Education in Tibet: Difference between revisions

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	==Primary education==		==Primary education==
	Chinese records indicate that the illiteracy rate was 90% in 1951. The ] signed at that time pledged Chinese help to develop education in Tibet. ] has been expanded in recent years. Since the ] program in 1999, 200 primary schools have been built, and enrollment of children in public schools in Tibet reached 98.8% in 2010 from 85%.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://chinatibet.people.com.cn/6896547.html\|title=PLA contributes to better primary education in Tibet\|date=2010-02-20 \|accessdate=2010-07-11\|work=China Tibet Online\|publisher=]}}</ref> Most classes are taught in the ], but mathematics, physics, and chemistry are taught in Chinese. Tuition fees for ] from primary school through college are completely subsidized by the central government.<ref name="fandf">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/tibet-english/jy.htm\|title=Facts & Figures 2002: Education\|year=2002\|work=China's Tibet\|publisher=China Internet Information ~~Cente~~}}</ref>		Chinese records indicate that the illiteracy rate was 90% in 1951. The ] signed at that time pledged Chinese help to develop education in Tibet. ] has been expanded in recent years. Since the ] program in 1999, 200 primary schools have been built, and enrollment of children in public schools in Tibet reached 98.8% in 2010 from 85%.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://chinatibet.people.com.cn/6896547.html\|title=PLA contributes to better primary education in Tibet\|date=2010-02-20 \|accessdate=2010-07-11\|work=China Tibet Online\|publisher=]}}</ref> Most classes are taught in the ], but mathematics, physics, and chemistry are taught in Chinese. Tuition fees for ] from primary school through college are completely subsidized by the central government.<ref name="fandf">{{Cite web \|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/tibet-english/jy.htm\|title=Facts & Figures 2002: Education\|year=2002\|work=China's Tibet\|publisher=China Internet Information Center}}</ref>

	The ] and other Tibetan human rights groups have criticised the education system in Tibet for eroding ].<ref>http://www.freetibet.org/about/education</ref> There have been protests against the teaching of ] in schools and the lack of more instruction on local history and culture.<ref>Policy Research Group, , 26 October 2010</ref> The Chinese government argues that the education opportunities available in Tibet have improved the economic livelihood of the Tibetans.<ref></ref><ref>China Watch (China Daily) , 23 May 2011</ref>		The ] and other Tibetan human rights groups have criticised the education system in Tibet for eroding ].<ref>http://www.freetibet.org/about/education</ref> There have been protests against the teaching of ] in schools and the lack of more instruction on local history and culture.<ref>Policy Research Group, , 26 October 2010</ref> The Chinese government argues that the education opportunities available in Tibet have improved the economic livelihood of the Tibetans.<ref></ref><ref>China Watch (China Daily) , 23 May 2011</ref>

Revision as of 09:29, 2 December 2018

Education in Tibet is the public responsibility of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Education of ethnic Tibetans is subsidized by the government. Primary and secondary education is compulsory, while preferential policies aimed at Tibetans seek to enroll more in vocational or higher education.

History

Some form of institutionalized education was in place in Tibet since 860 CE, when the first monasteries were established. However, only 13% of the population (less for girls) lived there, and many still were manual laborers educated only enough to chant their prayer books. Two schools existed outside of the monasteries: Tse Laptra trained boys for ecclesiastical functions in the government, Tsikhang to prepare aristocrats with the proper etiquette for government service. Both were in Lhasa.

In the 20th century, the government in Tibet allowed foreign groups, mainly English, to establish secular schools in Lhasa. However, they were opposed by the clergy and the aristocracy, who feared they would "undermine Tibet's cultural and religious traditions." The parents who could afford to send their children to England for education were reluctant because of the distance.

Primary education

Chinese records indicate that the illiteracy rate was 90% in 1951. The Seventeen Point Agreement signed at that time pledged Chinese help to develop education in Tibet. Primary education has been expanded in recent years. Since the China Western Development program in 1999, 200 primary schools have been built, and enrollment of children in public schools in Tibet reached 98.8% in 2010 from 85%. Most classes are taught in the Tibetan language, but mathematics, physics, and chemistry are taught in Chinese. Tuition fees for ethnic Tibetans from primary school through college are completely subsidized by the central government.

The Free Tibet campaign and other Tibetan human rights groups have criticised the education system in Tibet for eroding Tibetan culture. There have been protests against the teaching of Mandarin Chinese in schools and the lack of more instruction on local history and culture. The Chinese government argues that the education opportunities available in Tibet have improved the economic livelihood of the Tibetans.

Higher education

The central government held the Second National Conference on Work in Tibet in 1984, and Tibet University was established the same year. Tibet had six institutes of higher learning as of 2006. When the National Higher Education Entrance Examination was first established in 1980, ethnic Tibetans filled only 10% of the higher education entrant quota for the region, despite making up 97% of the region's population. However, in 1984, the Chinese Ministry of Education affected policy changes including affirmative action and Tibetan language accommodations. In 2008, the number of ethnic Tibetans sitting the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) reached 14248, with 10211 being accepted into university, making the enrollment proportion of ethnic Tibetans 60%.

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Tibet articles

History

Overviews	Timeline List of rulers European exploration Historical money
Chronology	Prehistory (Neolithic) Zhangzhung Yarlung dynasty Empire (7th–9th century) Timeline List of emperors Lönchen Relations with Tang (618–907) Era of Fragmentation (9th–13th century) Guge kingdom Tsongkha Relations with Song (960–1279) Yuan dynasty rule (1270–1350) Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs Phagmodrupa dynasty Relations with Ming (1368–1644) Rinpungpa dynasty Tsangpa dynasty Ganden Phodrang Kashag Khoshut Khanate Qing dynasty rule (1720–1912) Lifan Yuan List of Qing ambans Post-Qing to 1950 Tibetan Army People's Republic of China (PRC) rule PRC annexation political leaders
Wars and conflicts	Tibetan attack on Songzhou Battle of Dafei River Mongol invasions of Tibet Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war Battle of Dartsedo Battle of the Salween River Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Jinchuan campaigns Lhasa riot of 1750 Sino-Nepalese War Dogra–Tibetan War Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856) Sikkim expedition British expedition to Tibet Batang uprising Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) Xinhai Lhasa turmoil Sino-Tibetan War Qinghai–Tibet War 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet 1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet Battle of Chamdo Protests and uprisings since 1950 1959 Tibetan uprising 1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 2008 Tibetan unrest Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China Special Frontier Force
Documents	Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684) 13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751) 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793) Treaty of Chushul (1842) Treaty of Thapathali (1856) Convention of Calcutta (1890) Treaty of Lhasa (1904) Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906) Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913) Simla Accord (1914) Seventeen Point Agreement (1951) Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954) 70,000 Character Petition (1962) Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy (2008)

Geography

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Category

Bass, Catriona (1998). Education in Tibet: policy and practice since 1950. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-85649-674-2.
"PLA contributes to better primary education in Tibet". China Tibet Online. People's Daily. 2010-02-20. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
^ "Facts & Figures 2002: Education". China's Tibet. China Internet Information Center. 2002.
http://www.freetibet.org/about/education
Policy Research Group, Trouble over patriotic education in Tibet, 26 October 2010
Peaceful liberation: watershed of education for Tibetan people
China Watch (China Daily) Advertising supplement in IHT, 23 May 2011
Mei, Wu (2008). "The Development of Higher Education in Tibet: From UNESCO Perspective (Draft)" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 2010-07-12.

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Education in Tibet

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