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'''''Ponerorchis''''' is a genus of Asian terrestrial tuberous orchids included in the orchid family ]. It is native to ], ], the ], ], ], and the ].<ref name="tammy"></ref><ref></ref> '''''Ponerorchis''''' is a genus of Asian terrestrial tuberous orchids included in the orchid family ]. It is native to ], ], the ], ], ], and the ].<ref name="tammy"></ref><ref></ref>


They can be found in evergreen forests and meadows in temperate, mountainous regions from the ] to ] and ]. They are closely related to the genus ''Orchis'' to which, in the past, they were thought to belong. The genus is distinguished from ''Orchis'' by having in the ] two bursicles (pouchlike receptacles) enclosing the ], instead of one. It shares with ''Orchis'' its spherical, ellipsoid or oblong ]s. The species ''Ponerorchis chidorii'', endemic to Japan, is also known to grow ]. They can be found in evergreen forests and meadows in temperate, mountainous regions from the ] to ] and ]. The species ''Ponerorchis chidorii'', endemic to Japan, is also known to grow ].


In horticultural trade this genus is abbreviated as Pnr. These orchids, a wide variety of mostly ]s of ''Ponerorchis graminifolia'', are rarely grown outside Japan. In horticultural trade this genus is abbreviated as Pnr. These orchids, a wide variety of mostly ]s of ''Ponerorchis graminifolia'', are rarely grown outside Japan.


==Taxonomy== ==Taxonomy==
==Phylogeny and classification== ===Phylogeny and classification===
The genus ''Ponerorchis'' was erected by ] in 1852 for the species '']''. ] studies between 1997 and 2003 showed that ''Ponerorchis'', when broadly defined, formed a ] with the genera ''Amitostigma'', ''Neottianthe'' and '']''. ''Ponerorchis'', as then ], was not ]. In 2003, in advance of further studies involving more species, ''Ponerorchis'' was broadened to include ''Chusua'', and an "orphan" species was transferred from ''Ponerorchis'' to become '']''.<ref name=BateHollPresLuo03/> A more detailed ] study in 2014 confirmed the strong relationship between ''Amitostigma'', ''Neottianthe'' and ''Ponerorchis'', whose species were mixed together in a single ], making none of the three genera ] as then ]. ''Amitostigma'' and ''Neottianthe'' were subsumed into ''Ponerorchis'',<ref name=JinJinSchuLi14/> making it a considerably larger genus. The genus ''Ponerorchis'' was erected by ] in 1852 for the species '']''. ] studies between 1997 and 2003 showed that ''Ponerorchis'', when broadly defined, formed a ] with the genera ''Amitostigma'', ''Neottianthe'' and '']''. ''Ponerorchis'', as then ], was not ]. In 2003, in advance of further studies involving more species, ''Ponerorchis'' was broadened to include ''Chusua'', and an "orphan" species was transferred from ''Ponerorchis'' to become '']''.<ref name=BateHollPresLuo03/> A more detailed ] study in 2014 confirmed the strong relationship between ''Amitostigma'', ''Neottianthe'' and ''Ponerorchis'', whose species were mixed together in a single ], making none of the three genera ] as then ]. ''Amitostigma'' and ''Neottianthe'' were subsumed into ''Ponerorchis'',<ref name=JinJinSchuLi14/> making it a considerably larger genus.

''Ponerorchis'' was previously distinguished from related genera by the presence of bursicles (pouchlike receptacles) enclosing the ]. The presence or absence of a bursicle was found not to be a useful diagnostic character, having arisen independently at least four times in the Orchideae.<ref name=JinJinSchuLi14/>


''Ponerorchis'' is placed in the orchid subfamily ], tribe ], subtribe Orchidineae. After the genera were re-circumscribed as explained above, the relationship between ''Ponerorchis'' and the rest of the subtribe is as shown in the ] below.<ref name=JinJinSchuLi14/> ''Ponerorchis'' is placed in the orchid subfamily ], tribe ], subtribe Orchidineae. After the genera were re-circumscribed as explained above, the relationship between ''Ponerorchis'' and the rest of the subtribe is as shown in the ] below.<ref name=JinJinSchuLi14/>

Revision as of 10:07, 22 March 2018

Ponerorchis
Ponerorchis graminifolia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Tribe: Orchideae
Subtribe: Orchidinae
Genus: Ponerorchis
Rchb.f., 1852
Synonyms
  • Mitostigma Blume, nom. illeg.
  • Phaniasia Blume ex Miq.
  • Amitostigma Schltr.
  • Neottianthe (Rchb.) Schltr.
  • Chusua Nevski
  • Symphyosepalum Hand.-Mazz.

Ponerorchis is a genus of Asian terrestrial tuberous orchids included in the orchid family Orchidaceae. It is native to China, Siberia, the Russian Far East, Japan, Korea, and the Himalayas.

They can be found in evergreen forests and meadows in temperate, mountainous regions from the Himalayas to Siberia and Japan. The species Ponerorchis chidorii, endemic to Japan, is also known to grow epiphytically.

In horticultural trade this genus is abbreviated as Pnr. These orchids, a wide variety of mostly cultivars of Ponerorchis graminifolia, are rarely grown outside Japan.

Taxonomy

Phylogeny and classification

The genus Ponerorchis was erected by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach in 1852 for the species Ponerorchis graminifolia. Phylogenetic studies between 1997 and 2003 showed that Ponerorchis, when broadly defined, formed a clade with the genera Amitostigma, Neottianthe and Hemipilia. Ponerorchis, as then circumscribed, was not monophyletic. In 2003, in advance of further studies involving more species, Ponerorchis was broadened to include Chusua, and an "orphan" species was transferred from Ponerorchis to become Hemipilia brevicalcarata. A more detailed molecular phylogenetic study in 2014 confirmed the strong relationship between Amitostigma, Neottianthe and Ponerorchis, whose species were mixed together in a single clade, making none of the three genera monophyletic as then circumscribed. Amitostigma and Neottianthe were subsumed into Ponerorchis, making it a considerably larger genus.

Ponerorchis was previously distinguished from related genera by the presence of bursicles (pouchlike receptacles) enclosing the pollinia. The presence or absence of a bursicle was found not to be a useful diagnostic character, having arisen independently at least four times in the Orchideae.

Ponerorchis is placed in the orchid subfamily Orchidoideae, tribe Orchideae, subtribe Orchidineae. After the genera were re-circumscribed as explained above, the relationship between Ponerorchis and the rest of the subtribe is as shown in the cladogram below.

Orchidinae

Sirindhornia

Ponerorchis

Hemipilia

Tsaiorchis

all other genera

Species

Species accepted as of March 2018:

References

  1. ^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. Flora of China v 25 p 92, 小红门兰属 xiao hong men lan shu, Ponerorchis
  3. Bateman, Richard M.; Hollingsworth, Peter M.; Preston, Jillian; Luo, Yi-Bo; Pridgeon, Alec M.; Chase, Mark W. (2003). "Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 142 (1): 1–40. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00157.x. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Jin, Wei-Tao; Jin, Xiao-Hua; Schuiteman, André; Li, De-Zhu; Xiang, Xiao-Guo; Huang, Wei-Chang; Li, Jian-Wu; Huang, Lu-Qi (2014), "Molecular systematics of subtribe Orchidinae and Asian taxa of Habenariinae (Orchideae, Orchidaceae) based on plastid matK, rbcL and nuclear ITS", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 77: 41–53, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.004 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

External links

Taxon identifiers
Ponerorchis
Categories: