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| {{Redirect|Trumpeter|other uses|Trumpeter (disambiguation)|and|Trumpet (disambiguation)}} | |||
| {{Infobox Instrument | |||
| |name=Trumpet | |||
| |image=Trumpet_1.jpg | |||
| |image_capt = B{{music|flat}} trumpet | |||
| |background=brass | |||
| |classification=Brass | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| |hornbostel_sachs=423.233 | |||
| |hornbostel_sachs_desc=Valved ] sounded by lip movement | |||
| |range=Written range:] | |||
| |related=], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] | |||
| |midi=056/057 | |||
| |article= | |||
| }} | |||
| {{Brass}} | |||
| A '''trumpet''' is a blown ] commonly used in ] and ] ]. The trumpet group contains the instruments with the highest ] in the ] family. Trumpet-like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting, with examples dating back to at least 1500 BC; they began to be used as musical instruments only in the late 14th or early 15th century.<ref> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.petrouska.com/historyofthetrumpet.htm | |||
| |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608095025/http://www.petrouska.com/historyofthetrumpet.htm | |||
| |deadurl=yes | |||
| |archivedate=2008-06-08 | |||
| |title=History of the Trumpet (According to the ''New Harvard Dictionary of Music'') | |||
| |publisher=petrouska.com | |||
| |accessdate=2014-12-17 | |||
| |last= | |||
| |first= | |||
| }} | |||
| </ref> Trumpets, which are blow horns are used in ] styles, for instance in ]s, ]s, and ] ensembles, as well as in ]. They are played by blowing air through nearly-closed lips (called the player's ]), producing a "buzzing" sound that starts a ] vibration in the air column inside the instrument. Since the late 15th century they have primarily been constructed of ] tubing, usually bent twice into a ] shape.<ref>], ''The No Nonsense Trumpet From A-Z'' (1995), 7-10.{{Full citation needed|date=April 2017}}<!--Place, publisher, ISBN needed.--></ref> | |||
| There are many distinct types of trumpet, with the most common being pitched in B{{music|flat}} (a ]), having a tubing length of about {{convert|1.48|m|abbr=on}}. Early trumpets did not provide means to change the length of tubing, whereas modern instruments generally have three (or sometimes four) ] in order to change their ]. Most trumpets have valves of the ] type, while some have the ] type. The use of rotary-valved trumpets is more common in orchestral settings, although this practice varies by country. Each valve, when engaged, increases the length of tubing, lowering the pitch of the instrument. A musician who plays the trumpet is called a ''trumpet player'' or ''trumpeter''. | |||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| The English word "trumpet" was first used in the late 14th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=trumpet |title=Trumpet |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=www.etymonline.com|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=20 May 2017 |quote=}}</ref> The word came from Old French "trompette", which is a "diminutive of trompe".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=trumpet |title=Trumpet |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=www.etymonline.com|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=20 May 2017 |quote=}}</ref> The word "trump", meaning "trumpet," was first used in English in 1300. The word comes "from Old French trompe "long, tube-like musical wind instrument" (12c.), cognate with Provençal tromba, Italian tromba, all probably from a Germanic source (compare Old High German trumpa, Old Norse trumba "trumpet"), of imitative origin."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=trump&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Trump |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=www.etymonline.com|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=20 May 2017 |quote=}}</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ] Lima, Peru.]] | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Main article|History of primitive and non-Western trumpets}} | |||
| The earliest trumpets date back to 1500 BC and earlier. The bronze and silver trumpets from ]'s grave in Egypt, ]s from Scandinavia, and metal trumpets from China date back to this period.<ref>], ''The Trumpet'' (Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1988), 20-30.</ref> Trumpets from the ] civilization (3rd millennium BC) of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle, yet are made out of one sheet of metal, which is considered a technical wonder.<ref>"Trumpet with a swelling decorated with a human head," </ref> | |||
| The ], made from a ram horn and the Hatzotzeroth, made of metal, are both mentioned in the Bible. They were played in Solomon's Temple around 3000 years ago. They were said to be used to blow down the walls of Jericho. They are still used on certain religious days.<ref> | |||
| {{cite web|url=http://www.bbtrumpet.com/trumpethistory.html|title= History of the trumpet}}</ref> | |||
| The ] was a straight trumpet {{convert|62|in}} long, made of bone or bronze. Salpinx contests were a part of the original Olympic Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbtrumpet.com/trumpethistory.html|title= History of the trumpet}}</ref> | |||
| The ] people of ancient ] depicted trumpets in their art going back to AD 300.<ref>Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the ].'' New York: ], 1997.</ref> The earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes, rather than music in the modern sense;<ref> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.cso.org/ | |||
| |title=Chicago Symphony Orchestra – Glossary – Brass instruments | |||
| |publisher=cso.org | |||
| |accessdate=2008-05-03 | |||
| |last= | |||
| |first= | |||
| }} | |||
| </ref> and the modern ] continues this signaling tradition. | |||
| ] by ]]] | |||
| Improvements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance led to an increased usefulness of the trumpet as a musical instrument. The ]s of this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series. Changing keys required the player to change ] of the instrument.<ref> | |||
| {{cite web|url=http://www.bbtrumpet.com/trumpethistory.html|title= History of the trumpet}}</ref> The development of the upper, "]" register by specialist trumpeters—notably ]—would lend itself well to the ] era, also known as the "Golden Age of the natural trumpet." During this period, a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters. The art was revived in the mid-20th century and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world. Many modern players in Germany and the UK who perform Baroque music use a version of the natural trumpet fitted with three or four vent holes to aid in correcting out-of-tune notes in the harmonic series.<ref>John Wallace and Alexander McGrattan, ''The Trumpet'', Yale Musical Instrument Series (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011): 239. {{ISBN|978-0-300-11230-6}}.</ref> | |||
| The melody-dominated ] of the ] and ] periods relegated the trumpet to a secondary role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet. ] wrote in 1844: | |||
| <blockquote> | |||
| Notwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished nature of its quality of tone, there are few instruments that have been more degraded (than the trumpet). Down to ] and ], every composer – not excepting ] – persisted in confining it to the unworthy function of filling up, or in causing it to sound two or three commonplace rhythmical formulae.<ref>] (1844). '']''. ], NY, 1948.</ref> | |||
| </blockquote> | |||
| The attempt to give the trumpet more chromatic freedom in its range saw the development of the ], but this was a largely unsuccessful venture due to the poor quality of its sound.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} | |||
| Although the impetus for a tubular valve began as early as 1793, it was not until 1818 that Friedrich Bluhmel and ] made a joint patent application for the box valve as manufactured by W. Schuster. The symphonies of Mozart, Beethoven, and as late as ], were still played on natural trumpets. ] (removable tubing of various lengths) as opposed to keys or valves were standard, notably in France, into the first part of the 20th century. As a consequence of this late development of the instrument's chromatic ability, the ] for the instrument is relatively small compared to other instruments. The 20th century saw an explosion in the amount and variety of music written for the trumpet.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} | |||
| ==Construction== | |||
| ] | |||
| The trumpet is constructed of ] tubing bent twice into a rounded oblong shape.<ref> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.dsokids.com/2001/dso.asp?PageID=162 | |||
| |title=Trumpet, Brass Instrument | |||
| |publisher=dsokids.com | |||
| |accessdate=2008-05-03 | |||
| |last= | |||
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| }} | |||
| </ref> As with all brass instruments, sound is produced by blowing air through closed lips, producing a "buzzing" sound into the ] and starting a ] vibration in the air column inside the trumpet. The player can select the ] from a range of ]s or ] by changing the lip ] and tension (known as the ]). | |||
| The mouthpiece has a circular rim, which provides a comfortable environment for the lips' vibration. Directly behind the rim is the cup, which channels the air into a much smaller opening (the back bore or shank) that tapers out slightly to match the diameter of the trumpet's lead pipe. The dimensions of these parts of the mouthpiece affect the ] or quality of sound, the ease of playability, and player comfort. Generally, the wider and deeper the cup, the darker the sound and timbre. | |||
| ] | |||
| Modern trumpets have three (or infrequently four) ]s, each of which increases the length of tubing when engaged, thereby lowering the pitch. The first valve lowers the instrument's pitch by a whole step (2 ]s), the second valve by a half step (1 semitone), and the third valve by one-and-a-half steps (3 semitones). When a fourth valve is present, as with some ]s, it usually lowers the pitch a ] (5 semitones). Used singly and in combination these valves make the instrument fully ], i.e., able to play all twelve pitches of ]. For more information about the different types of valves, see ]. | |||
| The pitch of the trumpet can be raised or lowered by the use of the tuning slide. Pulling the slide out lowers the pitch; pushing the slide in raises it. To overcome the problems of intonation and reduce the use of the slide, ] designed the tuning-bell trumpet. Removing the usual brace between the bell and a valve body allows the use of a sliding bell; the player may then tune the horn with the bell while leaving the slide pushed in, or nearly so, thereby improving intonation and overall response.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bloch |first=Dr. Colin |url=http://www.dallasmusic.org/schilke/Tunable%20Bell%20Trumpets.html |title=The Bell-Tuned Trumpet |date=August 1978 |accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref> | |||
| A trumpet becomes a ] when the player presses it to the lips; therefore, the instrument only naturally produces every other overtone of the harmonic series. The shape of the bell makes the missing overtones audible.<ref>D. J. Blaikley, "How a Trumpet Is Made. I. The Natural Trumpet and Horn", ''The Musical Times'', January 1, 1910, p. 15.</ref> Most notes in the series are slightly out of tune and modern trumpets have slide mechanisms for the first and third valves with which the player can compensate by ''throwing'' (extending) or retracting one or both slides, using the left thumb and ring finger for the first and third valve slides respectively. | |||
| ==Types== | |||
| The most common type is the B{{music|flat}} trumpet, but A, C, D, E{{music|flat}}, E, low F, and G trumpets are also available. The C trumpet is most common in American orchestral playing, where it is used alongside the B{{music|flat}} trumpet. Its slightly smaller size gives it a brighter sound, clearer projection, and crisper articulation. ] trumpet players are adept at transposing music at sight, frequently playing music written for the A, B{{music|flat}}, D, E{{music|flat}}, E, or F trumpet on the C trumpet or B{{music|flat}} trumpet. | |||
| ]s to tune the instrument to B{{music|flat}} (shorter) or A (longer)]] | |||
| The smallest trumpets are referred to as ]s. The most common of these are built to play in both B{{music|flat}} and A, with separate leadpipes for each key. The tubing in the B{{music|flat}} piccolo trumpet is one-half the length of that in a standard B{{music|flat}} trumpet. Piccolo trumpets in G, F and C are also manufactured, but are less common. Many players use a smaller mouthpiece on the piccolo trumpet, which requires a different sound production technique from the B{{music|flat}} trumpet and can limit endurance. Almost all piccolo trumpets have four valves instead of the usual three — the fourth valve lowers the pitch, usually by a fourth, to assist in the playing of lower notes and to create alternate fingerings that facilitate certain ]s. ], ], ], and ] are some well-known trumpet players known for their additional virtuosity on the piccolo trumpet. | |||
| ] | |||
| Trumpets pitched in the key of low G are also called sopranos, or soprano bugles, after their adaptation from military ]s. Traditionally used in ], sopranos have featured both ]s and ]s. | |||
| The ] is usually played by a ] player, being at the same pitch. Bass trumpet is played with a shallower trombone mouthpiece, and music for it is written in ]. The most common keys for bass trumpets are C and B{{music|flat}}. Both C and B{{music|flat}} bass trumpets are ] sounding an ] (C) or a major ninth (B{{music|flat}}) lower than written. | |||
| The modern ] is a B{{music|flat}} trumpet that has a slide instead of valves. It is similar to a ]. The first slide trumpets emerged during the Renaissance, predating the modern trombone, and are the first attempts to increase ] on the instrument. Slide trumpets were the first trumpets allowed in the Christian church.<ref>Tarr{{Full citation needed|date=February 2012}}<!--If this is meant to refer to Edward Tarr's 1988 book, it should identify it, either by year or by short title (whichever is the norm in this article, which is not at all certain); in addition, a page number is needed for this particular reference.--></ref> | |||
| The historical slide trumpet was probably first developed in the late 14th century for use in ] wind bands. Deriving from early straight trumpets, the Renaissance slide trumpet was essentially a natural trumpet with a sliding leadpipe. This single slide was rather awkward, as the entire corpus of the instrument moved, and the range of the slide was probably no more than a major third. Originals were probably pitched in D, to fit with ]s in D and G, probably at a typical pitch standard near A=466 Hz. As no known instruments from this period survive, the details—and even the existence—of a Renaissance slide trumpet is a matter of conjecture and debate among scholars.<ref> | |||
| {{cite web | |||
| |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oup/earlyj/2004/00000032/00000002/art00252 | |||
| |title=IngentaConnect More about Renaissance slide trumpets: fact or fiction? | |||
| |publisher=ingentaconnect.com | |||
| |accessdate=2008-05-03 | |||
| |last= | |||
| |first= | |||
| }} | |||
| </ref> | |||
| Some slide trumpet designs saw use in England in the 18th century.<ref> | |||
| {{cite journal | |||
| |jstor=899543 | |||
| |title=JSTOR: Notes, Second Series | |||
| |publisher=|last= | |||
| |first= | |||
| |volume=54 | |||
| |pages=484–485 | |||
| |year=1997 | |||
| }} | |||
| </ref> | |||