debut of Team USA, which won seven of the eight gold medals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uarkpeac.pbworks.com/w/page/5757823/Team%20USA|title=PEAC Course Wiki / Team USA|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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On 25 November 1963 '']'' published the article ''A Guy Named Smith Is Striking It Rich'', revealing that PBA stars made more money than other professional sports stars. "With more than $1 million in prizes to shoot for, the nation's top professional bowlers are rolling in money."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.si.com/vault/1963/11/25/596532/a-guy-named-smith-is-striking-it-rich|title=A GUY NAMED SMITH IS STRIKING IT RICH|author=Robert Boyle|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> Too bad, after the number of bowling alleys in the U.S. zoomed from 65,000 in 1957 to 160,000 in 1962, the U.S. bowling industry boom hit a brick wall in 1963, but this was compensated for by a new boom in Europe and Japan, making 10-pin bowling an international sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bowlersjournal.com/?p=8016|title=Riding the Crest of Bowling’s Boom|work=Bowlers Journal International|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1964 "Mr. Bowling" ] became the first athlete to sign a $1 million endorsement contract, a multi-year deal with ]. |
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In 1964 ], 9-time winner of the Bowling Writers Association of America Female Bowler of the Year Award became the first Superior Performance inductee into the WIBC Hall of Fame. |
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In 1965 the ] was established by the FIQ. |
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On 27 January 1967 the ] (JPBA) was founded in ]. |
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In 1971 the ] was founded by the PBA. |
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In 1978 National Negro Bowling Association pioneer J. Elmer Reed (1903–83) became the first African-American to be inducted into the ABC Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=RJE|title=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: REED, J. ELMER|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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On 16 December 1979 Willie Willis won the Brunswick National Resident Pro Tournament in ], becoming the first African-American bowling champion in the PBA in a non-touring event. In 1980 he became the first African-American in the Firestone Tournament of Champions, placing 13th.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1987-01-29/sports/sp-2003_1_bowling-ball|title=A PIONEER IN BOWLING : Branham Finds Fame--and Fortune--to Be Right Down His Alley|work=latimes|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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On 27 February 1982 ] won the Toledo Trust PBA National Championship, becoming the first bowler to reach $1 million in career earnings. |
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In 1982 the Young American Bowling Alliance was formed from a merger of the American Junior Bowling Congress, the Youth Bowling Association, and the collegiate divisions of the ABC and WIBC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Young-American-Bowling-Alliance|title=Young American Bowling Alliance|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1982 the ] in ] added women's bowls to the events. |
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On 22 November 1986 ] (1962-) became the first African-American to win a PBA national touring event, the Brunswick Memorial World Open in Chicago, Illinois. |
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On 18 September 1988 the ] in ] featured ten-pin bowling as a demonstration sport. |
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In the 1992-1993 season the ABC introduced ] bowling balls, causing perfect 300 scores to increase by 20%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnj4TSwDvacC&pg=PA352&lpg=PA352|title=Now You Know Big Book of Sports|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1995 the first ] was presented. |
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In 1995 the ] in ] opened, becoming known as the Taj Mahal of Tenpins. |
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On 2 February 1997 Jeremy Sonnenfeld (1975-) bowled the first officially sanctioned 900 series of three straight perfect 300 games at Sun Valley Lanes in ], becoming known as "Mr. 900".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journalstar.com/sports/q-a-with-jeremy-sonnenfeld/article_5fbb30ac-7a69-5b92-a36c-141b0e5f98a2.html|title=Q&A with Jeremy Sonnenfeld|author=KEN HAMBLETON / Lincoln Journal Star|work=JournalStar.com|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1998 the ] 10-pin bowling tournament was established. |
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In 2000 the ], named after ] was established as 10-pin bowling's equivalent to golf's ], with Team USA playing Team Europe in a 3-day match. |
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===In the 21st century=== |
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On 31 March 2004 Missy Bellinder (1981-) (later Parkin) became the first woman member of the PBA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.missyparkin.com/about-me|title=About Me|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 2004 the Brunswick Euro Challenge was founded for amateur and pro 10-pin bowling players from Europe, Asia, and the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brunswickbowling.com/news/article/brunswick-names-dream-bowl-palace-host-of-brunswick-euro-challenge-through/|title=Brunswick names Dream-Bowl Palace host of Brunswick Euro Challenge through 2018 - Brunswick|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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On 24 January 2010 ] (1977-) became the first woman to win the PBA Tournament of Champions and the first woman to win a PBA national tour event. |
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In November 2012 after league bowling dropped from 80% to 20% of their business, ] of ] filed for ] for the second time (first in 2001), merging in 2013 with upscale New York-based bowling center operator ] (which didn't support league bowling) in an attempt to turn league bowling around, growing from 276 centers in 2013 to 315 in 2015. |
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In 2013 the PBA League was founded, composed of permanent 5-person teams, with an annual draft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pba.com/Tours/League/|title=The League - PBA.com|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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==Variations== |
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Bowling games can be distinguished into two general classes: |
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===Pin bowling=== |
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]]] |
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]. Her left foot is over the foul line, which would nullify this delivery and score zero points, regardless of any pins knocked over.]] |
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Five main variations are found in ], varying especially in ] and parts of ]: |
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* ]: largest and heaviest pins, and bowled with a large ball with three finger holes, and the most popular type in North America |
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* ]: pins usually attached to strings at the tops, uses a ball without finger holes. |
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* ]: tallest pins, thin with matching ends, and bowled with the smallest and lightest (at {{convert|1.1|kg|lb}}) handheld ball of any bowling sport. |
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* ]: short, squat, and bowled with a handheld ball. |
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* ]: tall, between duckpins and candlepins in diameter with a rubber girdle, bowled with a handheld ball, mostly found in Canada. |
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===Target bowling=== |
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], ]]] |
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Another form of bowling is usually played outdoors on a lawn. At outdoor bowling, the players throw a ball, which is sometimes eccentrically weighted, in an attempt to put it closest to a designated point or slot in the bowling arena. |
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==Health benefits== |
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Bowling is an ] type of ], similar to ] with ]. Bowling helps in burning calories and works muscle groups not usually exercised. The ] and ] in bowling works ]s, ]s, ]s, and ]s in the ]s and promotes ]. While most sports are not suitable for elderly people, it is possible to practice bowling very well at advanced ages.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}} |
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==Accessibility== |
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Technological innovation has made bowling accessible to members of the disabled community. |
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* The IKAN Bowler, a device designed by a ] engineer named Bill Miller, attaches to a wheelchair and allows the user to control the speed, direction, and timing of the ten-pin bowling ball's release. The name comes from the Greek work "ikano", which means "enable".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abilitymagazine.com/IKAN.html|title=''Ability Magazine: IKAN Bowler’’|accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref> |
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* For ] the sport has introduced a number of innovations to enable people with a disability to participate at all levels of the sport, from social through to Olympic Standards: |
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** The use of ] and ] enables bowlers to deliver a bowl minimising the amount of movement required |
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** Wheelchair and green manufacturers have produced modified wheel tyres and ramps to enable wheelchair athletes to access bowls greens. |
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** Modified conditions of play as outlined in ] |
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==In popular culture== |
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===With notable individuals=== |
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====U.S. Presidents==== |
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] |
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In 1948, bowling lanes were first built in the ground floor of the ] of the U.S. Presidential residence, the ], as a birthday gift for then President ], in the location of the 2010s ].<ref name=WHMuseum20151208/> The lanes were moved to the ] in 1955 to make way for a ] room.<ref name=WHMuseum20151208/> |
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In 1969, friends of then U.S. President ], said to be an avid bowler, had a new one-lane alley built in an underground space below the building's North Portico.<ref name=WHMuseum20151208>{{cite web |title=White House Bowling Alley |url=http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/floor0/bowling-alley.htm |publisher=The White House Museum |accessdate=8 December 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701214701/http://www.whitehousemuseum.org/floor0/bowling-alley.htm |archivedate=1 July 2015 |dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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===Onscreen=== |
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====In films==== |
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*Ten-pin bowling is a frequent motif in the 1998 Coen brothers' film '']''. |
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*The 2002 Australian comedy film '']'' centres on activities at a lawn bowls club. |
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*'']'', a 2003 comedy film about a young lawn bowls player, based upon Griff Sanders.<ref name="Blackball">{{cite news | title = From bowling green to silver screen | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/3187925.stm| publisher = BBC News| date = 28 August 2003| accessdate = 4 May 2008}}</ref> |
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====On television==== |
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Bowling is the main theme in the JDrama '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jdorama.com/drama.635.htm |title=Golden Bowl |publisher=jdorama.com |date= |accessdate=16 July 2013}}</ref> |
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===Paintings=== |
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On 28 January 1950 the painting ''Bowling Strike'' by George Hughes (1907-1989)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.curtispublishing.com/bios/Hughes.shtml |title=The Art of Licensing |publisher=Curtis Publishing |date= |accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> appeared on the cover of the '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/artists-gallery/saturday-evening-post-cover-artists/george-hughes-art-gallery|title=George Hughes - The Saturday Evening Post|author=The Saturday Evening Post Society|publisher=|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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In 1982 American expressionist painter ] produced a famous painting of PBA star ]'s million dollar strike.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rogallery.com/neiman_leroy/neiman-million-dollar-strike.htm |title=Leroy Neiman Print - Million Dollar Strike |publisher=Rogallery.com |date= |accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> |
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{{Anchor|Intro10Pin|Introduction to Ten Pin Bowling}} |
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==See also== |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ], so named for the narrow valley north of Taegu, South Korea (dubbed the "Bowling Alley"), where United Nations forces defeated North Korean forces early in the Korean War |
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* ] (FIQ), the top international bowling organization |
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* ] |
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* ] |
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* ] — a game that plays similar to bowling |
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* ], the sport from which alley-based bowling originated |
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* ], Lawn Bowling |
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* ], a 2000 book by ] that argues the decline in league bowling since 1950 is indicative of a decline in social participation by Americans. |
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* ] |
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*] |
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==References== |
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'''Notes''' |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
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'''Further reading''' |
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* Grasso, John & Hartmen, Eric R.(2014) |
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* |
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==External links== |
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{{Commonscat|Bowling}} |
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{{Wiktionary}} |
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*{{EB1911|noprescript=1|wstitle=Bowling}} |
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<!--spacing--> |
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{{Sports of the World Games program}} |
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{{Sports of the World Games program}} |
