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| This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within ] communities through contact with surrounding languages.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/ |
This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within ] communities through contact with surrounding languages.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=sG3sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=jewish+languages+diaspora#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages|last=Rubin|first=Aaron D.|last2=Kahn|first2=Lily|date=2015-10-30|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004297357|language=en}}</ref> | ||
| ==Afro-Asiatic languages== | ==Afro-Asiatic languages== | ||
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
| ===Cushitic languages=== | ===Cushitic languages=== | ||
| * ]{{cn|date=September 2016}} | * ]{{cn|date=September 2016}} | ||
| * ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review) |
* ]<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)|year = 2013|series = New series|last = Hudson|first = Grover|journal = Northeast African Studies | volume = 13 | number = 2|doi = 10.1353/nas.2013.0021}}</ref> | ||
| ===Semitic languages=== | ===Semitic languages=== | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
| * ]<ref name=":2" /> | * ]<ref name=":2" /> | ||
| :* ]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook|url = https://books.google.com/ |
:* ]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook|url = https://books.google.com/?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&pg=PA709&lpg=PA709&dq=hulaula+jews#v=onepage&q=hulaula%2520jews&f=false|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|date = 2011-12-23|isbn = 9783110251586|first = Stefan|last = Weninger|page = 709|ref = weninger}}</ref> | ||
| :* ] (extinct) | :* ] (extinct) | ||
| ::* ] (extinct) | ::* ] (extinct) | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
| * Judeo-] (extinct) | * Judeo-] (extinct) | ||
| :* Judeo-] (extinct) | :* Judeo-] (extinct) | ||
| * Judeo-]<ref>https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ugaritic</ref> (extinct) | * Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ugaritic | title=Ugaritic}}</ref> (extinct) | ||
| ===Other Afro-Asiatic languages=== | ===Other Afro-Asiatic languages=== | ||
| Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
| ===Iranian languages=== | ===Iranian languages=== | ||
| * ]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History|url = https://books.google.com/ |
* ]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5Xk9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA351&lpg=PA351&dq=%2522judeo+golpaygani%2522#v=onepage&q=%2522judeo%2520golpaygani%2522&f=false|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 2014-03-27|isbn = 9781139917148|first = Bernard|last = Spolsky|page = 241}}</ref> (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of ]) | ||
| * ]<ref name=":1" /> (almost extinct) | * ]<ref name=":1" /> (almost extinct) | ||
| * ]<ref name=":1" /> | * ]<ref name=":1" /> | ||
| Line 81: | Line 81: | ||
| :*]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct) and Judeo-] (extinct) | :*]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct) and Judeo-] (extinct) | ||
| :*]<ref name=":2" /> (extinct) | :*]<ref name=":2" /> (extinct) | ||
| :*Judeo-]<ref>{{cite |
:*Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZQd2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=Judeo-Sicilian#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sicilian&f=false|title=Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present|last1=Hary|first1=Benjamin|last2=Benor|first2=Sarah Bunin|date=5 November 2018|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|via=Google Books|isbn=9781501504631}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uGwxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA257&lpg=PA257&dq=Judeo-Sicilian+translation#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sicilian+translation&f=false|title=Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages|last1=Weiss|first1=Hillel|last2=Katsman|first2=Roman|date=17 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|via=Google Books|last3=Kotlerman|first3=Ber|isbn=9781443857529}}</ref> (including the zone of so-called ''Meridionali Estremi'' (Far Southern) dialects of ], ] and ]) (extinct) | ||
| :*]<ref name=":2" /> | :*]<ref name=":2" /> | ||
| ::*] | ::*] | ||
| Line 89: | Line 89: | ||
| ===Other Indo-European languages=== | ===Other Indo-European languages=== | ||
| * ]<ref>{{Cite book|title = International Encyclopedia of Linguistics|url = https://books.google.com/ |
* ]<ref>{{Cite book|title = International Encyclopedia of Linguistics|url = https://books.google.com/?id=sl_dDVctycgC&pg=RA3-PA83&lpg=RA3-PA83&dq=knaanic+czech#v=onepage&q=knaanic%2520czech&f=false|publisher = Oxford University Press|date = 2003-01-01|isbn = 9780195139778|language = en|page = 83}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.dovidkatz.net/dovid/PDFLinguistics/2014_Knaanic_Medieval_Modern_Scholarly_Imagination.pdf|title = Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination|last = Katz|first = Dovid|date = October 2012|journal = Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background|doi = |pmid = |access-date = 1 August 2015|editor-first = Ondřej|editor-last = Bláha|editor2-first = Robert|editor2-last = Dittman|editor3-first = Lenka|editor3-last = Uličná|pages = 164, 173}}</ref> (extinct) | ||
| *]<ref name=":2" /> | *]<ref name=":2" /> | ||
| *], based on ] | *], based on ] | ||
| Line 103: | Line 103: | ||
| *Judeo-] (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of ]) | *Judeo-] (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of ]) | ||
| *]<ref>{{cite web|title = YIVO {{!}} Krymchaks|url = http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krymchaks|website = www.yivoencyclopedia.org|accessdate = 2015-08-01}}</ref> (almost extinct) | *]<ref>{{cite web|title = YIVO {{!}} Krymchaks|url = http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krymchaks|website = www.yivoencyclopedia.org|accessdate = 2015-08-01}}</ref> (almost extinct) | ||
| *]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/ |
*]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR6&lpg=PR6&dq=%22handbook+of+jewish+languages%22+rubin+%22judeo+turkish%22#v=onepage&q=judeo-turkish&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition|date=2017-09-01|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004359543|language=en}}</ref> | ||
| *]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct) | *]<ref name=":2" /> (almost extinct) | ||
| *] (a Karaite variety of Ottoman Turkish) | *] (a Karaite variety of Ottoman Turkish) | ||
| ==Uralic languages== | ==Uralic languages== | ||
| * ]<ref>{{cite |
* ]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=Judeo-Hungarian+language#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Hungarian+language&f=false|title=Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment|first=Paul|last=Wexler|date=14 March 2019|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|via=Google Books|isbn=9783447054041}}</ref> (Magyaric/Magyarit). | ||
| ==Doubted languages{{Clarify|reason=What does "doubted languages" mean? This should be explained in an introductory paragraph for this section, as well as some indication, if they're doubted, as to why we're mentioning languages the existence of which is doubted.|date=March 2019}}== | ==Doubted languages{{Clarify|reason=What does "doubted languages" mean? This should be explained in an introductory paragraph for this section, as well as some indication, if they're doubted, as to why we're mentioning languages the existence of which is doubted.|date=March 2019}}== | ||
| Line 120: | Line 120: | ||
| ==== Armenian languages ==== | ==== Armenian languages ==== | ||
| * Judeo-]<ref>{{cite |
* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA749&lpg=PA749&dq=Judeo-Armenian#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Armenian&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition|date=1 September 2017|publisher=BRILL|via=Google Books|isbn=9789004359543}}</ref> (although it was common to use Aramaic or Persian varieties among this Jewish community) | ||
| ====Baltic languages==== | ====Baltic languages==== | ||
| * Judeo-]<ref>{{cite |
* Judeo-]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3IJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA749&lpg=PA749&dq=catechism+Samgitian#v=onepage&q=catechism+Samogitian&f=false|title=Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition|date=1 September 2017|publisher=BRILL|via=Google Books|isbn=9789004359543}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=tS-PMqoj1EIC&pg=PA430&lpg=PA430&dq=catechism+Samogitian#v=onepage&q=catechism+Samogitian&f=false|title=Synagogues in Lithuania N-Ž: A Catalogue|first1=Aliza|last1=Cohen-Mushlin|first2=Sergey|last2=Kravtsov|first3=Vladimir|last3=Levin|first4=Giedrė|last4=Mickūnaitė|first5=Jurgita|last5=Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė|date=14 March 2019|publisher=VDA leidykla|via=Google Books|isbn=9786094470042}}</ref> | ||
| ==== Celtic languages ==== | ==== Celtic languages ==== | ||
| Line 132: | Line 132: | ||
| ==== Germanic languages ==== | ==== Germanic languages ==== | ||
| * Judeo-]<ref>https://books.google. |
* Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Danish#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Danish&f=false | title=Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment| isbn=9783447054041| last1=Wexler| first1=Paul| year=2006}}</ref> | ||
| * Judeo-]<ref>https://books.google. |
* Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Dutch#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Dutch&f=false |title = Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment|isbn = 9783447054041|last1 = Wexler|first1 = Paul|year = 2006}}</ref> | ||
| * Judeo-]<ref>https://books.google. |
* Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Frisian#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Frisian&f=false |title = Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment|isbn = 9783447054041|last1 = Wexler|first1 = Paul|year = 2006}}</ref> | ||
| * Judeo-] (different varieties of Low German, adopted as spoken language also by some Sephardic groups; could be also used in ]{{dn|date=September 2019}} and ]). | * Judeo-] (different varieties of Low German, adopted as spoken language also by some Sephardic groups; could be also used in ]{{dn|date=September 2019}} and ]). | ||
| Line 158: | Line 158: | ||
| * Judeo-] | * Judeo-] | ||
| * Judeo-] | * Judeo-] | ||
| * Judeo-]<ref>https://books.google. |
* Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=YJpdiPiG2g4C&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=Judeo-Sorbian#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Sorbian&f=false |title = Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews, the|isbn = 9781438423937|last1 = Wexler|first1 = Paul|date = February 2012}}</ref> | ||
| ===Kartvelian languages=== | ===Kartvelian languages=== | ||
| Line 170: | Line 170: | ||
| *Judeo-] | *Judeo-] | ||
| *Judeo-]<ref>https://books.google. |
*Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=YXRsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143&dq=Circassian-speaking+Jewish+community#v=onepage&q=Circassian-speaking%20Jewish%20community&f=false |title = Studia Anthropologica: Сборник статей к юбилею проф. М. А. Членова|isbn = 9785457522725|last1 = Статей|first1 = Сборник|date = 2017-09-05}}</ref> | ||
| ===Turkic languages=== | ===Turkic languages=== | ||
| Line 185: | Line 185: | ||
| ===Vasconic languages=== | ===Vasconic languages=== | ||
| *Judeo-]<ref>https://books.google. |
*Judeo-]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ic5Kth7aiusC&pg=PA899&lpg=PA899&dq=Judeo-Basque#v=onepage&q=Judeo-Basque&f=false | title=Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment| isbn=9783447054041| last1=Wexler| first1=Paul| year=2006}}</ref> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 21:07, 11 September 2019
This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.
Afro-Asiatic languages
Cushitic languages
Semitic languages
Arabic languages
- Karaite Egyptian Arabic, based on old Egyptian Arabic
Aramaic languages
-
- Galilean dialect (extinct)
- Kareo-Aramaic (a Karaite variety of Aramaic) (extinct)
Canaanite languages
- Judeo-Phoenician (extinct)
- Judeo-Punic (extinct)
- Judeo-Ugaritic (extinct)
Other Afro-Asiatic languages
- Judeo-Berber (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)
- Judeo-Coptic (extinct)
Dravidian languages
- Judeo-Malayalam (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Telugu, a variety of Telugu
(both written in local alphabets)
Indo-European languages
Iranian languages
- Judeo-Bukharic (Bukhari, Bukhori, Judeo-Tajik) (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of Samarkand)
- Judeo-Golpaygani (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Hamedani
- Judeo-Kurmanji (mostly as a second language in addition to Judeo-Aramaic)
- Judeo-Pahlavi (extinct)
- Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi, Jidi)
- Judeo-Shirazi
- Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)
Romance languages
- Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)
- Judeo-Andalusian (extinct)
- Judeo-Aragonese (extinct)
- Judeo-Navarro-Aragonese with a significant Jewish koiné of Tudela (extinct)
- Judeo-Asturleonese (extinct)
- Judeo-Catalan and Judeo-Valencian (extinct)
- Judeo-Emilian-Romagnol (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Franco-Provençal (including the Savoyard dialect) (extinct)
- Judeo-French (Zarphatic): a group of Jewish northern oïl languages and their dialects (extinct)
- Judeo-Gascon (also was used by latest Sephardic migrants) (extinct)
- Judeo-Italian with a wide range of dialects and city koinés (including zones of so-called Toscani (Tuscan) and Mediani (Middle Italian) dialects)
- Judeo-Ligurian (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Lombard (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Neapolitan (including the zone of so-called Meridionali (Intermediate Southern Italian) dialects) (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Piedmontese (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Portuguese (almost extinct) and Judeo-Galician (extinct)
- Judeo-Provençal (extinct)
- Judeo-Sicilian (including the zone of so-called Meridionali Estremi (Far Southern) dialects of Sicily, Calabria and Apulia) (extinct)
- Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)
- Judeo-Venetian (almost extinct)
Other Indo-European languages
- Judeo-Czech (Knaanic) (extinct)
- Judeo-Greek (Romaniyot, Yevanic)
- Judeo-Koiné Greek, based on Koine Greek
- Karaite Greek, a Karaite variety of Greek
- Judeo-Marathi
- Yiddish
Kartvelian languages
- Judeo-Georgian
- Judeo-Mingrelian (e.g. Bandza and Senaki Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendence is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian) (almost extinct)
Turkic languages
- Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)
- Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak) (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Turkish
- Karaim (almost extinct)
- Kareo-Turkish (a Karaite variety of Ottoman Turkish)
Uralic languages
- Judeo-Hungarian (Magyaric/Magyarit).
Doubted languages
Austronesian languages
Malayo-Polynesian languages
- Judeo-Malay (could be used in old-settled Jewish community, approximately till the 18th century)
Indo-European languages
Armenian languages
- Judeo-Armenian (although it was common to use Aramaic or Persian varieties among this Jewish community)
Baltic languages
- Judeo-Samogitian
Celtic languages
- Judeo-Breton (extinct)
Germanic languages
- Judeo-Danish
- Judeo-Dutch
- Judeo-Frisian
- Judeo-Low German (different varieties of Low German, adopted as spoken language also by some Sephardic groups; could be also used in Estland and Livonia).
Indo-Arian languages
- Judeo-Gujarati
- Judeo-Hindustani
Iranian languages
- Judeo-Alan (could be used by Jews of Khazar Khaganate in areas influenced by the Alans) (extinct)
- Judeo-Ossetic (extinct)
- Judeo-Pashto (mostly as the second language in addition to Judeo-Tajik) (almost extinct)
Romance languages
- Judeo-Rhaeto-Romance
- Judeo-Friulian
Slavic languages
- Judeo-Old Polish
- Judeo-Old Russian
- Judeo-Sorbian
Kartvelian languages
- Judeo-Laz
- Judeo-Svan
North Caucasian languages
Abkhazo-Adyghean languages
- Judeo-Abkhazian
- Judeo-Circassian
Turkic languages
Karluk languages
- Judeo-Uzbek (mostly as a second language in addition to Judeo-Bukharic)
Kipchak languages
- Judeo-Cuman (extinct)
- Judeo-Karachay-Balkar
- Judeo-Kumyk
Oghur languages
- Khazar language (extinct)
Vasconic languages
- Judeo-Basque
See also
References
- ^ Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (2015-10-30). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.
- Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)". Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2). doi:10.1353/nas.2013.0021.
- ^ Weninger, Stefan (2011-12-23). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.
- "Ugaritic".
- ^ Spolsky, Bernard (2014-03-27). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781139917148.
- Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. .
- Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74. .
- Nahon, Peter, 2018. Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Paris:Classiques Garnier.
- Hary, Benjamin; Benor, Sarah Bunin (5 November 2018). Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781501504631 – via Google Books.
- Weiss, Hillel; Katsman, Roman; Kotlerman, Ber (17 March 2014). Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443857529 – via Google Books.
- International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01. p. 83. ISBN 9780195139778.
- Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.). "Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination" (PDF). Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332883632_Judeo-Georgian_Language_as_an_Identity_Marker_of_Georgian_Jews_The_Jews_Living_in_Georgia
- "YIVO | Krymchaks". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
- Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 2017-09-01. ISBN 9789004359543.
- Wexler, Paul (14 March 2019). Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447054041 – via Google Books.
- Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 1 September 2017. ISBN 9789004359543 – via Google Books.
- Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 1 September 2017. ISBN 9789004359543 – via Google Books.
- Cohen-Mushlin, Aliza; Kravtsov, Sergey; Levin, Vladimir; Mickūnaitė, Giedrė; Šiaučiūnaitė-Verbickienė, Jurgita (14 March 2019). Synagogues in Lithuania N-Ž: A Catalogue. VDA leidykla. ISBN 9786094470042 – via Google Books.
- Wexler, Paul (2006). Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment. ISBN 9783447054041.
- Wexler, Paul (2006). Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment. ISBN 9783447054041.
- Wexler, Paul (2006). Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment. ISBN 9783447054041.
- "Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian". blogs.bl.uk.
- "A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India". Gorgias Press LLC.
- Wexler, Paul (February 2012). Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews, the. ISBN 9781438423937.
- Статей, Сборник (2017-09-05). Studia Anthropologica: Сборник статей к юбилею проф. М. А. Членова. ISBN 9785457522725.
- Wexler, Paul (2006). Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention to Judaized Arabic, Chinese, German, Greek, Persian, Portuguese, Slavic (Modern Hebrew/Yiddish), Spanish, and Karaite, and Semitic Hebrew/Ladino ; a Collection of Reprinted Articles from Across Four Decades with a Reassessment. ISBN 9783447054041.