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| ], year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands ]] | ], year 2005 ; Number of inhabitants in thousands ]] | ||
| The name "Eesti," or ], could be derived from the word "]," the name given by the ancient ] to the peoples living northeast of the ]. The Roman historian ] in ] A.D. was the first to mention the "Aestii" people, and early ] called the land south of the ] ''Eistland'', and the people ''eistr''. ] and ] languages are very closely related, belonging to the same ] branch of the ] language family. The two languages are mutually intelligible to native speakers. Both Estonian and Finnish are distantly related to the ] ] language. | |||
| ] have strong ties to the ] and ] stemming from the strong cultural and religious influences gained over centuries during ], German and ] rule and settlement. This highly literate society places strong emphasis upon education, which is free and compulsory until age 16. The first known book in Estonian was printed in ]. | |||
| Written with the ], Estonian is the language of the Estonian people and the official language of the country. One-third of the standard vocabulary is derived from adding suffixes to root words. The oldest known examples of written Estonian originate in 13th century chronicles. During the ], the ] language was imposed in parallel to, and often instead of, Estonian in official use. | |||
| Between ] and ] the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within currently defined boundaries of ] dropped from 96% to 61%, caused primarily by the ] program promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from ], ], and ], as well as by wartime emigration and ]'s mass deportations and executions. In the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in ] caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61% to 69% in ]. | |||
| Modern Estonia is, as a whole, multicultural, but geographically a largely ethnically homogeneous country. 13 of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80 percent ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being ], where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. | |||
| In the counties of ] (including the capital city, ]) and ], however, Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. Ethnic ] make up 25.7% of the total population, but account for 36% of the population in Harju county, and 70% of the population in Ida-Viru county. | |||
| ==Population== | ==Population== | ||
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| ==Languages== | ==Languages== | ||
| ] (official), ], ], ], ], other | ] (official), ], ], ], ], ], other | ||
| ===Literacy=== | ===Literacy=== | ||
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Revision as of 18:59, 18 October 2006
The name "Eesti," or Estonia, could be derived from the word "Aestii," the name given by the ancient Germanic people to the peoples living northeast of the Vistula River. The Roman historian Tacitus in 98 A.D. was the first to mention the "Aestii" people, and early Scandinavians called the land south of the Gulf of Finland Eistland, and the people eistr. Estonian and Finnish languages are very closely related, belonging to the same Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric language family. The two languages are mutually intelligible to native speakers. Both Estonian and Finnish are distantly related to the Ugric Hungarian language.
Estonians have strong ties to the Nordic countries and Germany stemming from the strong cultural and religious influences gained over centuries during Danish, German and Swedish rule and settlement. This highly literate society places strong emphasis upon education, which is free and compulsory until age 16. The first known book in Estonian was printed in 1525.
Written with the Latin alphabet, Estonian is the language of the Estonian people and the official language of the country. One-third of the standard vocabulary is derived from adding suffixes to root words. The oldest known examples of written Estonian originate in 13th century chronicles. During the Soviet era, the Russian language was imposed in parallel to, and often instead of, Estonian in official use.
Between 1945 and 1989 the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped from 96% to 61%, caused primarily by the Soviet program promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration and Stalin's mass deportations and executions. In the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61% to 69% in 2006.
Modern Estonia is, as a whole, multicultural, but geographically a largely ethnically homogeneous country. 13 of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80 percent ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. In the counties of Harju (including the capital city, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru, however, Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. Ethnic Russians make up 25.7% of the total population, but account for 36% of the population in Harju county, and 70% of the population in Ida-Viru county.
Population
- 1,408,556 (July 2003 estimate)
- 1,431,471 (July 2000 estimate)
- 1,376,743 (last census March 31, 2000)
- 1,356,045 (official, January 1, 2003)
Age structure
- 0-14 years: 18% (male 129,204; female 124,269)
- 15-64 years: 68% (male 466,960; female 503,233)
- 65 years and over: 14% (male 67,781; female 140,024) (2000 est.)
Population growth rate
- -0.59% (2000 est.)
Birth rate
- 8.45 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Death rate
- 13.55 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Net migration rate
- -0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)
Sex ratio
- at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
- under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
- 15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/female
- total population: 0.87 male(s)/female (2000 est.)
Infant mortality rate
12.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)
Life expectancy at birth
- total population: 69.45 years
- male: 63.4 years
- female: 75.79 years (2000 est.)
Total fertility rate
1.19 children born/woman (2000 est.)
Nationality
- noun: Estonian(s)
- adjective: Estonian
Ethnic groups
Estonian 68.6%, Russian 25.7%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.2%, Finn 0.8%, other 1.6% (2006)
Religion
Traditional religion of the Estonians is the Christian belief in the form the Evangelical Lutheran confession (as in many other countries in Scandinavia).
Less than a third of the population define themselves as believers, of those the majority are Lutheran, whereas the Russian minority is Eastern Orthodox. Ancient equinoctial heathen traditions are held in high regard. Today, about 32 % of the population are members of a church or religious group, thereof:
- 14.8 % Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church
- 13.9 % Estonian Orthodox Church
- ca. 10,000 Muslims
- ca. 6,000 Baptists
- ca. 3,500 Roman Catholics
There are also a number of smaller Protestant and Jewish groups.
Languages
Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, English, Finnish, German, other
Literacy
- age 7 and over can read and write
- total population: 100% (1998 est.)
- See also : Estonia
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