Education in Tibet: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 21:38, 10 July 2019

Education in Tibet is the public responsibility of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. Education of ethnic Tibetans is partly subsidized by the government. Primary and secondary education is compulsory, while preferential policies aimed at Tibetans seek to enroll more in vocational or higher education.

History

Some form of institutionalized education was in place in Tibet since 860 CE, when the first monasteries were established. However, only 13% of the population (less for girls) lived there, and many still were manual laborers educated only enough to chant their prayer books. Five public schools existed outside of the monasteries: Tse Laptra trained boys for ecclesiastical functions in the government, Tsikhang to prepare aristocrats with the proper etiquette for government service. Some villages have small private schools. Some choose to educate their children with private tutors at home. In the 20th century, the government in Tibet allowed foreign groups, mainly English, to establish secular schools in Lhasa. However, they were opposed by the clergy and the aristocracy, who feared they would "undermine Tibet's cultural and religious traditions." The parents who could afford to send their children to England for education were reluctant because of the distance.

Primary education

Chinese records indicate that the illiteracy rate was 90% in 1951. The Seventeen Point Agreement signed at that time pledged Chinese help to develop education in Tibet. Primary education has been expanded in recent years. Since the China Western Development program in 1999, 200 primary schools have been built, and enrollment of children in public schools in Tibet reached 98.8% in 2010 from 85%. The Tibetan language class is taught in the Tibetan language, but other subjects such as mathematics, physics, and chemistry are taught in Chinese.

The Free Tibet campaign and other Tibetan human rights groups have criticised the education system in Tibet for eroding Tibetan culture. There have been protests against the teaching of Mandarin Chinese in schools and the lack of more instruction on local history and culture. The Chinese government argues that the education opportunities available in Tibet have improved the economic livelihood of the Tibetans.

Higher education

The central government held the Second National Conference on Work in Tibet in 1984, and Tibet University was established the same year. Tibet had six institutes of higher learning as of 2006. When the National Higher Education Entrance Examination was first established in 1980, ethnic Tibetans filled only 10% of the higher education entrant quota for the region, despite making up 97% of the region's population. However, in 1984, the Chinese Ministry of Education affected policy changes including affirmative action and Tibetan language accommodations. In 2008, the number of ethnic Tibetans sitting the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) reached 14248, with 10211 being accepted into university, making the enrollment proportion of ethnic Tibetans 60%.

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v t e Education in China by location
Mainland China	Beijing Shenzhen Shanghai Tibet
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Places in the Republic of China (Taiwan) are not listed.

v t e Education in China
Education system
History	Imperial examination Mandarin (bureaucrat) Scholar-bureaucrats Taixue Academies of Classical Learning Chinese educators Burning of books and burying of scholars Guozijian Beijing Guozijian Hundred Schools of Thought Scouting in China Digital divide in China Challenge Cup Competition of Science Achievement in China May Fourth Movement 1952 reorganization Simplified Chinese Education inequality in China
Academies	Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Chinese Academy of Engineering
Projects	Plan 111 Project 211 Project 985 Double First-Class Construction Project Hope Thousand Talents Plan
Administration	Ministry of Education National Education Examinations Authority
Basic	Primary education Secondary education Boarding schools Private and public schools Zhongkao
Vocational	Vocation education
Higher	Gaokao National Key Disciplines College English Test National Key Universities Academic grading in China State Key Laboratories JUPAS for HKSAR students Academic ranks in China Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations
Libraries	Archives in China Book collecting in China National Library of China Nanjing Library Shanghai Library
Specialist	Medical schools Business schools Law schools Foreign-language schools Schools of Journalism and Communication
Int'l cooperation	Association of East Asian Research Universities Association of Pacific Rim Universities Global U8 Consortium International Alliance of Research Universities Universitas 21 Worldwide Universities Network
Subject areas	English education
Exams	Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi Putonghua Proficiency Test Zhíyè Hànyŭ Nénglì Cèshì Common Recruitment Examination Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers College English Test Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi Public English Test System
Rankings	List of universities and colleges ARWU BCUR Wu Shulian CUAA Netbig
See also: Rankings of universities in China, Science and technology in China, and Types of universities and colleges in China

Tibet articles

History

Overviews	Timeline List of rulers European exploration Historical money
Chronology	Prehistory (Neolithic) Zhangzhung Yarlung dynasty Empire (7th–9th century) Timeline List of emperors Lönchen Relations with Tang (618–907) Era of Fragmentation (9th–13th century) Guge kingdom Tsongkha Relations with Song (960–1279) Yuan dynasty rule (1270–1350) Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs Phagmodrupa dynasty Relations with Ming (1368–1644) Rinpungpa dynasty Tsangpa dynasty Ganden Phodrang Kashag Khoshut Khanate Qing dynasty rule (1720–1912) Lifan Yuan List of Qing ambans Post-Qing to 1950 Tibetan Army People's Republic of China (PRC) rule PRC annexation political leaders
Wars and conflicts	Tibetan attack on Songzhou Battle of Dafei River Mongol invasions of Tibet Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war Battle of Dartsedo Battle of the Salween River Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Jinchuan campaigns Lhasa riot of 1750 Sino-Nepalese War Dogra–Tibetan War Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856) Sikkim expedition British expedition to Tibet Batang uprising Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) Xinhai Lhasa turmoil Sino-Tibetan War Qinghai–Tibet War 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet 1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet Battle of Chamdo Protests and uprisings since 1950 1959 Tibetan uprising 1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 2008 Tibetan unrest Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China Special Frontier Force
Documents	Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684) 13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751) 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793) Treaty of Chushul (1842) Treaty of Thapathali (1856) Convention of Calcutta (1890) Treaty of Lhasa (1904) Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906) Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913) Simla Accord (1914) Seventeen Point Agreement (1951) Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954) 70,000 Character Petition (1962) Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy (2008)

Geography

Flora Fauna Environment Mountains Kailash Lhotse / Changtse Namcha Barwa Tanggula Rivers Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Rongbuk Glacier Tibetan Plateau Changtang Nature Reserve Valleys
Traditional regions	Amdo Kham Ü-Tsang Ngari

Politics

Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) Central Tibetan Administration Parliament Etymology of Tibet Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Patron and priest relationship Golden Urn Tibet Area Independence movement Serfdom controversy Serfs' Emancipation Day Sovereignty debate CIA Tibetan program India–Tibet relations
Government	Regional Government TAR People's Government TAR People's Congress

Economy

Society

Education Languages Religion Bon Tibetan Buddhism Sakya Imperial Preceptor Dpon-chen Nyingma Kagyu Jonang Gelug Ganden Tripa Dalai Lama list Lhamo La-tso Panchen Lama list Catholicism Islam Sinicization Social classes Tibetan people Changpa Yolmo Diaspora Names
Culture	Art rugs thangka tsakli sand mandala wall paintings wall murals Calendar Cuisine Dzong architecture Emblem Festivals Flag Historical and cultural sites Khata (ceremonial scarf) Literature Annals Chronicle writers Music Tibetology Traditional medicine

Category

Bass, Catriona (1998). Education in Tibet: policy and practice since 1950. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-85649-674-2.
"PLA contributes to better primary education in Tibet". China Tibet Online. People's Daily. 2010-02-20. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
http://www.freetibet.org/about/education
Policy Research Group, Trouble over patriotic education in Tibet, 26 October 2010
Peaceful liberation: watershed of education for Tibetan people
China Watch (China Daily) Advertising supplement in IHT, 23 May 2011
"Facts & Figures 2002: Education". China's Tibet. China Internet Information Cente. 2002.
Mei, Wu (2008). "The Development of Higher Education in Tibet: From UNESCO Perspective (Draft)" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 2010-07-12.

Category:

Education in Tibet

Revision as of 21:38, 10 July 2019

History

Primary education

Higher education

See also

Further reading