Turkish occupation of northern Syria: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 00:21, 10 April 2017 editEditor abcdef (talk \| contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users14,198 edits Reverted to revision 774299823 by Greyshark09 (talk): The Turkish occupied territory still calls itself the SAR. (TW)← Previous edit		Revision as of 13:52, 10 April 2017 edit undoGreyshark09 (talk \| contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers42,564 edits →International reaction Next edit →
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	The '''Turkish occupation<ref></ref> of northern Syria''', also known as the '''North Aleppo Border Pocket''', the '''Northern Syria Security Belt''',<ref></ref>, or the '''Safe Zone''', refers to areas ] since August 2016 by the ] or ]-backed ] and ] forces during the ]. Turkish-occupied Syria consists of a 1,620 square kilometre area which includes around 217 settlements including ], ], ] and ]. This territory was previously controlled by the ] and the ].		The '''Turkish occupation<ref></ref> of northern Syria''', also known as the '''North Aleppo Border Pocket''', the '''Northern Syria Security Belt''',<ref></ref>, or the '''Safe Zone''', refers to areas ] since August 2016 by the ] or ]-backed ] and ] forces during the ]. Turkish-occupied Syria consists of a 1,620 square kilometre area which includes around 217 settlements including ], ], ] and ]. This territory was previously controlled by the ] and the ].

			==Background==
			===2013-14 proposals for Safe Zone===
			]
			] and ] proposed a safe zone that includes some regions of northern Syria in 2013, however United States and the other Western states was not willing to accept these plans.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/05/201351076615828.html\|title=Turkey PM 'will support' Syria no-fly zone\|publisher=\|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/08/2012812233833353319.html\|title=Syrian opposition calls for no-fly zone\|publisher=\|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref> After the ], Turkey and United States negotiated 'safe zone', while USA accepted ']-free zone', US officials were reluctant to accept a ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/27/syrian-safe-zone-us-relents-to-turkish-demands-border-crisis-kurd-uk-military\|title=Syrian safe zone: US relents to Turkish demands after border crisis grows\|first=Simon\|last=Tisdall\|date=27 July 2015\|publisher=\|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/us-and-turkey-agree-to-forge-isil-free-zone-in-syria-official-confirms.aspx?pageID=238&nID=86010&NewsCatID=510\|title=DIPLOMACY - US and Turkey agree to forge ‘ISIL-free zone’ in Syria, official confirms\|publisher=\|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref>

			===European support===
			After the attacks of ] in ], tens of thousands non-], ] and ] fled to ]. In the beginning of 2015, refugees has begun to cross ]-] border and escaped to ]an countries. These huge refugee flows caused taking a re-consideration to create a safe zone for civilians in ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/try-it-now/try-it-now-world-insider/?contentRedirect=true&articleId=26323797&referrer=https://www.google.com.tr/\|title=Solution to refugee crisis is to end Syria’s civil war, UN official says\|publisher=\|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref> In February 2016, Chancellor of Germany ] said, "In the current situation it would be helpful if there could be such an area where none of the parties are allowed to launch aerial attacks – that is to say, a kind of no-fly zone".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/16/turkey-safe-zone-syria-refugees-russian-airstrikes\|title=Turkey revives plan for safe zone in Syria to stem flow of refugees\|first=Patrick\|last=Wintour\|date=16 February 2016\|publisher=\|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref>

			===Us-Turkish negotiations===
			The safe zone in Syria had not been created by early 2016 because of disagreements between ] and ] governments, mainly on the initial actor to be eliminated in Syria. Turkey wanted the ] regime to be gone as soon as possible while US says the war against ] in the main objective of US policies in ].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/apr/25/us-reluctance-to-arm-syrian-rebels-may-embolden-as/?page=all\|title=U.S. reluctance to arm Syrian rebels may embolden Assad\|first=The Washington Times\|last=http://www.washingtontimes.com\|publisher=\|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref>

			The content of the safe zone was another reason of the disagreement between US and Turkish governments. According to Turkey, the safe zone must include no fly zone, but the US rejected any possibility to establish a no-fly zone. Turkey supported the involvement of Syrian opposition forces in the region after ISIS eliminated. However, the US was reluctant against ] for they include many ] elements.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://nationalsecurityzone.org/site/u-s-reluctant-to-declare-safe-zone-along-turkey-syria-border/\|title=National Security Zone\|publisher=\|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref>

			According to Turkey, YPG is considered as a threat because of its strong ties with ]. On the other hand, US says PKK is a terrorist organisation but YPG is a different actor and one of the main allies of US in the war against ISIS. For US, the exclusion of YPG from safe zone areas may cause to a big gap for the fight against radical factors.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2014/09/turkey-kurdistan-iraq-syria-us-isis-pkk-global-legitimacy.html\|title=Fight against IS helps PKK gain global legitimacy - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East\|date=16 September 2014\|publisher=\|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref>

			The other debate is about the name of the safe zone. Turkey calls the zone as 'safe zone from ISIS, Syrian regime and YPG'. However, US declared they will only accept 'ISIS-free zone'.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite web\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-turkey-usa-idUSKCN0QG1UG20150811\|title=U.S. denies reaching agreement with Turkey on Syria 'safe zone'\|date=11 August 2015\|publisher=\|accessdate=31 May 2016\|via=Reuters}}</ref> US has not make any declaration about the possible involvement of Syrian regime to the region.

			==Turkish safe zone geography==
			Places between ] and ] like ], Kafrah, ], ], ], ], Kafr Elward, Ghoz, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Arab Hassan Sabghir, Mahsenli, and Halwanji have been included to the safe zone. In addition, ] said, "They will leave ]. They will to go east of the ]. If not, we will do what is needed".<ref></ref>

			==International reactions to Trump's safe zone proposals==
			During and after his campaign, Trump proposed establishing safe zones in Syria as an alternative to Syrian refugees' immigration to the US. In the past "safe zones" have been interpreted as establishing, among other things, no-fly zones over Syria. During the Obama administration ] encouraged the US to establish safe zones; the Obama administration was concerned about the potential for pulling the US into a war with Russia.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-syria-safezones-idUSKBN1592O8\|title=Trump says he will order 'safe zones' for Syria\|date=January 25, 2017}}</ref> Although safe zones were not in the final version of Trump's controversial ], an ] leaked several days before would have required the US to create a plan for safe zones in Syria.

			On January 30, the Saudi government informed Trump that it supported the creation of safe zones in Syria and Yemen.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Saudis tell Trump they support safe zones for refugees in Syria\|url=https://www.ft.com/content/d9d6f33a-e6c5-11e6-967b-c88452263daf\|publisher=Financial Times}}</ref> Two days later, on February 2, Trump discussed safe zones with the government of ].<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/government/ap/the-latest-trump-jordan-s-king-discuss-syria-safe-zones/article_32182276-2eac-5622-be07-7b6192b6da8d.html\|title=The Latest: Sanders says Trump may be right about his voters\|quote=President Donald Trump and the king of Jordan have discussed with the possibility of establishing safe zones for refugees in Syria.\|publisher=Tulsa World\|via=Associated Press \|date=February 2, 2017}}</ref> On February 3 the U.S. secured ]'s backing for safe zones in Syria.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-02-03/lebanon-backs-returning-syrian-refugees-to-safe-zones \|publisher=U.S. News and World Report\|date=February 3, 2017 \|title=Lebanon backs returning Syrian refugees to 'safe zones'}}</ref> On February 1 Russia asked the U.S. to be more specific on its safe-zone plan and expressed hope the U.S. would discuss it with Russia before implementation.<ref>{{cite news \|url = http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-safezones-idUSKBN15G41U\| date=February 1, 2017\|title=Russia says Trump should be more specific on Syria safe zones plan \|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> On February 3 the ] opposed safe zones.<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-unhcr-idUSKBN15I2CO\| date=February 3, 2017\|title=UNHCR chief says safe zones would not work in Syria\|publisher=Reuters \|first=Ellen\|last=Francis}}</ref> On February 10, Syrian President ], while welcoming a notion that U.S. troops might fight alongside Syria, rejected the proposal for safe zones as "not a realistic idea at all".<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2017/02/10/world/middleeast/ap-ml-syria.html\|date=February 10, 2017 \|publisher=New York Times \|via=The Associated Press\|title=Assad Says US Troops Welcome in Syria to Fight 'Terrorism'\|first1=Susan\|last1=Fraser\|first2=Vladimir\|last2=Isachenkov\|location=Ankara, Turkey and Moscow, Russia}}</ref> Turkey unveiled a new proposal for safe zones to Sunni Arab states meeting February 13 in Bahrain.<ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/turkeys-erdogan-wants-to-establish-a-safe-zone-in-the-isis-capital-raqqa/2017/02/13/e7237e1c-f1f3-11e6-8873-a962f11835fb_story.html\|date=February 13, 2017\|publisher=''Washington Post''\|first=Liz\|last=Sly\|title=Turkey’s Erdogan wants to establish a safe zone in the ISIS capital Raqqa\|location=Beirut}}</ref>

	==International reaction==		==International reaction==
Line 44:		Line 69:
	===Other===		===Other===
	*{{flag\|Rojava}} - the ] civilian council condemned the occupation of Jarabulus as a Turkish attempt to expand into Syria, likening it to the ] and suggesting that Jarabulus would become a "grave for the criminal occupier Erdoğan and his mercenaries".<ref name="Shahba">{{cite web\|url=http://aranews.net/2016/08/kurdish-backed-council-says-turkeys-intervention-make-syrian-town-grave-erdogan-troops/\|title=Kurdish-backed council says Turkey's intervention to make Syrian town "grave for Erdoğan troops"\|work=ARA News\|date=26 August 2016}}</ref>		*{{flag\|Rojava}} - the ] civilian council condemned the occupation of Jarabulus as a Turkish attempt to expand into Syria, likening it to the ] and suggesting that Jarabulus would become a "grave for the criminal occupier Erdoğan and his mercenaries".<ref name="Shahba">{{cite web\|url=http://aranews.net/2016/08/kurdish-backed-council-says-turkeys-intervention-make-syrian-town-grave-erdogan-troops/\|title=Kurdish-backed council says Turkey's intervention to make Syrian town "grave for Erdoğan troops"\|work=ARA News\|date=26 August 2016}}</ref>
			*{{flag\|Syrian opposition}} The ], part of the ]'s ], stated in an interview that if safe zones are used to "] so ]s would emerge", the rebel group would "certainly reject them" and will "fight against them". However, the group's commander also stated that if safe zones are used to support ]s in Syria, then he "will support them".<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://rfsmediaoffice.com/en/2017/02/10/ahmad-al-abdo-forces-refuse-safe-zones-intent-divide-syria/\|title=Ahmad Al-Abdo Forces: “We Refuse Having Safe Zones If The Intent Is To Divide Syria”\|work=RFS Media Office\|author=Ahmad Zakaryya\|date=10 February 2017}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

Revision as of 13:52, 10 April 2017

It has been suggested that Safe zone (Syria) be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2017.

For the military operation that led to the occupation, see Turkish military intervention in Syria. For the annexation of the Hatay Province, see Sanjak of Alexandretta.

Syrian Security Belt
Current situation in northern Syria Ba'athist Syria SDF Islamic State Syrian Opposition
Capital	Jarabulus
Largest city	al-Bab
Languages	Turkish Arabic Kurdish
Government	Military occupation
Areas under Safe Zone administration

• Intervention	24 August 2016

Currency	Syrian pound Turkish lira

The Turkish occupation of northern Syria, also known as the North Aleppo Border Pocket, the Northern Syria Security Belt,, or the Safe Zone, refers to areas captured since August 2016 by the Turkish military or Turkish-backed Syrian Turkmen and Arab forces during the Syrian Civil War. Turkish-occupied Syria consists of a 1,620 square kilometre area which includes around 217 settlements including al-Bab, Azaz, Dabiq and Jarabulus. This territory was previously controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and the Syrian Democratic Forces.

Background

2013-14 proposals for Safe Zone

Turkey and Syrian opposition proposed a safe zone that includes some regions of northern Syria in 2013, however United States and the other Western states was not willing to accept these plans. After the advancements of ISIL in Iraq, Turkey and United States negotiated 'safe zone', while USA accepted 'ISIL-free zone', US officials were reluctant to accept a no fly zone.

European support

After the attacks of ISIL in Syrian Kurdistan, tens of thousands non-Sunnis, Christians and Yazidis fled to Turkey. In the beginning of 2015, refugees has begun to cross Turkish-Greek border and escaped to European countries. These huge refugee flows caused taking a re-consideration to create a safe zone for civilians in Syria. In February 2016, Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel said, "In the current situation it would be helpful if there could be such an area where none of the parties are allowed to launch aerial attacks – that is to say, a kind of no-fly zone".

Us-Turkish negotiations

The safe zone in Syria had not been created by early 2016 because of disagreements between US and Turkish governments, mainly on the initial actor to be eliminated in Syria. Turkey wanted the Bashar Al-Assad regime to be gone as soon as possible while US says the war against ISIS in the main objective of US policies in Syria.

The content of the safe zone was another reason of the disagreement between US and Turkish governments. According to Turkey, the safe zone must include no fly zone, but the US rejected any possibility to establish a no-fly zone. Turkey supported the involvement of Syrian opposition forces in the region after ISIS eliminated. However, the US was reluctant against Syrian opposition for they include many radical Islamist elements.

According to Turkey, YPG is considered as a threat because of its strong ties with PKK. On the other hand, US says PKK is a terrorist organisation but YPG is a different actor and one of the main allies of US in the war against ISIS. For US, the exclusion of YPG from safe zone areas may cause to a big gap for the fight against radical factors.

The other debate is about the name of the safe zone. Turkey calls the zone as 'safe zone from ISIS, Syrian regime and YPG'. However, US declared they will only accept 'ISIS-free zone'. US has not make any declaration about the possible involvement of Syrian regime to the region.

Turkish safe zone geography

Places between Azaz and al-Rai, Syria like Kafr Kalbin, Kafrah, Sawran, Ihtaymilat, Dabiq, Barih, Kafr Elward, Ghoz, Ghaytun, Akhtarin, Baruza, Tall Tanah, Kaljibrin, Qebbet al-Turkmen, Al-Ghandurah, Arab Hassan Sabghir, Mahsenli, and Halwanji have been included to the safe zone. In addition, Erdogan said, "They will leave Manbij. They will to go east of the Euphrates River. If not, we will do what is needed".

International reactions to Trump's safe zone proposals

During and after his campaign, Trump proposed establishing safe zones in Syria as an alternative to Syrian refugees' immigration to the US. In the past "safe zones" have been interpreted as establishing, among other things, no-fly zones over Syria. During the Obama administration Turkey encouraged the US to establish safe zones; the Obama administration was concerned about the potential for pulling the US into a war with Russia. Although safe zones were not in the final version of Trump's controversial Executive Order 13769, an earlier draft leaked several days before would have required the US to create a plan for safe zones in Syria.

On January 30, the Saudi government informed Trump that it supported the creation of safe zones in Syria and Yemen. Two days later, on February 2, Trump discussed safe zones with the government of Jordan. On February 3 the U.S. secured Lebanon's backing for safe zones in Syria. On February 1 Russia asked the U.S. to be more specific on its safe-zone plan and expressed hope the U.S. would discuss it with Russia before implementation. On February 3 the United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees opposed safe zones. On February 10, Syrian President Bashar Assad, while welcoming a notion that U.S. troops might fight alongside Syria, rejected the proposal for safe zones as "not a realistic idea at all". Turkey unveiled a new proposal for safe zones to Sunni Arab states meeting February 13 in Bahrain.

International reaction

UN member states

Azerbaijan - Qənirə Paşayeva, member of parliament, said on 3 September that Turkey would have an obligation to protect the civilians in northern Syria from terror groups and would have the right to protect itself from the attacks originating from Syria with the intervention.
Cyprus - The Cyprus House of Representatives on 9 September unanimously adopted a resolution condemning "the unacceptable invasion of Turkey into Syria, under the pretext of war against terrorism." It also called on the international community to demand Turkey's withdrawal from Syria.
Iran - Iranian foreign ministry spokesman Bahram Ghasemi on 31 August urged Ankara to quickly wrap up its military intervention in Syria, saying it was an "unacceptable" violation of Syrian sovereignty.

Other

Rojava - the Shahba region civilian council condemned the occupation of Jarabulus as a Turkish attempt to expand into Syria, likening it to the Battle of Marj Dabiq and suggesting that Jarabulus would become a "grave for the criminal occupier Erdoğan and his mercenaries".
Syrian opposition The Forces of Martyr Ahmad al-Abdo, part of the Free Syrian Army's Southern Front, stated in an interview that if safe zones are used to "divide Syria so terrorist organizations would emerge", the rebel group would "certainly reject them" and will "fight against them". However, the group's commander also stated that if safe zones are used to support internally displaced persons in Syria, then he "will support them".

References

"Turkey PM 'will support' Syria no-fly zone". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
"Syrian opposition calls for no-fly zone". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Tisdall, Simon (27 July 2015). "Syrian safe zone: US relents to Turkish demands after border crisis grows". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
"DIPLOMACY - US and Turkey agree to forge 'ISIL-free zone' in Syria, official confirms". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
"Solution to refugee crisis is to end Syria's civil war, UN official says". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Wintour, Patrick (16 February 2016). "Turkey revives plan for safe zone in Syria to stem flow of refugees". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
http://www.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "U.S. reluctance to arm Syrian rebels may embolden Assad". Retrieved 31 May 2016. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
"National Security Zone". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
"Fight against IS helps PKK gain global legitimacy - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". 16 September 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
"U.S. denies reaching agreement with Turkey on Syria 'safe zone'". 11 August 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2016 – via Reuters.
Suzan Fraser, Turkish leader threatens more involvement on Syrian border, The Washington Post, October 26 at 3:01 PM
"Trump says he will order 'safe zones' for Syria". January 25, 2017.
"Saudis tell Trump they support safe zones for refugees in Syria". Financial Times.
"The Latest: Sanders says Trump may be right about his voters". Tulsa World. February 2, 2017 – via Associated Press. President Donald Trump and the king of Jordan have discussed with the possibility of establishing safe zones for refugees in Syria.
"Lebanon backs returning Syrian refugees to 'safe zones'". U.S. News and World Report. February 3, 2017.
"Russia says Trump should be more specific on Syria safe zones plan". Reuters. February 1, 2017.
Francis, Ellen (February 3, 2017). "UNHCR chief says safe zones would not work in Syria". Reuters.
Fraser, Susan; Isachenkov, Vladimir (February 10, 2017). "Assad Says US Troops Welcome in Syria to Fight 'Terrorism'". Ankara, Turkey and Moscow, Russia: New York Times – via The Associated Press.
Sly, Liz (February 13, 2017). "Turkey's Erdogan wants to establish a safe zone in the ISIS capital Raqqa". Beirut: Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
sitesi, milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber. "AZERBAYCAN MİLLETVEKİLİ PAŞAYEVA:". MİLLİYET HABER – TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
"Cyprus House condemns Turkey's invasion of Syria". Famagusta Gazette. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
"Iran urges Turkey to quickly end Syria intervention". France24. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
"Kurdish-backed council says Turkey's intervention to make Syrian town "grave for Erdoğan troops"". ARA News. 26 August 2016.
Ahmad Zakaryya (10 February 2017). "Ahmad Al-Abdo Forces: "We Refuse Having Safe Zones If The Intent Is To Divide Syria"". RFS Media Office.

Syrian civil war

Overviews

Main overviews	Syria Rojava Syrian civil war Timeline Background and causes Syrian peace process Syrian government reactions Belligerents Inter-rebel conflict Spillover Cities and towns Sectarianism and minorities Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)
Effects and ongoing concerns	Casualties of the Syrian civil war Refugees of the Syrian civil war Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war
Phases and processes	Syrian revolution Early insurgency phase 2012–2013 escalation Ceasefires Syrian peace process
World reaction	International reactions to the Syrian civil war Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war Reactions to the fall of the Assad regime
Specific groups and countries	Russian involvement Russian intervention Turkish involvement Turkish occupation of northern Syria Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria US intervention in the Syrian civil war 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria Kurdish Area in Syria Syrian Democratic Forces Rojava conflict U.S. task force
Agreements and dialogues	Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria
Transitional phase	Syrian transitional government

Timeline

Background

2011
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2012
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2013
Jan–Apr
May–Dec

2014
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec

2015
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec

2016
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2017
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2018
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2019
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec

2020
Jan–Dec

2021
Jan–Dec

2022
Jan–Dec

2023
Jan-Dec

2024
Jan–Oct
Nov–present

Spillover

Israel and Golan Heights:	March 2017 incident February 2018 incident May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents
Iraq:	Akashat ambush Operation al-Shabah April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike
Jordanian border incidents	April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike
Lebanon:	Lebanese border clashes Battle of Sidon Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut North Lebanon clashes Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)
Turkey:	December 2011 Turkish border clash 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown 2012 Turkish border clashes 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria Assassination of Andrei Karlov Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 2020 Balyun airstrikes Operation Spring Shield
Elsewhere:	Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)

Belligerents

Ba'athist regime

Politics of Ba'athist Syria	Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Communist Party
Military and militias	Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Resistance PFLP-GC al-Quds Brigade Palestine Liberation Army
Foreign support	Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Liwa Fatemiyoun Russian involvement medical facility targeting military intervention Wagner Group Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Popular Mobilization Forces

Opposition

Interim government	National Coalition Local Coordination Committees Syrian National Council Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian Support Group Adopt a Revolution Syrian Patriotic Group
Opposition militias	Syrian National Army Free Syrian Army National Front for Liberation Army of Glory Authenticity and Development Front Army of Free Tribes Revolutionary Commando Army Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Grey Wolves
Foreign support	US intervention Jordanian intervention Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey

Autonomous Administration
of North and East Syria

DFNS Government	Democratic Union Party Kurdish National Council Smaller political parties
SDF militias	People's Protection Units Women's Protection Units Anti-Terror Units Al-Sanadid Forces Army of Revolutionaries SDF military councils Syriac Military Council Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa Northern Democratic Brigade
Support	Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Kurdistan Workers' Party International Freedom Battalion Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units

Islamists

Islamic State

al-Qaeda and allies

People

Elections	2011 local elections 2012 parliamentary election 2014 presidential election 2015 Northern local elections 2016 parliamentary election 2017 Northern local elections 2017 Northern regional elections 2018 local elections 2020 parliamentary election 2021 presidential election
Issues	Casualties Cities and towns Chemical weapons Damaged heritage sites Foreign involvement Human rights violations Humanitarian aid International demonstrations and protests International reactions Massacres Mass graves Refugees Sectarianism and minorities Status of the Golan Heights Spillover in Lebanon Syrian government reactions
Peace process	Arab League monitors Friends of Syria Group Kofi Annan peace plan UN supervision mission Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan U.S.–Russia peace proposals 39th G8 summit UN Security Council Resolution 2118 Geneva II conference 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement Vienna talks 2016 Geneva talks Idlib demilitarization (2018–present) First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal Syrian Constitutional Committee
Investigations/legal cases	Investigations International Commission Chemical weapons War crimes cases Germany Canada + Netherlands vs Syria
Related topics	Exclusive mandate Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference International recognition of the Syrian National Council Syria Files Syrian detainee report Syrian media coverage 2015 European migrant crisis Syrian civil war in popular culture

Category

Foreign relations of Turkey

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Africa

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Americas

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Diplomacy

Peace Agreements and Treaties	Treaty of Ankara Border with Iraq Treaty of Constantinople Border with Bulgaria Greece Treaty of Kars Border with Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Treaty of Lausanne Border with Syria Treaty of Zuhab Border with Iran Montreux Convention Turkish Straits ECHR European Court of Human Rights
International infrastructure	Oil Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline Kirkuk–Ceyhan pipeline Water Northern Cyprus pipeline Natural gas Blue Stream Tabriz–Ankara pipeline Trans-Anatolian pipeline TurkStream Rail transport Greece–Turkey Azerbaijan–Georgia–Turkey
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v t e Foreign relations of Syria
Africa	Algeria Egypt Morocco Sahrawi Republic Somalia South Africa Sudan Tunisia
Americas	Canada Chile Cuba Mexico Nicaragua United States Venezuela
Asia	Abkhazia Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Kurdistan Region Israel Japan Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen
Europe	Austria Belarus Bulgaria Belgium Croatia Cyprus Denmark France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Italy Netherlands Romania Russia Serbia Spain Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
Disputes	Arab–Israeli conflict Lebanese Civil War Syrian occupation of Lebanon (1976–2005) Syrian civil war Turkish occupation of northern Syria (2016–) International reactions to the Syrian civil war
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v t e Foreign relations of the Syrian Opposition
Issues	Syrian civil war Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present) Turkish occupation of northern Syria
Recognition	Syrian National Council Diplomatic missions of / in Syrian Opposition
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Syrian Opposition

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