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| {{for|the Australian miniseries|Cyclone Tracy (mini-series)}} | |||
| {{Use Australian English|date=October 2012}} | |||
| {{Infobox hurricane | |||
| | Name = Cyclone Tracy | |||
| | Year = 1974 | |||
| | Basin = Aus | |||
| | Type = Cyclone | |||
| | Image location = Cyclone Tracy 25 December 1974 ESSA-8.png | |||
| | Alt = | |||
| | Image name = Cyclone Tracy on 25 December 1974 | |||
| | Formed = {{start date|1974|12|21|df=y}} | |||
| | Dissipated = {{end date|1974|12|26|df=y}} | |||
| | 1-min winds = 110 | |||
| | 10-min winds = 95 | |||
| | Gusts = 130 | |||
| | Pressure = 950 | |||
| | Fatalities = 71<!-- Do not add "total" here. It is redundant. If you have questions, please discuss on the talk page. --> | |||
| | Damages = $645.35 million (1974 USD) | |||
| | Inflated = | |||
| | Areas = ], ] | |||
| | Hurricane season = ] | |||
| }}<!-- Checked monthly values with http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic. Used conversion from http://www.rba.gov.au/Statistics/HistoricalExchangeRates/index.html --> | |||
| '''Cyclone Tracy''' was a ] that from ] to ], 1974, devastated the city of ], ]. It is the most compact cyclone or equivalent-strength hurricane on record in the Australian basin and Southern Hemisphere, with gale-force winds extending only {{convert|48|km|mi}} from the centre and was the smallest tropical cyclone worldwide until 2008 when ] of the ] broke the record, with gale-force winds extending only {{convert|19|km|mi}} from the centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E5.html |title=FAQ : HURRICANES, TYPHOONS, AND TROPICAL CYCLONES |publisher=] |work=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |date=29 May 2009 |accessdate=29 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222095921/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E5.html |archivedate=22 December 2008 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/tropics/tc_structure.htm | title=Tropical Cyclone Structure | publisher=] | work=JetStream | date=19 October 2005 | accessdate=24 March 2006}}</ref> After forming over the ], the storm moved southwards and affected the city with Category 4 winds on the ], while there is evidence to suggest that it had reached Category 3 on the ] when it made ].<ref name="IBTrACS">{{cite web |url=ftp://eclipse.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/ibtracs/v01cor-r01/ibtracs_tape/SouthernHemisphere.ibtracs.v01cor-r01.tape |title=International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (HURDAT format) |accessdate=29 December 2008 |work=www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ibtracs/index.php |publisher=National Climatic Data Center}}</ref> | |||
| Tracy killed 71 people, caused {{AUD}}837 million in damage (1974 dollars), or approximately {{AUD}}6.41 billion (2014 dollars), or $4.94 billion 2014 USD. It destroyed more than 70 percent of Darwin's buildings, including 80 percent of houses.<ref name="Deathtoll">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2005/s1326359.htm|title=NT coroner hands down finding on Cyclone Tracy deaths|publisher=]|date=18 March 2005|accessdate=24 March 2006}}</ref><ref name="bom-ext">{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/about/extremes.shtml|title=Tropical cyclone extremes|publisher=]| accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref> Tracy left more than 25,000 out of the 47,000 inhabitants of the city homeless prior to landfall and required the evacuation of over 30,000 people.<ref name=EMAtctracy>{{cite web|title=Event – Cyclone Tracy|url=http://www.disasters.ema.gov.au/Browse%20Details/DisasterEventDetails.aspx?DisasterEventID=2174|work=Attorney-General’s Department Disasters Database|publisher=Australian Emergency Management Institute|accessdate=3 December 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001905/http://www.disasters.ema.gov.au/Browse%20Details/DisasterEventDetails.aspx?DisasterEventID=2174|archivedate=26 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Most of Darwin's population was evacuated to ], ], ], ] and ], and many never returned to the city. After the storm passed, the city was rebuilt using more stringent standards "to cyclone code". Bruce Stannard of '']'' stated that Cyclone Tracy was a "disaster of the first magnitude ... without parallel in ]."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gd9UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MZIDAAAAIBAJ&dq=disaster%20of%20the%20first%20magnitude%20without%20parallel%20cyclone%20tracy&pg=6901%2C4902676|title=Mr. Whitlam on the spot|last=Stannard|first=Bruce|date=28 December 1974|publisher=The Age|accessdate=30 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
| ==Meteorological history== | |||
| {{storm path|Tracy 1974 track.png}} | |||
| On 20 December 1974, the ]' ] ] recorded a large cloud mass centred over the ] about {{convert|370|km}} northeast of Darwin. This disturbance was tracked by the Darwin Weather Bureau's regional director Ray Wilkie, and by senior ] Geoff Crane. On 21 December 1974, the ] ] showed evidence of a newly formed circular centre near ] ] and ] ].<ref name="ntl-countdown">{{cite web |url=http://www.ntlib.nt.gov.au/tracy/basic/Met/countdown.html | title=Meteorological Cyclones Information — Countdown to the impact of Cyclone Tracey | publisher=Northern Territory Library | accessdate=11 July 2006}}</ref> Crane - the meteorological duty officer at the time - issued the initial tropical cyclone alert describing the storm as a tropical low that could develop into a tropical cyclone. | |||
| Later in the evening, the Darwin meteorological office received an infrared satellite image from the ]'s satellite, ], showing that the low pressure had developed further and that spiralling clouds could be observed. The storm was officially pronounced a tropical cyclone at around 10 p.m. on 21 December, when it was around {{convert|200|km}} to the north-northeast of ] (700 km or 435 mi northeast of Darwin).<ref name="ntl-warnings">{{cite web |url=http://www.ntlib.nt.gov.au/tracy/basic/Met/Tracy_warns.html | title=Meteorological Cyclones Information — Warnings issued for Cyclone Tracey | publisher=Northern Territory Library | accessdate=11 July 2006}}</ref> Cyclone Tracy was first observed on the Darwin radar on the morning of 22 December.<ref name=TracyReport1>{{cite web|title=Report on Cyclone Tracy December 1974|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/tracy.pdf|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref> Over the next few days, the cyclone moved in a southwesterly direction, passing north of Darwin on 22 December. A broadcast on ] that day stated that Cyclone Tracy posed no immediate threat to Darwin. However, early in the morning of 24 December, Tracy rounded ] on the western tip of ], and moved in a southeasterly direction, straight towards Darwin.<ref name=naaTCtracy>{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet 176 – Cyclone Tracy, Darwin|url=http://www.naa.gov.au/fSheets/FS176.html|publisher=National Archives of Australia|access-date=23 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212230435/http://naa.gov.au/fsheets/FS176.html|archivedate=12 February 2005 }}</ref> The bureau's weather station at Cape Fourcroy measured a mean wind speed of {{convert|120|km/h}} at 9:00 that morning.<ref name=bigblow1>{{cite web|last=Murphy|first=Kevin|title=Big Blow up North|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/bigblowupnorth.pdf|publisher=University Planning Authority|access-date=23 November 2011|page=61}}</ref> | |||
| By late afternoon on 24 December, the sky over the city was heavily ], with low clouds, and was experiencing strong rain.<ref name=NTLcycloneTracy1>{{cite web|title=Northern Territory Library – Cyclone Tracy Exhibition|url=http://www.ntl.nt.gov.au/online_resources/cyclone_tracy|publisher=Northern Territory Government|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> Wind gusts increased in strength; between 10 p.m (local time) and midnight, the damage became serious, and residents began to realise that the cyclone would not just pass by the city, but rather over it. On 25 December at around 3:30 a.m, Tracy's centre crossed the coast near ].<ref name=TracyReport1 /> The highest recorded wind gust from the cyclone was {{convert|217|km/h}}, which was recorded around 3:05 a.m at ].<ref name=TracyReport1 /> The anemometer (wind speed instrument) failed at around 3:10 a.m, with the wind vane (wind direction) destroyed after the cyclone's eye.<ref name=TracyReport1 /> The Bureau of Meteorology's official estimates suggested that Tracy's ] had reached 240 km/h (150 mph).<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Tracy|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/cyclone/nt/Tracey.shtml|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=4 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214000339/http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/cyclone/nt/Tracey.shtml|archivedate=14 February 2009}}</ref> The lowest air pressure reading during Tracy was {{convert|950|hPa|inHg}}, which was taken at around 4 a.m, by a Bureau staff member at Darwin Airport.<ref name=TracyReport1 /> This was recorded during the eye of the cyclone.<ref name=TracyReport1 /> From around 6:30 a.m, the winds began to ease, with the rainfall ceasing at around 8:30 a.m.<ref name=TracyReport1 /> | |||
| After making landfall, Tracy rapidly weakened, dissipating on 26 December. | |||
| ], the second smallest and largest tropical storms ever recorded, respectively]] | |||
| ==Preparations== | |||
| Darwin had been severely battered by cyclones before; in ] and again in March 1937.<ref name="ntl-history">{{cite web |url=http://www.ntlib.nt.gov.au/tracy/basic/History_Cyclones.html | title=Previous cyclones in Darwin — Cyclone Tracey | publisher=Northern Territory Library | accessdate=11 July 2006}}</ref> However, in the 20 years leading up to Cyclone Tracy, the city had undergone a period of rapid expansion. E.P. Milliken estimated that on the eve of the cyclone there were 43,500 people living in 12,000 dwellings in the Darwin area. Though building standards at the time required that some attention be given to the possibility of cyclones, most buildings were not capable of withstanding the force of a cyclone's direct hit. | |||
| On the day of the cyclone, most residents of Darwin believed that the cyclone would not cause any damage to the city. ] had been predicted to hit Darwin earlier in the month, but it instead went north and dissipated without affecting Darwin in any way. As a result, Cyclone Tracy took most Darwin residents by surprise. Despite several warnings the people of Darwin did not evacuate or prepare for the cyclone. Many residents continued to prepare for Christmas, and many attended Christmas parties, despite the increasing winds and heavy rain. Journalist Bill Bunbury interviewed the residents of Darwin some time later <!-- will find out when --> and recorded the experiences of the survivors of the cyclone in his book ''Cyclone Tracy, picking up the pieces''.<ref name="Bunbury">{{cite book |last=Bunbury |first=Bill |year=1994 |title=Cyclone Tracy, picking up the pieces | location=Fremantle, Western Australia: |publisher= Fremantle Arts Centre Press |isbn=1-86368-112-4}}</ref> Resident Dawn Lawrie, a 1971 independent candidate for the electorate of ], told him: | |||
| {{cquote|''We'd had a cyclone warning only 10 days before Tracy was coming, it was coming, and it never came. So when we started hearing about Tracy we were all a little blasé.'' (Bunbury, p. 20)<ref name="Bunbury"/>}} | |||
| Another resident, Barbara Langkrens, said: | |||
| {{cquote|''And you started to almost think that it would never happen to Darwin even though we had cyclone warnings on the radio all the time ... most of the people who had lived here for quite some time didn't really believe the warnings.'' (Bunbury, p. 21)<ref name="Bunbury"/>}} | |||
| ==Impact== | |||
| ] city of ].<br />Courtesy – National Archives of Australia A6135, K29/1/75/16<!--Please DON'T change this citation as we need it! see the image-->]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| Cyclone Tracy killed 65 people,<ref name="Deathtoll" /> 46 of whom were on land and 16 at sea. Two Australian Navy ] sailors died when {{HMAS|Arrow|P 88|6}}, an {{sclass-|Attack|patrol boat}}, sank at ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F2005-02-10%2F0020%22|title=Defence:Commemoration Services|work=Parliament of Australia Hansard|date=10 February 2005|accessdate=18 July 2011}}</ref> The storm also caused the substantial destruction of the city of Darwin. At Darwin Airport, thirty-one aircraft were destroyed and another twenty-five badly damaged.<ref name=bigblow2 /> The initial estimate put the reported death toll at 65, but it was revised upwards in March 2005 to 71, when the ] Coroner proclaimed that those six who still remained listed as missing had "perished at sea".<ref name="Deathtoll" /><ref name=EMAtctracy /> | |||
| Several factors delayed the dissemination of the news of the cyclone's impact. The destruction of transportation infrastructure and the distance between Darwin and the rest of the Australian population played a role, as did the fact the storm made landfall on ] and most media outlets had only a skeleton crew rostered on at best. Most Australians were not aware of the cyclone until late in the afternoon. Dick Muddimer, a reporter for the local ] station, ], was able to travel through the wreckage to local television station ] and had the ABC station in ] notify ABC headquarters in ] that Darwin had been hit by a cyclone.<ref name=ABCHistory> from ABC Online</ref> | |||
| In order to provide the initial emergency response, a committee was created. The committee, composed of several high-level public servants and police, stated that, "Darwin had, for the time being, ceased to exist as a city". ], the Australian Prime Minister, was touring ] at the time and flew to Darwin upon hearing of the disaster. Additionally, the Australian government began a mass evacuation by road and air; all of the ] personnel throughout Australia, along with the entire ]'s fleet of transport planes, were recalled from holiday leave and deployed to evacuate civilians from Darwin, as well as to bring essential relief supplies to the area. Thirteen ships of the ] were used to transport supplies to the area as part of ]; the largest humanitarian or disaster relief operation ever performed by the Navy.<ref name="Semaphore 14">{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/semaphore-december-2004 |title=Disaster Relief — Cyclone Tracy and Tasman Bridge |publisher=Sea Power Centre |work=Semaphore|accessdate=6 February 2009}}</ref> | |||
| ===Health and essential services crisis=== | |||
| As soon as the worst of the storm had passed, Darwin faced several immediate health crises. On Christmas Day, the Darwin Hospital treated well over five hundred patients, with 112 of these being admitted into the hospital, and both of the facility's operating theatres being utilised. The first casualties did not arrive till 7 a.m. because of high winds and severe road conditions in and around the Darwin area. Operating continued throughout the night and into the early morning. Local teams worked without relief until the arrival of a surgical team from Canberra late that day. Those who were considered unable to return to work within two weeks were evacuated by air to safer locations. | |||
| All official communications out of Darwin were no longer operational. The antennas at the OTC Coastal Radio Service station (callsign VID) were destroyed during the storm. Station manager Bob Hooper, who was an ], helped to establish communications using his own equipment. By 10 a.m. Gary Gibson, another amateur operator, was able to establish a station at the Darwin Community College, and within a short period of time a network of stations was established across the country. This network, coordinated by Melbourne D24 police, provided message services to the cities of ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Gove, Mt Isa, Cairns, Rockhampton, MacKay, Lismore, and Cooma.<ref>Electronics Australia magazine March 1975</ref> By 10:40 a.m. VID operators had established VID2 on board the MV ''Nyanda'' in Darwin Harbour, and then for five days official communications traffic in and out of Darwin was handled via ] radio (]). The only local radio station that wasn't completely disabled was the ABC's ]. For the next two days, it was Darwin's only link to the outside world, and was on the air for all but 34 hours in the coming weeks.<ref name=ABCHistory/> | |||
| Those who remained in Darwin faced the threat of several diseases due to much of the city being without water, electricity or basic sanitation. An initial response was to vaccinate residents for typhoid and cholera. Approximately 30,000 people were homeless, and were forced to seek shelter in several makeshift housing and emergency centres that lacked proper hygienic conditions. Volunteers came in from across the country to assist with the emergency relief efforts. Trench ]s were dug; water supplies delivered by tankers, and mass immunisation programs begun. The army was given the task of searching houses for bodies of people and animals, as well as locating other health risks; for example, cleaning out rotting contents from fridges and freezers across the city. This was completed within a week. Houses which had been 'searched and cleared' had S&C painted on an external wall. The city itself was sprayed with ] to control mosquitoes and other similar pests. | |||
| Attempts to reconnect the essential services to the city began on Christmas Day. Local officers from the Commonwealth Department of Housing and Construction began clearing debris and working to restore power. They sealed off damaged water hydrants and activated pumps to reactivate the city's water and sewerage systems. | |||
| ===Evacuation and the public response=== | |||
| Major-General ], Director-General of the Natural Disasters Organisation,<ref name=naaTCtracy /> and the Commonwealth Minister for the Northern Territory, ], arrived at ] late on Christmas Day and took charge of the relief efforts. After an assessment of the situation and meetings with the Department of the Northern Territory and the relevant minister, it was concluded that Darwin's population needed to be reduced to a "safe level" of 10,500 people. This decision was made on the advice of Dr. Charles Gurd, the Director of Health in the Northern Territory. Around 10,000 people left Darwin and the surrounding area within the first two days, but the rate of departures then began to slow down. The government then gave support to his position, offering full reimbursement of personal costs, as long as the evacuation took place. | |||
| The population was evacuated by air and ground; because of communications difficulties with Darwin airport, landing was limited to one plane every ninety minutes. At major airports, teams of federal and territory department officials as well as ] and ] workers met refugees, with the Red Cross taking responsibility for keeping track of the names and temporary addresses of the refugees. Evacuations were prioritised according to need; women, children, and the elderly and sick were evacuated first. There were reports of men dressing up as women to escape with the early evacuations. Between 26 and 31 December, a total of 35,362 people were evacuated from Darwin.<ref name=EMAtctracy /><ref name=bigblow2>{{cite web|last=Murphy|first=Kevin|title=Big Blow up North|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/pdf/bigblowupnorth.pdf|publisher=University Planning Authority|accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref> Of those, 25,628 were evacuated by air, the remainder by road.<ref name=EMAtctracy /><ref name=bigblow2 /> By 31 December, only 10,638 people (mostly men who were required to help clean up the city) remained in Darwin. Stretton also regulated access to the city by means of a permit system. Permits were only issued to those who were involved in either the relief or reconstruction efforts, and were used to prevent the early return of those who had been evacuated. | |||
| Upon receiving news of the damage, several community groups across Australia began fundraising and relief efforts to assist the survivors. Major reception centres were set up in cities such as ], ] and ]. Several of the small towns along the Stuart Highway made efforts to assist people who were fleeing by road, supplying them with food, fuel, rest and mechanical aid. At ], the small local population provided hot meals to the refugees who stopped there. Approximately twenty-four hours after the storm hit Darwin, the population of ] had raised over $105,000 to assist the victims of Tracy.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=] |title=Cyclone Tracy hits Darwin |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/on-this-day/2014/12/on-this-day-in-history-cyclone-tracy|accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref> In ] at the ] ] match between ] and ], members of both teams moved around the boundaries carrying buckets which the crowd threw cash into for the relief funds. Darwin families were also given priority on public housing waiting lists. On 31 December 1974, Stretton recommended that full civilian control should resume in Darwin, and handed over control of the city to its elected officials. | |||
| ==Aftermath== | |||
| ===Reconstruction and effects on Darwin=== | |||
| {{refimprove section|date=December 2016}} | |||
| In February 1975, Prime Minister ] announced the creation of the Darwin Reconstruction Commission, which was given the task of rebuilding the city "within five years", focusing primarily on building houses.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110636986|first=Bruce|last=Juddery|author-link=Bruce Juddery|title=Reconstruction Commission: Doubt and disillusion grows in Darwin|page=2|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=9 May 1975}}</ref> The Commission was headed by Tony Powell.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Alan|title=The bushfire recovery|work=Macquarie Media Network|publisher=2GB|date=17 February 2009|url=http://2gb.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5636&Itemid=134|accessdate=5 May 2009}}</ref> The damage to the city was so severe that some advocated moving the entire city. However, the government insisted that it be rebuilt in the same location. By May 1975, Darwin's population had recovered somewhat, with 30,000 residing in the city. Temporary housing, caravans, hotels and an ], ], were used to house people, as reconstruction of permanent housing had not yet begun by September that year. ] became Mayor of Darwin in May 1975 and was heavily involved in its reconstruction. | |||
| However, by the following April, and after receiving criticism for the slow speed of reconstruction, the Commission had built 3,000 new homes in the nearly destroyed northern suburbs, and completed repairs to those that had survived the storm. Several new ] were drawn up, trying to achieve the competing goals of the speedy recovery of the area and ensuring that there would be no repeat of the damage that Darwin took in 1974. By 1978, much of the city had recovered and was able to house almost the same number of people as it had before the cyclone hit. However, by the 1980s, as many as sixty percent of Darwin's 1974 population had left, never to return. In the years that followed, Darwin was almost entirely rebuilt and now shows almost no resemblance to the pre-Tracy Darwin of December 1974. | |||
| Although a ] had been set up earlier in the year, the Northern Territory had only minimal self-government, with a federal minister being responsible for the Territory from ]. However, the cyclone and subsequent responses highlighted several problems with the way the regional government was set up. This led ], Whitlam's successor as Prime Minister, to give self-government to the Territory in 1978. | |||
| Many of the government records associated with Cyclone Tracy became publicly available on 1 January 2005 under the ]. | |||
| {{anchor|Cyclone Tracy in popular culture}} | |||
| ===In popular culture=== | |||
| Cyclone Tracy inspired the song "Santa Never Made It into Darwin", composed by Bill Cate and performed by ] in 1975 to raise money for the relief and reconstruction efforts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Santa never made it, but song to help Darwin|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MLUQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NpIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5568,5099|accessdate=7 July 2011|newspaper=The Age|date=1 January 1975|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.westnet.com.au/anugraha/music/files/santa.txt |title=''Santa Never Made it into Darwin'' |author=Bill Cate |accessdate=24 March 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706113436/http://members.westnet.com.au/anugraha/music/files/santa.txt |archivedate=6 July 2011 }}</ref> In 1983 ] released "]", a song comparing the ] bombing of Darwin under the command of ] during ] to the damage done by Cyclone Tracy. The much feared Japanese invasion never happened, but the cyclone was virtually ignored and ended up destroying the city.<ref>{{cite web|date=June 2000 |last=Faulkner |first=Dave |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~juliat/hg/popandpunishment.html |publisher=juliat |title=Pop and punishment |accessdate=29 August 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808085453/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~juliat/hg/popandpunishment.html |archivedate=8 August 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> In May 1976, Australian band ] released the single "Song for Darwin", also as a fund raiser for the relief and reconstruction efforts. | |||
| In 1986, the ] and ] created '']'', a period drama ] based on the events during the cyclone. Michael Fisher, Ted Roberts and Leon Saunders wrote the series, and it starred ] and ], who played the lead characters of Steve and Connie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0316973/|title=Cyclone Tracy (TV mini-series 1986)|publisher=]|accessdate=9 September 2012}}</ref> The mini-series was released on DVD by ] in December 2005. The DVD is compatible with all region codes and includes special features such as newsreel footage of the devastation and a documentary titled ''On A Wind And A Prayer''.<ref name="Umbrella Entertainment">{{cite web|title=Umbrella Entertainment|url=http://www.umbrellaent.com.au/p-1813-cyclone-tracy.aspx|accessdate=19 July 2013}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Portal|Tropical cyclones}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] - the largest tropical cyclone on record | |||
| * ] - the smallest tropical cyclone on record | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{Reflist|2}} | |||
| ===Bibliography=== | |||
| {{Refbegin}} | |||
| * {{cite book | last = Bunbury | first = Bill | year = 1994 | title = Cyclone Tracy: Picking up the Pieces | publisher = Fremantle Arts Centre Press | location = Fremantle | isbn = 1-86368-112-4}} | |||
| * {{cite book | last = Mckay | first = Gary | year = 2004 | title = Tracy: The storm that wiped out Darwin on Christmas Day 1974 | publisher = Allen & Unwin | location = Crows Nest, Sydney | isbn = 1-86508-558-8}} | |||
| * {{cite book | last = Milliken | first = E. P. |date=April 1984 | title = People Who Experienced Darwin Cyclone Tracy: Human Responses in Report on Proceedings of a Research Workshop on Human Behaviour in Australia | publisher = National Disasters Organisation, ]}} | |||
| * {{cite book | last = Stretton | first = Alan | year = 1976 | title = The Furious Days: The Relief of Darwin | publisher = Willams Collins | location = Sydney | isbn = 0-00-211448-8}} | |||
| * {{cite news | title = Mr. Whitlam on the spot. | publisher = The Age | pages = 9, 3 – 5 | date = 28 December 1974}} | |||
| * {{cite book |editor1=Olds, Margaret (Managing) |editor2=Chan, Gabrielle (Associate) | year = 1999 | title = Australia Through Time (7th ed.) | page = 441 | publisher = Random House Publications | location = Sydney | isbn = 0-09-183815-0|display-editors=etal}} | |||
| * {{cite news | author = Sea Power Centre — Australia, ] | title = ''SEMAPHORE'' Issue 14 (occasional series) | work = Newsletter of the Sea Power Centre — Australia that deals with the Navy's response to Cyclone Tracy |date=December 2004}} | |||
| {{Refend}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons category}} | |||
| {{Spoken Misplaced Pages|Cyclone_Tracy.ogg|2005-12-31}} | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * 25 December 1974 (9.55am Darwin time, 0025 Greenwich Mean Time), over Darwin, Northern Territory, from NOAA 4. | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * Darwin builder's website. | |||
| *The ] of Australia added , broadcast on ABC radio and radio outlets around the world, featuring Mike Hayes, a senior ABC journalist in Darwin, to their ] registry in 2011. | |||
| *Listen to Mike Hayes' first-person account of the aftermath of the cyclone on | |||
| *See the ] of Australia's film from its ] Collection. | |||
| {{Retired Australian cyclones}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Tracy (1974)}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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