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| '''Roman Romkowski''' born '''Natan Grünspan-Kikiel''',<ref name="T-P">], McFarland, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}. 437 pages.</ref> (May 22, 1907 – July 1, 1965) was a Polish ] |
'''Roman Romkowski''' born '''Natan Grünspan-Kikiel''',<ref name="T-P">], McFarland, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7864-0371-3}}. 437 pages.</ref> (May 22, 1907 – July 1, 1965) was a Polish ] trained by ] in ],<ref name="republika" /> who changed his name and settled into ] after the Soviet takeover,<ref name="TP-64"></ref> and became second in command (the deputy ])<ref name="T-P" /> in Berman's ] (MBP) during the late 1940s and early 1950s.<ref name="T-P" /> Along with several other high functionaries including Dir. ], Col. ], Dir. ] and the chief supervisor of Polish State Security Services, Minister ] from the ], Romkowski came to symbolize communist terror in postwar Poland.<ref name="gazeta">{{cite web |url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,969036.html |title="Zmarl Anatol Fejgin, ostatni z kierownictwa UB," |accessdate=2013-06-21 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811040557/http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,969036.html |archivedate=August 11, 2011 |df= }} ], 11 Sept. 2002, ]. Retrieved from Internet Archive, June 21, 2013.</ref> He was responsible for the work of departments: Counter-espionage (1st), Espionage (7th), Security in the {{nowrap|]–]}} (10th Dept. run by Fejgin), and others.<ref name="republika">, "Niewinnie straceni w latach 1945–56". OptimusNet. {{pl icon}}</ref><ref name="B-F" /> | ||
| == Arrest == | == Arrest == | ||
Revision as of 04:13, 31 May 2019
| Roman Romkowski | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Roman Romkowski aka Natan Grinszpan-Kikiel | |
| Born | (1907-05-22)May 22, 1907 Moscow, Russian Empire |
| Died | July 1, 1965(1965-07-01) (aged 58) Warsaw, Poland |
| Other names | Natan Grünspan |
| Citizenship | Polish |
| Occupation(s) | Vice-minister, security agent |
| Known for | State Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) |
Roman Romkowski born Natan Grünspan-Kikiel, (May 22, 1907 – July 1, 1965) was a Polish communist official trained by Comintern in Moscow, who changed his name and settled into Warsaw after the Soviet takeover, and became second in command (the deputy minister) in Berman's Ministry of Public Security (MBP) during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Along with several other high functionaries including Dir. Anatol Fejgin, Col. Józef Różański, Dir. Julia Brystiger and the chief supervisor of Polish State Security Services, Minister Jakub Berman from the Politburo, Romkowski came to symbolize communist terror in postwar Poland. He was responsible for the work of departments: Counter-espionage (1st), Espionage (7th), Security in the PPR–PZPR (10th Dept. run by Fejgin), and others.
Arrest
Romkowski was arrested on April 23, 1956, during the socialist Polish October revolution, and brought to trial along with functionaries responsible for gross violations of human rights law and their abuse of power. Historian Heather Laskey alleges that it was probably not a coincidence that the high ranking Stalinist security officers put on trial by Gomułka were Jews. Władysław Gomułka was captured by Światło and imprisoned by Romkowski in 1951 on Soviet orders, and interrogated by both, him and Fejgin. Gomułka escaped physical torture only as a close associate of Joseph Stalin, and was released three years later.
The court proceedings
At trial, Col. Różański didn't deny that he routinely tortured prisoners including Polish United Workers' Party members, and he didn't apologize for his actions. Instead, he pointed a finger at Romkowski and continuously repeated the Leninist argument of justification of any means to an end. For him, torturing people was a daily double-shift job, nothing more, nothing less. He admitted that all charges against his victims were falsified on site by his department.
Roman Romkowski had been put on trial along with Józef Różański and a second Jewish defendant from his department, Anatol Fejgin. Romkowski insisted that Różański should have been removed already in 1949 for his destructive activities, even though, Romkowski himself taught Różański everything about torture. Both, Romkowski and Różański, were sentenced to 15 years in prison on 11 November 1957, for unlawful imprisonment and mistreatment of innocent detainees. Feign was sentenced to 12 years, on similar charges.
A well-known writer Kazimierz Moczarski from AK, interrogated by Romkowski's subordinates from January 9, 1949 till June 6, 1951, described 49 different types of torture he endured. Beatings included truncheon blows to bridge of nose, salivary glands, chin, shoulder blades, bare feet and toes (particularly painful), heels (ten blows each foot, several times a day), cigarette burns on lips and eyelids and burning of fingers. Sleep deprivation, resulting in near-madness – meant standing upright in a narrow cell for seven to nine days with frequent blows to the face – a hallucinatory method called by the interrogators "Zakopane". General Romkowski told him on November 30, 1948, that he personally requested this "sheer hell".
The court announced that the actions of Roman Romkowski and his Ministry demoralised the Party as much as its own functionaries. Jakub Berman, the chief supervisor of State Security Services incriminated by Józef Światło who defected to the West, resigned from his Politburo post in May and was evaluated by the 20th Congress, which launched a process of partial democratisation of Polish political as well as economic life. The number of security agents at the ministry was cut by 22%, and 9,000 socialist and populist politicians were released from prison on top of some 34,644 detainees across the country. "The routing of the Polish Stalinists was indeed complete."
See also
Notes and references
- ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's holocaust. Page 60 McFarland, 1998. ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. 437 pages.
- ^ Roman Romkowski biography, "Niewinnie straceni w latach 1945–56". OptimusNet. Template:Pl icon
- Piotrowski 1998, ibid, p. 64.
- ""Zmarl Anatol Fejgin, ostatni z kierownictwa UB,"". Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) Gazeta Wyborcza, 11 Sept. 2002, Warsaw. Retrieved from Internet Archive, June 21, 2013. - ^ Barbara Fijałkowska, RÓŻAŃSKI "LIBERAŁEM", 15 December 2002, Fundacja Orientacja abcnet; see also: B. Fijałkowska, Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce, ISBN 83-85513-49-3. Template:Pl icon
- ^ Heather Laskey, Night voices: heard in the shadow of Hitler and Stalin. Pages 191–194, McGill-Queen's Press MQUP, 2003. ISBN 0-7735-2606-4. 254 pages.
- "Poland's New Chief", LIFE Magazine, 26 November 1956. Pages: 173–182, Google Books
- Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Sergeĭ Khrushchev, George Shriver, Stephen Shenfield, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953-1964. Page 643. Penn State Press, 2007. ISBN 0-271-02935-8. 1126 pages.
- ^ Jacek Topyło, "Dossier oprawców." Archived 2011-10-03 at the Wayback Machine Glaukopis Magazine, 2007. "Page 3. ".
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help)Page 3. (210.5 KB) ISSN 1730-3419 Template:Pl icon - Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer, Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, 858 pages. ISBN 0-674-07608-7. Pages 377–378.
- Leszek Wlodzimierz Gluchowski (1991). "The Collapse of Stalinist Rule in Poland". University of Cambridge, King's College Faculty of Social and Political Sciences. p. 100. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - A. Kemp-Welch, Poland under Communism: a Cold War history. Pages 83-85. Cambridge University Press, 2008. ISBN 0-521-71117-7. 444 pages.