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| {{Infobox language | |||
| |name = Armenian | |||
| |nativename = {{lang|hy|հայերէն/հայերեն}} ''hayeren'' | |||
| |pronunciation = {{IPA-hy|hɑjɛˈɾɛn|}} | |||
| |states = ] | |||
| |speakers = 8-12 million | |||
| |ref = e18 | |||
| |dateprefix = ca. | |||
| |date = 2001 – some figures undated | |||
| |familycolor = Indo-European | |||
| |protoname = ] (reconstructed) | |||
| |ancestor2 = ] | |||
| |ancestor3 = ] | |||
| |stand1 =] | |||
| |stand2 = ] | |||
| |nation = ]<br/>] | |||
| |minority = '''Official ''(de jure)'' status:''' | |||
| *]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm|title=Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus|work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research|accessdate=16 June 2014}}</ref> | |||
| *]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm|title=Implementation of the Charter in Hungary|work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research|accessdate=16 June 2014}}</ref> | |||
| *]<ref>{{cite web|title=Iraqi Constitution: Article 4|url=http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf|publisher=The Republic of Iraq Ministry of Interior General Directorate for Nationality|accessdate=16 June 2014|quote=The right of Iraqis to educate their children in their mother tongue, such as Turkmen, Syriac, and A | |||
| }}</ref><ref>{{cite news dadaaa | |||
| |last=Aghajanian | |||
| |title=Intersections: Bad driving signals a need for reflection | |||
| |url=http://articles.glendalenewspress.com/2012-09-04/opinion/tn-gnp-0904-intersections-bad-driving-signals-a-need-for-reflection_1_luxury-cars-car-accident-bad-drivers | |||
| |accessdate=26 May 2014 | |||
| |newspaper=Glendale News-Press | |||
| |date=4 September 2012 | |||
| |quote=...trilingual street signs in English, Armenian, and Spanish at intersections... | |||
| }}</ref>}} | |||
| *]{{efn|The Lebanese government recognizes Armenian as a minority language,<ref>{{cite web|title=About Lebanon|url=http://www.cas.gov.lb/index.php/about-lebanon-en|publisher=Central Administration of Statistics of the Republic of Lebanon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526152210/http://www.cas.gov.lb/index.php/about-lebanon-en|archivedate=26 May 2014|quote=Other Languages: French, English and Armenian}}</ref> particularly for educational purposes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44 of the Convention. Third periodic reports of states parties due in 2003: Lebanon|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/45377eb00.pdf|publisher=]|accessdate=26 May 2014|page=108|date=25 October 2005|quote=Right of minorities to learn their language. The Lebanese curriculum allows Armenian schools to teach the Armenian language as a basic language.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sanjian|first=Ara|title=Armenians and the 2000 Parliamentary Elections in Lebanon|url=http://www.groong.org/ro/ro-20000907.html|work=Armenian News Network / Groong|publisher=]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526153117/http://www.groong.org/ro/ro-20000907.html|archivedate=26 May 2014|quote=Moreover, the Lebanese government approved a plan whereby the Armenian language was to be considered from now on as one of the few 'second foreign languages' that students can take as part of the official Lebanese secondary school certificate (Baccalaureate) exams.}}</ref>}} | |||
| *]{{efn|In education, according to the ]<ref>{{cite book|first=Jilali|last=Saib|contribution=Languages in Turkey|editor1-last=Extra|editor1-first=Guus|editor2-last=Gorter|editor2-first=Durk|title=The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives|year=2001|publisher=Multilingual Matters|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781853595097|page=423|quote=No other language can be taught as a mother language other than Armenian, Greek and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty....}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Okçabol|first1=Rıfat|contribution=Secondary Education in Turkey|editor1-last=Nohl|editor1-first=Arnd-Michael|editor2-last=Akkoyunlu-Wigley|editor2-first=Arzu|editor3-last=Wigley|editor3-first=Simon|title=Education in Turkey|year=2008|publisher=Waxmann Verlag|location=Berlin|isbn=9783830970699|page=65|quote=Private Minority Schools are the school established by Greek, Armenian and Hebrew minorities during the era of the Ottoman Empire and covered by Lausanne Treaty.}}</ref>}} | |||
| |agency = Institute of Language (])<ref>{{cite web|title=H. Acharian Institute of Language|url=http://www.sci.am/resorgs.php?oid=34&langid=1|website=sci.am|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005040613/http://www.sci.am/resorgs.php?oid=34&langid=1|archivedate=5 October 2014|quote=Main Fields of Activity: investigation of the structure and functioning, history and comparative grammar of the Armenian language, exploration of the literary Eastern and Western Armenian Language, dialectology, regulation of literary language, development of terminology}}</ref> | |||
| |script = ]<br/>] | |||
| |iso1 = hy | |||
| |iso2b = arm | |||
| |iso2t = hye | |||
| |lc1 = hye |ld1 = Modern Armenian | |||
| |lc2 = xcl |ld2 = ] | |||
| |lc3 = axm |ld3 = ] | |||
| |lingua = 57-AAA-a | |||
| |glotto = arme1241 | |||
| |glottorefname= Armenian | |||
| |notice = IPA | |||
| |map=Idioma armenio.png | |||
| |mapcaption=The Armenian-speaking world: {{Legend|#0F80FD|regions where Armenian is the language of the majority}} | |||
| }} | |||
| The '''Armenian language''' ({{lang|hy|]: հայերէն; ]: հայերեն}} {{IPA-hy|hɑjɛˈɾɛn|}} ''{{transl|hy|ISO|hayeren}}'') is an ] spoken by the ]. Like Hellenic Greek, it has its own unique branch in the language tree. It is the official language of ] and ]. It has historically been spoken throughout the ] and today is widely spoken in the ]. Armenian has its own unique script, the ], introduced in 405 AD by ]. | |||
| Armenian is an independent branch of the ].<ref></ref> It is of interest to linguists for its distinctive ]s within that family. Armenian exhibits ], although it is not classified as belonging to either of these subgroups. Some linguists tentatively conclude that Armenian, ] (]), ] and ] were dialectally close to each other;<ref name="p. 6">''Handbook of Formal Languages'' (1997) .</ref><ref name="public.iastate.edu"></ref><ref>''Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction'', Benjamin W. Fortson, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, p383.</ref><ref>Hans J. Holm (2011): “Swadesh lists” of Albanian Revisited and Consequences for its position in the Indo-European Languages. The Journal of Indo-European Studies, Volume 39, Number 1&2.</ref> within this hypothetical dialect group, Proto-Armenian was situated between ] (] subgroup) and ] (] subgroup).<ref>Hrach Martirosyan. The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian. Journal of Language Relationship • Вопросы языкового родства • 10 (2013) • Pp. 85—137</ref> | |||
| Armenia was a monolingual country by the 2nd century BC at the latest.<ref>Strabo, Geographica, XI, 14, 5; Հայոց լեզվի համառոտ պատմություն, Ս. Ղ. Ղազարյան։ Երևան, 1981, էջ 33 (Concise History of Armenian Language, S. Gh. Ghazaryan. Yerevan, 1981, p. 33).</ref> Its language has a long literary history, with a 5th-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. Its vocabulary has been influenced by ], particularly ], and to a lesser extent by Greek, ], and ] throughout its history. There are two standardized modern literary forms, ] and ], with which most contemporary dialects are ].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sanjian|first1=Avedis K.|editor1-last=Daniels|editor1-first=Peter T.|editor2-last=Bight|editor2-first=William|editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels|editor2-link=William Bright|title=The World's Writing Systems|chapter=The Armenian Alphabet|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195079937|page=|quote=...Classical (Grabar), Middle, and Modern: two mutually intelligible literary dialects, East and West Armenian.}}</ref> | |||
| ==Classification and origins== | |||
| {{Main article|Proto-Armenian language}} | |||
| {{See also|Armenian hypothesis}} | |||
| {{History of the Armenian language}} | |||
| {{Indo-European}} | |||
| Although the Armenians were known to history much earlier (for example, they were mentioned in the 6th century BC ] and in ]'s 4th century BC history, '']''),<ref>"Armenia as Xenophon Saw It", p. 47, ''A History of Armenia''. Vahan Kurkjian, 2008</ref> the oldest surviving Armenian-language text is the 5th century AD ] translation of ], who created the ] in 405 AD, at which time it had 36 letters. He is also credited by some with the creation of the ]. In ''The Anabasis'', Xenophon describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the Armenian people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=]|title=]|pages=IV.v.2–9}}</ref> | |||
| ===Early contacts=== | |||
| W. M. Austin (1942) concluded<ref>{{cite journal|last=Austin |first=William M. |title=Is Armenian an Anatolian Language? |publisher=Linguistic Society of America |date=January–March 1942 |pages=22–25 |doi=10.2307/409074 |journal=Language |volume=18 |issue=1 |jstor=409074}}</ref> that there was an early contact between Armenian and ], based on what he considered common archaisms, such as the lack of a feminine gender and the absence of inherited long vowels. However, unlike shared innovations (or '']''), the common retention of archaisms (or '']'') is not considered conclusive evidence of a period of common isolated development. | |||
| Soviet linguist ] (1985)<ref>Igor Mikhailovich Diakonov, "Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 105.4 (1985) </ref> noted the presence in ] of what he calls a "Caucasian substratum" identified by earlier scholars, consisting of loans from the ] and ]. Noting that ] peoples inhabited the Armenian homeland in the second millennium BC, Diakonov identifies in Armenian a Hurro-Urartian substratum of social, cultural, and animal and plant terms such as '']'' "slave girl" ( ← Hurr. ''al(l)a(e)ḫḫenne''), ''cov'' "sea" ( ← Urart. ''ṣûǝ'' "(inland) sea"), ''ułt'' "camel" ( ← Hurr. ''uḷtu''), and '']'' "apple(tree)" ( ← Hurr. ''ḫinzuri''). Some of the terms he gives admittedly have an ] or ] provenance, but he suggests they were borrowed through Hurrian or Urartian. Given that these borrowings do not undergo ]s characteristic of the development of Armenian from ], he dates their borrowing to a time before the written record but after the ] stage. | |||
| Loan words from ], along with the other ancient accounts such as that of Xenophon above, initially led linguists to erroneously classify Armenian as an Iranian language. Scholars such as ] and F. Müller believed that the similarities between the two languages meant that Iranian and Armenian were the same language.<ref name="iranicaonline.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/armenia-iv|title=ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref> The distinctness of Armenian was recognized when philologist ] (1875)<ref name="iranicaonline.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/books/read12.html |title=A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics: On the Position of Armenian in the Sphere of the Indo-European Languages |publisher=Utexas.edu |date=2007-03-20 |accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref> used the ] to distinguish two layers of Iranian loans from the older Armenian ]. He showed that Armenian often had 2 morphemes for the one concept, and the non-Iranian components yielded a consistent ] pattern distinct from Iranian, and also demonstrated that the inflectional morphology was different from that in Iranian languages. | |||
| ===Graeco-Armenian hypothesis=== | |||
| {{Main article|Graeco-Armenian}} | |||
| The hypothesis that Greek is Armenian's closest living relative originates with ] (1924), who noted that the number of Greek-Armenian lexical cognates is greater than that of agreements between Armenian and any other Indo-European language. ] (1925, 1927) further investigated morphological and phonological agreement, postulating that the parent languages of Greek and Armenian were dialects in immediate geographical proximity in the ]. Meillet's hypothesis became popular in the wake of his ''Esquisse'' (1936). ] (1960) does not go as far as postulating a Proto-Graeco-Armenian stage, but he concludes that considering both the lexicon and morphology, Greek is clearly the dialect most closely related to Armenian. ] (1976, 91) supports the Graeco-Armenian thesis, anticipating even a time "when we should speak of Helleno-Armenian" (meaning the postulate of a Graeco-Armenian proto-language). Armenian shares the ], and a negator derived from the set phrase ] *''ne h<sub>2</sub>oiu k<sup>w</sup>id'' ("never anything" or "always nothing"), and the representation of word-initial ] by prothetic vowels, and other phonological and morphological peculiarities with Greek. Nevertheless, as Fortson (2004) comments, "by the time we reach our earliest Armenian records in the 5th century AD, the evidence of any such early kinship has been reduced to a few tantalizing pieces". | |||
| ===Greco-Armeno-Aryan hypothesis=== | |||
| {{main article|Graeco-Aryan}} | |||
| Graeco-(Armeno)-Aryan is a hypothetical ] within the ], ancestral to the ], the Armenian language, and the ]. Graeco-Aryan unity would have become divided into ] and ] by the mid-third millennium BC. Conceivably, ] would have been located between Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian, consistent with the fact that Armenian shares certain features only with Indo-Iranian (the '']'' change) but others only with Greek (''s'' > ''h''). | |||
| Graeco-Aryan has comparatively wide support among Indo-Europeanists for the ] to be located in the ], the "]".<ref>Renfrew, A.C., 1987, ''Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins'', London: Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6612-5; ] and ], ''The Early History of Indo-European Languages'', Scientific American, March 1990; {{cite book | last = Renfrew | first = Colin | year = 2003 | chapter = Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European | title = Languages in Prehistoric Europe | isbn = 3-8253-1449-9}}</ref><ref></ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=]|first=James P.|title=Kuro-Araxes Culture|journal=]|year=1997|pages=341–42|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn}}</ref><ref>A. Bammesberger in ''The Cambridge History of the ]'', 1992, ISBN 978-0-521-26474-7, p. 32: the model "still remains the background of much creative work in Indo-European reconstruction" even though it is "by no means uniformly accepted by all scholars".</ref> Early and strong evidence was given by Euler's 1979 examination on shared features in Greek and Sanskrit nominal flection.<ref>Indoiranisch-griechische Gemeinsamkeiten der Nominalbildung und deren indogermanische Grundlagen (= Aryan-Greek Communities in Nominal Morphology and their Indoeuropean Origins; in German) (282 p.), Innsbruck, 1979</ref> | |||
| Used in tandem with the Graeco-Armenian hypothesis, the Armenian language would also be included under the label '''Aryano-Greco-Armenic''', splitting into proto-Greek/Phrygian and "Armeno-Aryan" (ancestor of Armenian and ]).<ref name="p. 6"/><ref name="public.iastate.edu"/> | |||
| ==Evolution== | |||
| ] | |||
| <!-- Deleted image removed: ] --> | |||
| ] (Arm: ''grabar''), attested from the 5th century to the 12th century, was superseded by ], attested from the 12th century to the 18th century. The classical form borrowed numerous words from ], primarily ],<ref name="Diakonoff597">''Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian'', I. M. Diakonoff, '''Journal of the American Oriental Society''', Vol. 105, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1985), 597.</ref> and contains smaller inventories of ]s from Greek,<ref name="Diakonoff597" /> Syriac,<ref name="Diakonoff597" /> Arabic,<ref>''How Did New Persian and Arabic Words Penetrate the Middle Armenian Vocabulary? Remarks on the Material of Kostandin Erznkac'i's Poetry'', Andrzej Pisowicz, '''New Approaches to Medieval Armenian Language and Literature''', edited by Joseph Johannes Sicco Weitenberg, (Rodopi B.V., 1995), 96.</ref> Mongol,<ref>''Tangsux in Armenia'', E. SCHÜTZ, '''Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae''', Vol. 17, No. 1 (1964), 106.</ref> Persian,<ref>Razmik Panossian, ''The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars'', (Columbia University Press, 2006), 39.</ref> and ]s such as ]. An effort to modernize the language in ] and the ] (11–14th centuries) resulted in the addition of two more characters to the alphabet ("{{lang|hy|օ}}" and "{{lang|hy|ֆ}}"), bringing the total number to 38.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ouzounian|first1=Nourhan|editor1-last=Hacikyan|editor1-first=Agop Jack|editor2-last=Basmajian|editor2-first=Gabriel|editor3-last=Franchuk|editor3-first=Edward S.|editor4-last=Ouzounian|editor4-first=Nourhan| display-editors = 3|title=The heritage of Armenian literature|year=2000|publisher=Wayne State Univ. Press|location=Detroit|isbn=0814328156|page=88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvA-oV0alP8C}}</ref> | |||
| The ''Book of Lamentations'' by ] (951–1003) is an example of the development of a literature and writing style in Middle Armenian. In addition to elevating the literary style of the Armenian language, Gregory of Nareg paved the way for his successors to include secular themes in their writings. The thematic shift from mainly religious texts to writings with secular outlooks further enhanced and enriched the vocabulary. “A Word of Wisdom”, a poem by Hovhannes Sargavak devoted to a starling, legitimizes poetry devoted to nature, love, or female beauty. Gradually, the interests of the population at large were reflected in other literary works as well. Konsdantin Yerzinkatsi and several others even take the unusual step of criticizing the ecclesiastic establishment and addressing the social issues of the Armenian homeland. However, these changes represented the nature of the literary style and syntax, but they did not constitute immense changes to the fundamentals of the grammar or the morphology of the language. Often, when writers codify a spoken dialect, other language users are then encouraged to imitate that structure through the literary device known as ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Švejcer|first=Aleksandr D.|title=Contemporary Sociolinguistics: Theory, Problems, Methods|year=1986|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia|isbn=9027215189|page=70|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQhCAAAAQBAJ}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| In the 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland was once again divided. This time ] was conquered from ] by the ], while ], containing two thirds of historical Armenia, remained under ] control. The antagonistic relationship between the Russian and Ottoman empires led to creation of two separate and different environments under which Armenians lived and suffered. Halfway through the 19th century, two important concentrations of Armenian communities were constituted.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Khachaturian|first1=Lisa|title=Cultivating nationhood in imperial Russia the periodical press and the formation of a modern Armenian identity|year=2009|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|isbn=1412813727|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0uY_tuRcx8C}}</ref> Because of persecutions or the search for better economic opportunities, many Armenians living under Ottoman rule gradually moved to ], whereas ] became the center of Armenians living under Russian rule. These two cosmopolitan cities very soon became the primary poles of Armenian intellectual and cultural life.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Krikor Beledian|authorlink1=Kara-Darvish and Armenian Futurism|editor1-last=Berghaus|editor1-first=Günter|title=International Yearbook of Futurism|year=2014|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=3110334100|page=264|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQPpBQAAQBAJ}}</ref> | |||
| The introduction of new literary forms and styles, as well as many new ideas sweeping Europe, reached Armenians living in both regions. This created an ever-growing need to elevate the vernacular, Ashkharhabar, to the dignity of a modern literary language, in contrast to the now-anachronistic Grabar. Numerous dialects developed in the traditional Armenian regions, which, different as they were, had certain morphological and phonetic features in common. On the basis of these features two major variants emerged: | |||
| * Western variant: The influx of immigrants from different parts of the traditional Armenian homeland to Constantinople crystallized the common elements of the regional dialects, paving the way to a style of writing that required a shorter and more flexible learning curve than Grabar. | |||
| * Eastern variant: The ] provided the primary elements of Eastern Armenian, centered in Tbilisi, Georgia. Similar to the Western Armenian variant, the Modern Eastern was in many ways more practical and accessible to the masses than Grabar. | |||
| Both centers vigorously pursued the promotion of Ashkharhabar. The proliferation of newspapers in both versions (Eastern & Western) and the development of a network of schools where modern Armenian was taught, dramatically increased the rate of literacy (in spite of the obstacles by the colonial administrators), even in remote rural areas. The emergence of literary works entirely written in the modern versions increasingly legitimized the language’s existence. By the turn of the 20th century both varieties of the one modern Armenian language prevailed over Grabar and opened the path to a new and simplified grammatical structure of the language in the two different cultural spheres. Apart from minor morphological, phonetic, and grammatical differences, the largely common vocabulary and identical rules of grammatical fundamentals allows users of one variant to understand the other easily.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Waters|first1=Bella|title=Armenia in pictures|year=2009|publisher=VGS/Twenty-First Century Books|location=Minneapolis|isbn=0822585766|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFN6SuymI00C}}</ref> | |||
| After ], the existence of the two modern versions of the same language was sanctioned even more clearly. The ] (1920–1990) used Eastern Armenian as its official language, whereas the diaspora created after the ] preserved the Western Armenian dialect. | |||
| ===Modern changes=== | |||
| ] | |||
| The two modern literary dialects, Western (originally associated with writers in the Ottoman Empire) and Eastern (originally associated with writers in the Russian Empire), removed almost all of their ] in the 20th century, primarily following the ]. | |||
| ==Phonology== | |||
| ] voiceless ] are aspirated in the ], one of the circumstances that is often linked to the ], a version of which postulated that the voiceless occlusives of Proto-Indo-European were aspirated.<ref>James Clackson, ''Indo-European Linguistics, An Introduction'' (2007, Cambridge)<br/>Robert S.P. Beekes, ''Comparative Indo-European Linguistics, An Introduction'' (1995, John Benjamins)<br/>Oswald J.L. Szemerényi, ''Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics'' (1996, Oxford)</ref> | |||
| ===Stress=== | |||
| In Armenian the stress falls on the last syllable unless the last syllable contains {{IPA|}}, in which case it falls on the penultimate one. For instance, <nowiki>]}}<nowiki>]</nowiki>, <nowiki>]}}<nowiki>]</nowiki>, <nowiki>]}}<nowiki>]</nowiki> but <nowiki>]}}<nowiki>]</nowiki> and <nowiki>]}}<nowiki>]</nowiki>. Exceptions to this rule are some words with the final letter {{lang|hy|է}} ({{lang|hy|ե}} in the reformed orthography) ({{lang|hy|մի՛թէ, մի՛գուցե, ո՛րեւէ}}) and sometimes the ordinal numerals ({{lang|hy|վե՛ցերորդ, տա՛սներորդ}}, etc.). | |||
| ===Vowels=== | |||
| {{Armenians}} | |||
| Modern Armenian has six monophthongs. Each vowel phoneme in the table is represented by three symbols. The first indicates the phoneme's pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). After that appears the corresponding letter of the Armenian alphabet. The last symbol is its Latin transliteration (according to ISO 9985). | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |+Armenian vowel phonemes<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}}</ref> | |||
| ! | |||
| ! ] | |||
| ! ] | |||
| ! ] | |||
| |- | |||
| ! style="text-align:left;"| ] | |||
| | class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA link|i}} <br/>{{lang|hy|]}}<br/>i | |||
| | class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | | |||
| | class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA link|u}} <br/>{{lang|hy|]}}<br/>u | |||
| |- | |||
| ! style="text-align:left;"| ] | |||
| | class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA link|ɛ}} <br/>{{lang|hy|]}}, {{lang|hy|]}}<br/>e, ē | |||
| | class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA link|ə}} <br/>{{lang|hy|]}}<br/>ë | |||
| | class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|ɔ}} <br/>{{lang|hy|]}}, {{lang|hy|]}}<br/>o, ò | |||
| |- | |||
| ! style="text-align:left;"| ] | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA link|ɑ}} <br/>{{lang|hy|]}}<br/>a | |||
| |} | |||
| ===Consonants=== | |||
| The following table lists the Eastern Armenian consonantal system. The occlusives and ] have a special aspirated series (transcribed with an ] after the letter): ''p’'', ''t’'', ''c’'', ''k’'' (but ''č''). Each phoneme in the table is represented by three symbols. The first indicates the phoneme's pronunciation in the ] (IPA), after that appears the corresponding letter of the ], and the last symbol is its ]. | |||
| {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | |||
| |+Eastern Armenian consonant phonemes<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|pp=17–20}}</ref> | |||
| ! colspan="2" | | |||
| !] | |||
| !]/<br/>] | |||
| !] | |||
| !] | |||
| !] | |||
| !] | |||
| !] | |||
| |- | |||
| ! colspan="2" | ] | |||
| | {{IPA|/m/}} {{lang|hy|մ}} – m | |||
| | {{IPA|/n/}} {{lang|hy|ն}} – n | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| ! rowspan="3" | ] | |||
| ! <small>]</small> | |||
| | {{IPA|/p/}} {{lang|hy|պ}} – p | |||
| | {{IPA|/t/}} {{lang|hy|տ}} – t | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | {{IPA|/k/}} {{lang|hy|կ}} – k | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| ! <small>]</small> | |||
| | {{IPA|/b/}} {{lang|hy|բ}} – b | |||
| | {{IPA|/d/}} {{lang|hy|դ}} – d | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | {{IPA|/ɡ/}} {{lang|hy|գ}} – g | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| ! <small>]</small> | |||
| | {{IPA|/pʰ/}} {{lang|hy|փ}} – p’ | |||
| | {{IPA|/tʰ/}} {{lang|hy|թ}} – t’ | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | {{IPA|/kʰ/}} {{lang|hy|ք}} – k’ | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| ! rowspan="3" | ] | |||
| ! <small>]</small> | |||
| | | |||
| | {{IPA|/t͡s/}} {{lang|hy|ծ}} – ç | |||
| | {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} {{lang|hy|ճ}} – č̣ | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| ! <small>]</small> | |||
| | | |||
| | {{IPA|/d͡z/}} {{lang|hy|ձ}} – j | |||
| | {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} {{lang|hy|ջ}} – ǰ | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| ! <small>]</small> | |||
| | | |||
| | {{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}} {{lang|hy|ց}} – c’ | |||
| | {{IPA|/t͡ʃʰ/}} {{lang|hy|չ}} – č | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| ! rowspan="2" | ] | |||
| ! <small>]</small> | |||
| | {{IPA|/f/}} {{lang|hy|ֆ}} – f | |||
| | {{IPA|/s/}} {{lang|hy|ս}} – s | |||
| | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} {{lang|hy|շ}} – š | |||
| | | |||
| |colspan=2| {{IPA|/x ~ χ/}}<sup>1</sup> {{lang|hy|խ}} – x | |||
| | {{IPA|/h/}} {{lang|hy|հ}} – h | |||
| |- | |||
| ! <small>]</small> | |||
| | {{IPA|/v/}} {{lang|hy|վ}} – v | |||
| | {{IPA|/z/}} {{lang|hy|զ}} – z | |||
| | {{IPA|/ʒ/}} {{lang|hy|ժ}} – ž | |||
| | | |||
| |colspan=2| {{IPA|/ɣ ~ ʁ/}}<sup>1</sup> {{lang|hy|ղ}} – ġ | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| ! colspan="2" | ] | |||
| | {{IPA|}} | |||
| | {{IPA|/l/}} {{lang|hy|լ}} – l | |||
| | | |||
| | {{IPA|/j/}} {{lang|hy|յ}} – y | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| ! colspan="2" | ] | |||
| | | |||
| | {{IPA|/r/}} {{lang|hy|ռ}} – ṙ | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| ! colspan="2" | ] | |||
| | | |||
| | {{IPA|/ɾ/}} {{lang|hy|ր}} – r | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| | | |||
| |} | |||
| # Sources differ on the place of articulation of these consonants. | |||
| The major phonetic difference between dialects is in the reflexes of Classical Armenian ]. The seven dialect types have the following correspondences, illustrated with the t–d series:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Price|1998}}</ref> | |||
| ::{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | |||
| |+Correspondence in initial position | |||
| !] | |||
| |*{{IPA|d}} | |||
| |*{{IPA|dʰ}} | |||
| |*{{IPA|t}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |{{IPA|d}} | |||
| |{{IPA|dʱ}} | |||
| |{{IPA|tʰ}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |{{IPA|t}} | |||
| |{{IPA|dʱ}} | |||
| |{{IPA|tʰ}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !] | |||
| |colspan=2|{{IPA|d}} | |||
| |{{IPA|tʰ}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !], ] | |||
| |{{IPA|d}} | |||
| |{{IPA|t}} | |||
| |{{IPA|tʰ}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !], ] | |||
| |{{IPA|d}} | |||
| |colspan=2|{{IPA|tʰ}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !], ], ] | |||
| |{{IPA|t}} | |||
| |{{IPA|d}} | |||
| |{{IPA|tʰ}} | |||
| |- | |||
| !], ] | |||
| |colspan=2|{{IPA|t}} | |||
| |{{IPA|tʰ}} | |||
| |} | |||
| ==Morphology== | |||
| Armenian corresponds with other Indo-European languages in its structure, but it shares distinctive sounds and features of its grammar with neighboring ]. Armenian is rich in combinations of consonants.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kortmann|first=Bernd|last2=van der Auwera|first2=Johan|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vi_VCm51kpkC|year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3110220261|page=129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The New Armenia, Vol. 11-12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nLnAAAAMAAJ&|year=1919|publisher=New Armenia Publishing Company|isbn=1248372786|page=160}}</ref> Both classical Armenian and the modern spoken and literary dialects have a complicated system of noun declensions, with six or seven noun cases but no gender. In modern Armenian the use of auxiliary verbs to show tense (comparable to will in "he will go") has generally supplemented the inflected verbs of ]. Negative verbs are conjugated differently from positive ones (as in English "he goes" and "he does not go"). Grammatically, early forms of Armenian had much in common with classical ] and ], but the modern language, like modern Greek, has undergone many transformations. With time the Armenian language made a transition from a synthetic language (Classical Armenian) to a typical analytic language (Modern Armenian), with Middle Armenian as a midpoint in this transition. | |||
| ===Noun=== | |||
| Classical Armenian has no ], not even in the pronoun, but there is a feminine suffix ({{lang|hy|-ուհի}} "-uhi"). For example, {{lang|hy|ուսուցիչ}} (''usuts'ich'', "teacher") becomes {{lang|hy|ուսուցչուհի}} (''usuts'chuhi'', female teacher). This suffix, however, does not have a grammatical effect on the sentence. The nominal inflection, however, preserves several types of inherited stem classes. Nouns are declined for one of seven cases: ], ], ], ], ], ], or ]. | |||
| ;Examples of noun declensions | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |+{{lang|hy|Հեռախոս}} {{transl|hy|''Heṙaxos''}} (telephone) | |||
| !Case | |||
| !Singular | |||
| !Plural | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Nominative''' (ուղղական ''uxxakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոս'''(ը-ն)*'''}} heṙaxos(ë-n)* | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոսներ'''(ը-ն)*'''}} heṙaxos-ner(ë-n)* | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Accusative''' (հայցական ''haycakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոս'''ը(-ն)*'''}} heṙaxos'''ë(-n)*''' | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոսներ'''ը(-ն)*'''}} heṙaxos-ner'''ë(-n)*''' | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Genitive''' (սեռական ''serakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոս'''ի'''}} heṙaxos'''i''' | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոսներ'''ի'''}} heṙaxos-ner'''i''' | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Dative''' (տրական ''trakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոս'''ին'''}} heṙaxos'''in''' | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոսներ'''ին'''}} heṙaxos-ner'''in''' | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Ablative''' (բացառական ''bacarakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոս'''ից'''}} heṙaxos'''ic̕ ''' | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոսներ'''ից'''}} heṙaxos-ner'''ic̕''' | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Instrumental''' (գործիական ''gorciakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոս'''ով'''}} heṙaxos'''ov''' | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոսներ'''ով'''}} heṙaxos-ner'''ov''' | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Locative''' (ներգոյական ''nergoyakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոս'''ում'''}} heṙaxos'''owm''' | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հեռախոսներ'''ում'''}} heṙaxos-ner'''owm''' | |||
| |} | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |+{{lang|hy|Մայր}} {{transl|hy|''Mayr''}} (mother) | |||
| !Case | |||
| !Singular | |||
| !Plural | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Nominative''' (ուղղական ''uxxakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|մայր'''(ը-ն)*'''}} mayr'''(ë-n)*''' | |||
| |{{lang|hy|մայրեր'''(ը-ն)*'''}} mayr-er'''(ë-n)*''' | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Accusative '''(հայցական ''haycakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|մայր'''ը(-ն)*'''}} mayr'''ë(-n)*''' | |||
| |{{lang|hy|մայրեր'''ը(-ն)*'''}} mayr-er'''ë(-n)*''' | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Genitive '''(սեռական ''serakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|մ'''որ'''}} m'''or''' | |||
| |{{lang|hy|մայրեր'''ի'''}} mayr-er'''i''' | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Dative '''(տրական ''trakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|մ'''որը(-ն)*'''}} m'''orë(-n)*''' | |||
| |{{lang|hy|մայրեր'''ին'''}} mayr-er'''in''' | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Ablative '''(բացառական ''bacarakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|մ'''որից'''}} m'''oric̕ ''' | |||
| |{{lang|hy|մայրեր'''ից'''}} mayr-er'''ic̕ ''' | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Instrumental '''(գործիական ''gorciakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|մ'''որով'''}} m'''orov''' | |||
| |{{lang|hy|մայրեր'''ով'''}} mayr-er'''ov''' | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Locative '''(ներգոյական ''nergoyakan'') | |||
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
| |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |||
| |} | |||
| Animated nouns do not decline for locative case. | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |+{{lang|hy|Հանրապետություն}} {{transl|hy|''Hanrapetut’yun''}} (republic) | |||
| !Case | |||
| !Singular | |||
| !Plural | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Nominative '''(ուղղական ''uxxakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետություն'''(ը-ն)*'''}} | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետություններ'''(ը-ն)*'''}} | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Accusative '''(հայցական ''haycakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետություն'''ը(-ն)*'''}} | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետություններ'''ը(-ն)*'''}} | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Genitive '''(սեռական ''serakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետությ'''ան'''}} | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետություններ'''ի'''}} | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Dative '''(տրական ''trakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետությ'''անը(-ն)*'''}} | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետություններ'''ին'''}} | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Ablative '''(բացառական ''bacarakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետություն'''ից'''}} | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետություններ'''ից'''}} | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Instrumental '''(գործիական ''gorciakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետությ'''ամբ'''}} | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետություններ'''ով'''}} | |||
| |- | |||
| |'''Locative '''(ներգոյական ''nergoyakan'') | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետություն'''ում'''}} | |||
| |{{lang|hy|հանրապետություններ'''ում'''}} | |||
| |} | |||
| ===Verb=== | |||
| {{Main article|Armenian verbs}} | |||
| Verbs in Armenian have an expansive system of ] with two main verb types (three in Western Armenian) changing form based on ], ] and ]. | |||
| ==Dialects== | |||
| {{See also|Classification des dialectes arméniens}} | |||
| ]: | |||
| {{legend|#00FF00|-owm dialects, nearly corresponding to Eastern Armenian}} | |||
| {{legend|#808080|-el dialects (intermediate)}} | |||
| {{legend|#FFD800|-gë dialects, nearly corresponding to Western Armenian}}]] | |||
| Armenian is a ], having two modern ] forms: ] and ]. The most distinctive feature of Western Armenian is that it has undergone several phonetic mergers; these may be due to proximity to Arabic- and Turkish-speaking communities. | |||
| For example, Eastern Armenian speakers pronounce ({{lang|hy|թ}}) as an aspirated "t" as in "tiger", ({{lang|hy|դ}}) like the "d" in "develop", and ({{lang|hy|տ}}) as a ] occlusive, sounding somewhere between the two as in "s'''t'''op." Western Armenian has simplified the occlusive system into a simple division between voiced occlusives and aspirated ones; the first series corresponds to the tenuis series of Eastern Armenian, and the second corresponds to the Eastern voiced and aspirated series. Thus, the Western dialect pronounces both ({{lang|hy|թ}}) and ({{lang|hy|դ}}) as an aspirated "t" as in "tiger", and the ({{lang|hy|տ}}) letter is pronounced like the letter "d" as in "develop". | |||
| There is no precise linguistic border between one dialect and another because there is nearly always a dialect transition zone of some size between pairs of geographically identified dialects. | |||
| Armenian can be divided into two major dialectal blocks and those blocks into individual dialects, though many of the Western Armenian dialects have become extinct due to the effects of the Armenian Genocide. In addition, neither dialect is completely homogeneous: any dialect can be subdivided into several subdialects. Although Western and Eastern Armenian are often described as different dialects of the same language, some subdialects are not readily mutually intelligible. Nevertheless, a fluent speaker of one of two greatly varying dialects who is exposed to the other dialect for even a short period of time will be able to understand the other with relative ease. | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| |+Examples | |||
| !English | |||
| ! ] | |||
| !] | |||
| |- | |||
| | Yes | |||
| | Ayo ({{lang|hy|այո}}) | |||
| | Ayo ({{lang|hy|այո}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | No | |||
| | Voč' ({{lang|hy|ոչ}}) | |||
| | Voč' ({{lang|hy|ոչ}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | Excuse me | |||
| | Neroġout'ioun ({{lang|hy|ներողություն}}) | |||
| | Neroġout'ioun ({{lang|hy|ներողութիւն}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | Hello | |||
| | Barev ({{lang|hy|բարև}}) | |||
| | Parev ({{lang|hy|բարեւ}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | How are you (''formal'') | |||
| | Inčpes ek ({{lang|hy|ինչպե՞ս էք}}) | |||
| | Inč'bes ek ({{lang|hy|ինչպէ՞ս էք}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | How are you (''informal'') | |||
| | Inč' ka č'ka ({{lang|hy|ի՞նչ կա չկա}}) | |||
| | Inč' ga č'ga ({{lang|hy|ի՞նչ կայ չկայ}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | Please | |||
| | Khntrem ({{lang|hy|խնդրեմ}}) | |||
| | Khntrem ({{lang|hy|խնդրեմ}}), Hadjiss ({{lang|hy|հաճիս}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | Thank you | |||
| | Šnorhakal em ({{lang|hy|շնորհակալ եմ}}) | |||
| | Šnorhagal em ({{lang|hy|շնորհակալ եմ}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | Thank you very much | |||
| | Šat šnorhakal em ({{lang|hy|շատ շնորհակալ եմ}}) | |||
| | Šad šnorhagal em ({{lang|hy|շատ շնորհակալ եմ}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| |rowspan=2| Welcome (''to a place'') | |||
| |rowspan=2| Bari galoust ({{lang|hy|բարի գալուստ}}) | |||
| | ''singular'': Pari yegar ({{lang|hy|բարի եկար}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | ''plural or polite'': Pari yegak' ({{lang|hy|բարի եկաք}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | Welcome (''as a response to 'thank you''') | |||
| | Khntrem ({{lang|hy|խնդրեմ}}) | |||
| | Khntrem ({{lang|hy|խնդրեմ}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | Goodbye | |||
| | C'tesout'ioun ({{lang|hy|ցտեսություն}}) | |||
| | C'desout'ioun ({{lang|hy|ցտեսութիւն}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | Good morning | |||
| | Bari louys ({{lang|hy|բարի լույս}}) | |||
| | Pari louys ({{lang|hy|բարի լոյս}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | Good afternoon | |||
| | Bari òr ({{lang|hy|բարի օր}}) | |||
| | Pari ges òr ({{lang|hy|բարի կէս օր}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | Good evening | |||
| | Bari yereko ({{lang|hy|բարի երեկո}}) | |||
| | Pari irigoun ({{lang|hy|բարի իրիկուն}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | Good night | |||
| | Bari gišer ({{lang|hy|բարի գիշեր}}) | |||
| | Kišer pari ({{lang|hy|գիշեր բարի}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | I love you | |||
| | Yes k'ez siroum em ({{lang|hy|ես քեզ սիրում եմ}}) | |||
| | Yes ëzk'ez gë sirem ({{lang|hy|ես զքեզ կը սիրեմ}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | I am Armenian | |||
| | Yes hay em ({{lang|hy|ես հայ եմ}}) | |||
| | Yes hay em ({{lang|hy|ես հայ եմ}}) | |||
| |- | |||
| | I miss you (Eastern) / I missed you (Western) | |||
| | Yes k'ez karotum em ({{lang|hy|ես քեզ կարոտում եմ}}) | |||
| | Yes k'ez garodtser em ({{lang|hy|ես քեզ կարօտցեր եմ}}) | |||
| |} | |||
| Other distinct varieties include ], spoken by the ].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Victor A. Friedman|editor1-last=Ball|editor1-first=Martin J.|title=The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World: A Handbook|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415422789|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtCNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |chapter=Sociolinguistics in the Caucasus}}</ref> | |||
| ==Orthography== | |||
| {{main article|Armenian alphabet|Armenian braille}} | |||
| ] layout using the ].]] | |||
| The ] ({{lang-hy|Հայոց գրեր ''Hayots grer'' or Հայոց այբուբեն ''Hayots aybuben''}}) is a graphically unique ]ical writing system that is used to write the Armenian language. It was introduced around 405 AD by ], an Armenian linguist and ecclesiastical leader, and originally contained 36 letters. Two more letters, օ (o) and ֆ (f), were added in the Middle Ages. | |||
| During the ], a new letter և (capital ԵՎ) was added, which was a ligature before ե+ւ, whereas the letter Ւ ւ was discarded and reintroduced as part of a new letter ՈՒ ու (which was a digraph before). | |||
| ==Indo-European cognates== | |||
| Armenian is an ], so many of its ]-descended words are ]s of words in other Indo-European languages such as ], ], ], and ]. This table lists only some of the more recognizable cognates that Armenian shares with English (more specifically, with English words descended from ]). (Source: Online Etymology Dictionary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=a |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=etymonline.com |accessdate=2007-06-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613145930/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=a |archivedate=13 June 2007 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>) | |||
| {| class="wikitable" | |||
| ! Armenian || ]|| ] || ] || ] || ] || ] || ] || ] | |||
| |- | |||
| | մայր ''']''' "mother" || '''mother''' ( ← ] ''mōdor'')|| '''māter''' "mother"|| مادر '''mɒdær''' "mother"|| μήτηρ '''mētēr''' "mother"|| मातृ '''mātṛ''' "mother" || мать '''mat'''' || '''máthair''' "mother" || '''{{PIE|*máH₂ter-}}''' "mother" | |||
| |- | |||
| | հայր ''']''' "father" || '''father''' ( ← ] ''fæder'')|| '''pater''' "father"|| پدر '''pedær''' "father"|| πατήρ '''patēr''' "father"|| पितृ '''pitṛ''' "father" || папа | |||
| '''papa''' | |||
| | '''athair''' "father" || '''{{PIE|*pH₂tér-}}''' "father" | |||
| |- | |||
| | եղբայր ''']''' "brother" || '''brother''' ( ← ] ''brōþor'')|| '''frāter''' "brother"|| برادر '''bærɒdær''' "brother" || φράτηρ '''phrātēr''' "brother"|| भ्रातृ '''bhrātṛ''' "brother" || брат '''brat''' || '''bráthair''' "brother" || {{PIE|*bʱráH₂ter-}} "brother" | |||
| |- | |||
| | դուստր ''']''' "daughter" || '''daughter''' ( ← ] ''dohtor'')|| (Oscan '''futrei''' "daughter")|| دختر '''doxtær''' "daughter" || θυγάτηρ '''thugatēr''' "daughter"|| दुहितृ '''duhitṛ''' "daughter" || дочь '''doč'''' || '''der, Dar-''' "daughter (of)" || {{PIE|*dʱugH₂-tér-}} "daughter" | |||
| |- | |||
| | կին ''']''' "woman" || '''queen''' ( ← ] ''cwēn "queen, woman, wife"'')|| || کیانه '''kianæ''' "woman, wife"|| γυνή '''gunē''' "a woman, a wife"|| ग्ना '''gnā'''/ जनि '''jani''' "woman" || жена '''žena''' "wife" || '''ben''' "woman" || '''{{PIE|*gʷén-eH₂-}}''' "woman, wife" | |||
| |- | |||
| | իմ ''']''' "my" || '''my, mine''' ( ← ] ''min'')|| '''me-us''', '''-a''', '''-um''' etc. "my"|| من/ـم '''mæn/æm''' "my"|| ἐμ-ός, -ή, -όν '''em-os''', '''-ē''', '''-on''' etc. "my, of mine"|| मम '''mama''' "my"|| мой '''moy''' || '''mo''' "my, me" || '''{{PIE|*mene-}}''' "my, mine" | |||
| |- | |||
| | անուն ''']''' "name" || '''name''' ( ← ] ''nama'')|| '''nōmen''' "name"|| نام '''nɒm''' "name"|| ὄνομα '''onoma''' "name"|| नामन् '''nāman''' "name" || имя '''im'a''' || '''ainm''' "name" || '''{{PIE|*H₁noH₃m-n̥-}}''' "name" | |||
| |- | |||
| | ութ ''']''' "8" || '''eight''' ( ← ] ''eahta'')|| '''octō''' "eight"|| هشت '''hæʃt''' "eight"|| ὀκτώ '''oktō''' "eight"|| अष्ट '''aṣṭa''' "eight" || во́семь '''vosem'''' || '''ocht''' "eight" || '''{{PIE|*H₁oḱtō(u)}}''' "eight" | |||
| |- | |||
| | ինն ''']''' "9" || '''nine''' ( ← ] ''nigon'')|| '''novem''' "nine"|| نه '''noh''' "nine"|| ἐννέα '''ennea''' "nine"|| नवन् '''navan''' "nine" || де́вять '''dev'at'''' || '''noí''' "nine" || '''{{PIE|*(H₁)néwn̥}}''' "nine" | |||
| |- | |||
| | տաս ''']''' "10" || '''ten''' ( ← ] ''tien'') ( ← ] ''*tekhan'')|| '''decem''' "ten"|| ده '''dæh''' "ten"|| δέκα '''deka''' "ten"|| दश '''daśa''' "ten" || де́сять '''des'at'''' || '''deich''' "ten" || '''{{PIE|*déḱm̥}}''' "ten" | |||
| |- | |||
| | աչք ''']''' "eye" || '''eye''' ( ← ] ''ēge'')|| '''oculus''' "eye"|| چشم '''tʃæʃm''' "eye"|| ὀφθαλμός '''ophthalmos''' "eye"|| अक्षि '''akṣi''' "eye"|| око '''oko''' || || '''{{PIE|*H₃okʷ-}}''' "to see" | |||
| |- | |||
| | արմունկ ''']''' "elbow" || '''arm''' ( ← ] ''earm "joined body parts below shoulder"'')|| '''armus''' "shoulder" || آرنج '''ɒrendʒ''' "elbow" || ἄρθρον '''arthron''' "a joint"|| ईर्म '''īrma''' "arm"|| рамо '''ramo''' "shoulder" (''archaic'') || || '''{{PIE|*H₁ar-mo-}}''' "fit, join (that which is fitted together)" | |||
| |- | |||
| | ծունկ ''']'''<ref name="c">The letter {{angle bracket|c}} represents {{IPA|/ts/}}. In the Armenian words ''cunk'', ''gorc'', ''mec'', and ''ancanotʿ'', it corresponds to PIE *ǵ-.</ref> "knee" || '''knee''' ( ← ] ''cnēo'')|| '''genū''' "knee"|| زانو '''zɒnu''' "knee"|| γόνυ '''gonu''' "knee"|| जानु '''jānu''' "knee"|| || '''glún''' "knee" || '''{{PIE|*ǵénu-}}''' "knee" | |||
| |- | |||
| | ոտք ''']''' "foot" || '''foot''' ( ← ] ''fōt'')|| '''pedis''' "foot" || پا، پای '''pɒ, pɒj''' "foot" || πούς '''pous''' "foot"|| पाद् '''pād''' "foot" || пята '''p'ata''' | |||
| "heel" | |||
| | (Gaul. '''ades''' "feet") || '''{{PIE|*pod-, *ped-}}''' "foot" | |||
| |- | |||
| | սիրտ ''']''' "heart"|| '''heart''' ( ← ] ''heorte'')|| '''cor''' "heart"|| دل '''del''' "heart" || καρδία '''kardia''' "heart"|| हृदय '''hṛdaya''' "heart"|| се́рдце '''serdce''' || '''cride''' "heart" || '''{{PIE|*ḱerd-}}''' "heart" | |||
| |- | |||
| | կաշի ''']''' "skin" || '''hide''' ( ← ] ''hȳdan "animal skin cover"'')|| '''cutis''' "skin"|| پوست '''pust''' "skin"|| κεύθω '''keuthō''' "I cover, I hide"|| कुटीर '''kuṭīra''' "hut"|| кожа '''koža''' || (Welsh '''cudd''' "hiding place") || '''{{PIE|*keu-}}''' "to cover, conceal" | |||
| |- | |||
| | մուկ ''']''' "mouse" || '''mouse''' ( ← ] ''mūs'')|| '''mūs''' "mouse"|| موش '''musc''' "mouse" || μῦς '''mūs''' "mouse"|| मूष् '''mūṣ''' "mouse" || мышь '''myš'''' || || '''{{PIE|*muH₁s-}}''' "mouse, small rodent" | |||
| |- | |||
| | կով ''']''' "cow" || '''cow''' ( ← ] ''cū'')|| '''bos''' "cow" || گاو '''gɒv''' "cow" || βοῦς '''bous''' "cow" || गो '''go''' "cow" || говядина '''gov'adina''' "beef" || '''bó''' "cow" || '''{{PIE|*gʷou-}}''' "cow" | |||
| |- | |||
| | շուն ''']''' "dog" || '''hound''' ( ← ] ''hund "hound, dog"'')|| '''canis''' "hound, dog"|| سگ '''sæg''' "dog" || κύων '''kuōn''' "hound, dog"|| श्वन् '''śvan''' "dog" || сука '''suka''' "bitch" || '''cú''' "dog" || '''{{PIE|*ḱwon-}}''' "hound, dog" | |||
| |- | |||
| | տարի ''']''' "year" || '''year''' ( ← ] ''gēar'')|| '''hōrnus''' "of this year"|| یاره، سال '''jɒre, sɒl'''<ref name="Avestan">The word "yare" (year) in the Persian and Sanskrit columns is actually from an ] sister language called ].</ref> "year"|| ὥρα '''hōra''' "time, year"|| यरे '''yare'''<ref name="Avestan"/> "year"|| яра '''jara''' "springtime" (''archaic'') || || '''{{PIE|*yeH₁r-}}''' "year" | |||
| |- | |||
| | ամիս ''']''' "month" || '''moon, month''' ( ← ] ''mōnaþ'')|| '''mēnsis''' "month"|| ماه '''mɒh''' "moon, month"|| μήν '''mēn''' "moon, month"|| मास '''māsa''' "moon, month"|| месяц '''mes'ac''' || '''mí''' "month" || '''{{PIE|*meH₁ns- }}''' "moon, month" | |||
| |- | |||
| | ամառ ''']''' "summer" || '''summer''' ( ← ] ''sumor'')|| || || || समा '''samā''' "season"|| || '''saṃ''' "summer" '''{{PIE|*sem-}}''' "hot season of the year" | |||
| |- | |||
| | ջերմ ''']''' "warm" || '''warm''' ( ← ] ''wearm'')|| '''formus''' "warm"|| گرم '''gærm''' "warm"|| θερμός '''thermos''' "warm"|| घर्म '''gharma''' "heat" || жарко '''žarko''' "hot" || '''geirid''' "warm (v)" || '''{{PIE|*gʷʰerm-}}''' "warm" | |||
| |- | |||
| | լույս ''']''' "light" || '''light''' ( ← ] ''lēoht "brightness"'')|| '''lux''' "light"|| روز '''ruz''' "day"|| λευκός '''leukos''' "bright, shining, white"|| लोक '''loka''' "shining"|| луч '''luč'''' "beam" || '''lóch''' "bright" || '''{{PIE|*leuk-}}''' "light, brightness" | |||
| |- | |||
| | հուր ''']''' "flame" || '''fire''' ( ← ] ''fȳr'') | |||
| '''pyre''' | |||
| | (Umbrian '''pir''' "fire")|| آذر، آدور '''ɒzær, ɒdur''' "fire"|| πῦρ '''pur''' "fire"|| पु '''pu''' "fire"|| || || '''{{PIE|*péH₂wr̥- }}''' "fire" | |||
| |- | |||
| | հեռու ''']''' "far" || '''far''' ( ← ] ''feor "to a great distance"'')|| '''per''' "through"|| فرا '''færɒ''' "beyond"|| πέρα '''pera''' "beyond"|| परस् '''paras''' "beyond"|| пере- '''pere-''', про- '''pro-''' || '''ír''' "further" || '''{{PIE|*per-}}''' "through, across, beyond" | |||
| |- | |||
| | հեղել ''']''' "to pour" || '''flow''' ( ← ] ''flōwan'')|| '''pluĕre''' "to rain"|| پور '''pur''' "pour" || πλύνω '''plunō''' "I wash"|| प्लु '''plu''' "to swim"|| плавать '''plavat'''' "swim" || '''luí''' "rudder" || '''{{PIE|*pleu-}}''' "flow, float" | |||
| |- | |||
| | ուտել ''']''' "to eat" || '''eat''' ( ← ] ''etan'')|| '''edō''' "I eat"|| هور '''hvor''' "eat"|| ἔδω '''edō''' "I eat"|| अद्मि '''admi''' "I eat"|| есть '''jest'''' || '''ithid''' "eat" || '''{{PIE|*ed-}}''' "to eat" | |||
| |- | |||
| | գիտեմ ''']''' "I know" || '''wit''' ( ← ] ''wit, witan "intelligence, to know"'')|| '''vidēre''' "to see" || ویده '''vidæ''' "knowledge" || εἰδέναι '''eidenai''' "to know"|| विद् '''vid''' "to know" || видеть '''videt'''' "see, understand" || '''adfet''' "tells" || '''{{PIE|*weid-}}''' "to know, to see" | |||
| |- | |||
| | գետ ''']''' "river" || '''water''' ( ← ] ''wæter'')|| (Umbrian '''utur''' "water")|| رود '''rud''' "river"|| ὕδωρ '''hudōr''' "water"|| उदन् '''udan''' "water"|| вода '''voda''' || '''uisce''' "water" || '''{{PIE|(*wodor, *wedor, *uder-) from *wed-}}''' "water" | |||
| |- | |||
| | գործ ''']'''<ref name="c"/> "work " || '''work''' ( ← ] ''weorc'')|| '''urgēre''' "push, drive"|| کار '''kɒr''' "work"|| ἔργον '''ergon''' "work"|| वर्चस् '''varcas''' "activity"|| || || '''{{PIE|*werǵ-}}''' "to work" | |||
| |- | |||
| | մեծ ''']'''<ref name="c"/> "great " || '''much''' ( ← ] ''mycel "great, big, many"'')|| '''magnus''' "great"|| مه، مهست '''meh, mæhest''' "great, large"|| μέγας '''megas''' "great, large"|| महति '''mahati''' "great"|| много '''mnogo''' "many" || '''maige''' "great, mighty" || '''{{PIE|*meǵ-}}''' "great" | |||
| |- | |||
| | անծանոթ ''']'''<ref name="c"/> "stranger, unfamiliar" || '''unknown'''<ref name="not"/> ( ← ] ''uncnawen'')|| '''ignōtus'''<ref name="not">The prefix for "not" in English is "un-", "i(n)-" in Latin, "a(n)- ''or'' nē-" in Greek and "a(n)-" in Sanskrit, which correspond to the PIE *n-.</ref> "unknown"|| || ἄγνωστος '''agnōstos'''<ref name="not"/> "unknown"|| अज्ञात '''ajñāta'''<ref name="not"/> "unfamiliar" || незнакомый '''neznakomyj''' || || '''{{PIE|*n- + *ǵneH₃-}}''' "not" + "to know" | |||
| |- | |||
| | մեռած ''']''' "dead" || '''murder''' ( ← ] ''morþor'')|| '''mors''' "death" || مرگ '''mærg''' "death" / مرده '''morde''' "dead" || βροτός '''brotos''' "mortal"|| मृत '''mṛta''' "dead" || смерть '''smert'''' | |||
| "death" | |||
| | '''marb''' "dead" || '''{{PIE|*mrtro-, from (*mor-, *mr-)}}''' "to die" | |||
| |- | |||
| | միջին ''']''' "middle" || '''mid, middle''' ( ← ] ''mid, middel'')|| '''medius''' "middle"|| میان '''miɒn''' "middle"|| μέσος '''mesos''' "middle"|| मध्य '''madhya''' "middle"|| между '''meždu''' "between" || '''mide''' "middle" || '''{{PIE|*medʱyo- from *me-}}''' "mid, middle" | |||
| |- | |||
| | այլ ''']''' "other" || '''else''' ( ← ] ''elles "other, otherwise, different"'')|| '''alius''' "other"|| || ἄλλος '''allos''' "other, another"|| अन्य '''anya''' "other"|| иной | |||
| '''inoj''' | |||
| | '''aile''' "other" || '''{{PIE|*al-}}''' "beyond, other" | |||
| |- | |||
| | նոր ''']''' "new" || '''new''' ( ← ] ''nīwe'')|| '''novus''' "new" || نو '''now''' "new" || νέος '''neos''' "new"|| नव '''nava''' "new" || новый '''novyj''' || '''núae''' "new" || '''{{PIE|*néwo-}}''' "new" | |||
| |- | |||
| | դուռ ''']''' "door" || '''door''' ( ← ] ''dor, duru'')|| '''fores''' "door"|| در '''dær''' "door" || θύρα '''thurā''' "door"|| द्वार '''dvāra''' "door" || дверь '''dver''''|| '''dorus''' "door" || '''{{PIE|*dʱwer-}}''' "door, doorway, gate" | |||
| |- | |||
| | տուն ''']''' "house" || '''timber''' ( ← ] ''timber "trees used for building material, structure"'')|| '''domus''' "house"|| مان، خانه '''mɒn, xɒne''' "home"|| δόμος '''domos''' "house"|| दम '''dama''' "house" || дом '''dom''' || '''dún''' "fort" (Welsh '''dinas''' "city")||'''{{PIE|*domo-, *domu-}}''' "house" | |||
| |- | |||
| | բերրի '''], ]''' "fertile, to carry" || '''bear''' ( ← ] ''beran "give birth, carry"'')|| '''ferre''' "to bear"|| بردن، برـ '''bordæn, bær-''' "to bear, carry"|| φέρειν '''pherein''' "to bear, carry"|| भरति '''bharati''' "he/she/it carries" || брать '''brat'''' "to take" || '''beirid''' "carry" || '''{{PIE|*bʱer-}}''' "to bear, to carry" | |||
| |} | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| {{notelist}} | |||
| ==Footnotes== | |||
| {{reflist|33em}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| *{{citation | |||
| |last=Dum-Tragut | |||
| |first=Jasmine | |||
| |year=2009 | |||
| |title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian | |||
| |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company | |||
| |place=Amsterdam | |||
| }} | |||
| * {{citation | |||
| |last=Fortson | |||
| |first=Benjamin W. | |||
| |year=2004 | |||
| |title=Indo-European Language and Culture | |||
| |place=Oxford | |||
| |publisher=Blackwell Publishing | |||
| }} | |||
| * {{citation | |||
| |last=Hübschmann | |||
| |first=Heinrich | |||
| |year=1875 | |||
| |title=Über die Stellung des armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen | |||
| |url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie-docs/lehmann/reader/Chapter12.html | |||
| |journal=Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung | |||
| |volume=23 | |||
| |pages=5–42 | |||
| }} | |||
| * | |||
| *{{citation | |||
| |last=Price | |||
| |first=G. | |||
| |year=1998 | |||
| |title=Encyclopedia of European languages | |||
| |publisher=] | |||
| }} | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| {{refbegin}} | |||
| * Adjarian, Herchyah H. (1909) ''], par H. Adjarian.'' Paris: Honoro Champion. | |||
| * Clackson, James. 1994. ''The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek.'' London: Publications of the Philological Society, No 30. (and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing) | |||
| * Holst, Jan Henrik (2009) ''Armenische Studien.'' Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. | |||
| * ] (1989) ''In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth.'' London: Thames & Hudson. | |||
| * ]. 1998. ''The Phonology of Armenian.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press. | |||
| * Vaux, Bert. 2002. "The Armenian dialect of Jerusalem." in Armenians in the Holy Land. "Louvain: Peters. | |||
| {{refend}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{sister project links|voy=Armenian (Eastern) phrasebook |Armenian language |wikt=Category:Armenian language}} | |||
| {{InterWiki|code=hy}} | |||
| {{WikisourceWiki|code=hy}} | |||
| * (free online through the at UT Austin) | |||
| * (from Wiktionary's ) | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * (Organization teaching grammar vocabulary and phrases) | |||
| * | |||
| * (Library of Armenian dictionaries) | |||
| * Armenian–English Dictionary, more than 17,000 terms. | |||
| * Collection of Armenian ] and ] dictionaries | |||
| * Armenian–English Dictionary, more than 9,000 terms. | |||
| * - mobile Armenian OCR dictionary | |||
| {{Armenian language}} | |||
| {{Languages of Armenia}} | |||
| {{Armenia topics}} | |||
| {{Languages of the Caucasus}} | |||
| {{Languages of Iran}} | |||
| {{Languages of Iraq}} | |||
| {{Languages of Syria}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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| ] | |||
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