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Nabû-kudurri-usur
King of Babylon King of Sumer and Akkad King of the Universe
An engraving with a royal inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II. Anton Nyström, 1901.
King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire
Reign	c. 605 – c. 562 BC
Predecessor	Nabopolassar
Successor	Amel-Marduk
Born	c. 634 BC
Died	c. 562 BC (aged 71–72)
Spouse	Amytis of Media
House	Chaldean
Father	Nabopolassar

Nebuchadnezzar II (/ˌnɛbjʊkədˈnɛzər/; from Akkadian 𒀭𒀝𒆪𒁺𒌨𒊑𒋀 Nabû-kudurri-uṣur; Hebrew: נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר, Modern: Nəvūḵádne’ṣar, Tiberian: Neḇuḵáḏné’ṣār, meaning "O god Nabu, preserve/defend my firstborn son"; Biblical Aramaic: Template:Hebrew, Nəḇūḵaḏneṣṣar), king of Babylon c. 605 BC – c. 562 BC, was the longest-reigning and most powerful monarch of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.

His father Nabopolassar was an official of the Neo-Assyrian Empire who rebelled in 620 BCE and established himself as the king of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar ascended the throne in 605 BCE and subsequently fought several campaigns in the West, where Egypt was trying to organise a coalition against him. His conquest of Judah is described in the Bible's Books of Kings and Book of Jeremiah. His capital, Babylon, is the largest archaeological site in the Middle East.

The Bible remembers him as the destroyer of Solomon's Temple and the initiator of the Babylonian captivity. He is an important character in the Book of Daniel, a collection of legendary tales and visions dating from the 2nd century BC.

Life

Nebuchadnezzar was the eldest son and successor of Nabopolassar, an Assyrian official who rebelled against the Assyrian Empire and established himself as the king of Babylon in 620 BC. Nebuchadnezzar is first mentioned in 607 BC, during the destruction of Babylon's arch-enemy Assyria, at which point he was already crown prince. In 605 BC he and his ally Cyaxares, ruler of the Medes, led an army against the Assyrians and Egyptians, who were then occupying Syria, and in the ensuing Battle of Carchemish, Pharaoh Necho II was defeated and Syria and Phoenicia were brought under the control of Babylon. Nabopolassar died in August 605 BC, and Nebuchadnezzar returned to Babylon to ascend the throne. For the next few years, his attention was devoted to subduing his eastern and northern borders, and in 595/4 BC there was a serious but brief rebellion in Babylon itself. In 594/3 BC, the army was sent again to the west, possibly in reaction to the elevation of Psamtik II to the throne of Egypt. King Zedekiah of Judah attempted to organize opposition among the small states in the region but his capital, Jerusalem, was taken in 587 BC (the events are described in the Bible's Books of Kings and Book of Jeremiah). In the following years, Nebuchadnezzar incorporated Phoenicia and the former Assyrian provinces of Cilicia (southwestern Anatolia) into his empire and may have campaigned in Egypt. In his last years he seems to have begun behaving irrationally, "pay no heed to son or daughter," and was deeply suspicious of his sons. The kings who came after him ruled only briefly and Nabonidus, apparently not of the royal family, was overthrown by the Persian conqueror Cyrus the Great less than twenty-five years after Nebuchadnezzar's death.

The ruins of Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon are spread over two thousand acres, forming the largest archaeological site in the Middle East. He enlarged the royal palace (including in it a public museum, possibly the world's first), built and repaired temples, built a bridge over the Euphrates, and constructed a grand processional boulevard (the Processional Way) and gateway (the Ishtar Gate) lavishly decorated with glazed brick. Each spring equinox (the start of the New Year), the god Marduk would leave his city temple for a temple outside the walls, returning through the Ishtar Gate and down the Processional Way, paved with colored stone and lined with molded lions, amidst rejoicing crowds.

Portrayal in the Bible

The Babylonian king's two sieges of Jerusalem (in 597 and 587 BCE) are depicted in 2 Kings 24–25. The Book of Jeremiah calls Nebuchadnezzar the "destroyer of nations" (Jeremiah 4:7) and gives an account of the second siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) and the looting and destruction of the First Temple (Book of Jeremiah 39:1–10; 52:1–30).

Nebuchadnezzar is an important character in the Old Testament Book of Daniel. Daniel 1 introduces Nebuchadnezzar as the king who takes Daniel and other Hebrew youths into captivity in Babylon, to be trained in "the learning and the tongue of the Chaldeans". In Nebuchadnezzar's second year, Daniel interprets the king's dream of a huge image as God's prediction of the rise and fall of world powers, starting with Nebuchadnezzar's kingdom (Daniel 2). Nebuchadnezzar twice admits the power of the God of the Hebrews: first, after God saves three of Daniel's companions from a fiery furnace (Daniel 3); and secondly, after Nebuchadnezzar himself suffers a humiliating period of madness, as Daniel predicted (Daniel 4). The consensus among critical scholars is that the book of Daniel is historical fiction.

His name is sometimes recorded in the Bible as "Nebuchadrezzar" (in Ezekiel and parts of Jeremiah), but usually as "Nebuchadnezzar". The form Nebuchadrezzar is more consistent with the original Akkadian, and some scholars believe that Nebuchadnezzar may be a derogatory pun used by the Israelites, meaning "Nabu, protect my jackass".

See also

• Babylonia
• Book of Daniel
• Kings of Babylonia
• List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
• Nabucco
• Neo-Babylonian Empire

Notes

1. In Dan. 3:14, 5:11 and 5:18 only, the Aramaic name is Template:Hebrew.

References

1. Anton Nyström, Allmän kulturhistoria eller det mänskliga lifvet i dess utveckling, bd 2 (1901)
2. Freedman 2000, p. 953.
3. "Nebuchadnezzar II". ancient.eu. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
4. ^ Bertman 2005, p. 95.
5. ^ Oates 1997, p. 162. sfn error: no target: CITEREFOates1997 (help)
6. ^ Wiseman 1991a, p. 233–234.
7. ^ Arnold 2005, p. 96.
8. ^ Collins 2002, p. 2.
9. Wiseman 1991a, p. 182.
10. Wiseman 1991a, p. 182–183.
11. Wiseman 1991a, p. 183.
12. ^ Wiseman 1991a, p. 233.
13. Wiseman 1991a, p. 235–236.
14. ^ Foster 2009, p. 131. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFoster2009 (help)
15. Bertman 2005, p. 96.
16. Collins 1999, p. 219.
17. Redditt 2008, p. 180. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRedditt2008 (help)
18. Collins 1984, p. 41: "Conversely, most critical scholars take for granted that the genre is not History."
19. Hayim Tawil, An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew, p. 461.

Bibliography

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• Godden, Malcolm (2013). "Biblical Literature" The Old Testament". In Godden and, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-46921-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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• VanderKam, James C. (2010). The Dead Sea Scrolls Today. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-6435-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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External links

• Inscription of Nabuchadnezzar. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature – old translation
• Nabuchadnezzar Ishtar gate Inscription
• Jewish Encyclopedia on Nebuchadnezzar
• Nebuchadnezzar II on Ancient History Encyclopedia

v t e Kings of Babylon
List of kings of Babylon Royal titles
Period Dynasty Kings  (foreign ruler vassal king female) Old Babylonian Empire (1894–1595 BC) I Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-Muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-Eshuh Ammi-Ditana Ammi-Saduqa Samsu-Ditana II Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Unknown king (?) Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar DIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil Kassite period (1729–1157 BC) III Gandash Agum I Kashtiliash I Unknown king Abi-Rattash Kashtiliash II Urzigurumash Agum II Harba-Shipak Shipta'ulzi Unknown king Burnaburiash I Ulamburiash Kashtiliash III Agum III Kadashman-Sah Karaindash Kadashman-Harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burna-Buriash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliash IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi Middle Babylonian period (1157–732 BC) IV Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur V Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi VI Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna VII Mar-biti-apla-usur VIII Nabû-mukin-apli Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-suma-ukin II Neo-Assyrian period (732–626 BC) IX Nabu-mukin-zeri Tiglath-Pileser III Shalmaneser V Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon II Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Aššur-nādin-šumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Sennacherib Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Šamaš-šuma-ukin Ashurbanipal Kandalanu Sîn-šumu-līšir Sinsharishkun Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BC) X Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus
Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224) Persian period (539–331 BC) XI Cyrus II Cambyses II Bardiya Nebuchadnezzar III Darius I Nebuchadnezzar IV Xerxes I Shamash-eriba Bel-shimanni Artaxerxes I Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Nidin-Bel (?) Darius III Hellenistic period (331–141 BC) XII Alexander III Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV Antigonus I Monophthalmus XIII Seleucus I Nicator Antiochus I Soter Seleucus Antiochus II Theos Seleucus II Callinicus Seleucus III Ceraunus Antiochus III Megas Antiochus Seleucus IV Philopator Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus Antiochus V Eupator Demetrius I Soter Timarchus Demetrius I Soter Alexander Balas Demetrius II Nicator Parthian period (141 BC – AD 224) XIV Mithridates I Phraates II Rinnu Antiochus VII Sidetes Phraates II Ubulna Hyspaosines Artabanus I Mithridates II Gotarzes I Asi'abatar Orodes I Ispubarza Sinatruces Phraates III Piriustana Teleuniqe Orodes II Phraates IV Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Vonones II Vologases I Pacorus II Artabanus III Osroes I Vologases III Parthamaspates Vologases IV Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
Category

• Pages with empty short description
• 630s BC births
• 560s BC deaths
• 7th-century BC Babylonian kings
• 6th-century BC Babylonian kings
• 6th-century BC biblical rulers
• 7th-century BC biblical rulers
• Babylonian kings
• Book of Daniel
• Babylonian captivity
• Nebuchadnezzar II
• Monarchs of the Hebrew Bible
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