| Revision as of 22:11, 21 December 2019 editArminden (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users56,019 edits Undid revision 931835396 by Jerm (talk) 1. no violation of anything, see talk page. This is a non-Christian context. 2. You bulk-reverted again, removing a useful wikilink and reintroducing useless intervals. Calm down.Tag: Undo← Previous edit | Revision as of 09:28, 14 January 2020 edit undoArminden (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users56,019 edits Various. Removed "fake" source template for Jlm Talmud (either you offer a real one, or just give the title, line, etc.), wrong conclusions drawn by prev. editors that contradict sources. Added info. Removed wrong source (not JPost). Jabel or jebel, not jabel. Etc.Next edit → | ||
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| '''Shikhin''' ({{Lang-he-n|שִׁיחִין}}), variant spelling ({{Lang-he-n|שׁוּחִין}}), also known as '''Asochis''', was a central ] village about {{convert|5|mi|km}} northwest of ] that was abandoned in the fourth century CE. {{As of|2012|05}}, the site is under excavation. So far, evidence of extensive pottery work and a ] have been uncovered. | '''Shikhin''' ({{Lang-he-n|שִׁיחִין}}), variant spelling ({{Lang-he-n|שׁוּחִין}}), also known as '''Asochis''', was a central ] village about {{convert|5|mi|km}} northwest of ] that was abandoned in the fourth century CE. {{As of|2012|05}}, the site is under excavation. So far, evidence of extensive pottery work and a ] have been uncovered. | ||
| ==Location== | ==Location== | ||
| Shikhin is located in central ] near Sepphoris (modern day ]).<ref name=JPost |
Shikhin is located in central ] near Sepphoris (modern day ]).<ref name=JPost/> It is about {{convert|5|mi|km}} northwest of ].<ref name=AP /> Shikhin is located within ].<ref name=AL /> | ||
| ] of ]. Shikhin is located along the left-hand edge of the photographs is highlighted in red. On the right hand side of the picture is ].]] | ] of ]. Shikhin is located along the left-hand edge of the photographs is highlighted in red. On the right hand side of the picture is ].]] | ||
| {{clear}} | {{clear}} | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| First-century historian ] refers to Shikhin as Asochis (Greek: Ἀσωχίς). He described the village as one of the first Jewish settlements formed in Galilee. He dated it to the ] (140-63 |
First-century historian ] refers to Shikhin as Asochis (Greek: Ἀσωχίς). He described the village as one of the first Jewish settlements formed in Galilee. He dated it to the ] (140-63 BCE).<ref name=AL /> The ] describes the village as being home to many potters.<ref name=JPost/> The village was abandoned in the fourth century CE when the buildings were dismantled and the stones reused elsewhere.<ref name=AL>{{cite news |title= Samford archaeological dig in Israel uncovers Jewish village |author= Greg Garrison |date= August 5, 2013 |url= http://www.al.com/living/index.ssf/2013/08/samford_archaeological_dig_in.html |access-date= August 8, 2013 |publisher= Alabama Media Group}}</ref> The Plain of Asochis lay nearby, identified today as ] (Sahel el-Buttauf in Arabic), an area south of ], but due north of ].<ref name="JSTOR88">{{cite journal |last= Strange |first= James |title= Excavations at Sepphoris: The Location and Identification of Shikhin |journal= Israel Exploration Journal |volume= 44 |issue= 3/4 |pages= 216–227 |jstor= 27926349 |date= 1994}}</ref> | ||
| The ], when making note of the former wealth of the |
The ], when making note of the former wealth of the village, writes: | ||
| <blockquote>There were three cities whose tax ledgers were carried by wagon unto Jerusalem: ], '''Asochis''', and Migdal of the dyers,<ref>Hebrew: '''מגדל צבעייא''' = ''Migdal Ṣeboʻaya''.</ref> and all three of them were destroyed. Cabul because of a ], Asochis because of ], and Migdal of the dyers because of ].<ref> |
<blockquote>There were three cities whose tax ledgers were carried by wagon unto Jerusalem: ], '''Asochis''', and Migdal of the dyers,<ref>Hebrew: '''מגדל צבעייא''' = ''Migdal Ṣeboʻaya''.</ref> and all three of them were destroyed. Cabul because of a ], Asochis because of ], and Migdal of the dyers because of ].<ref>The Jerusalem Talmud (Ta'anit 4:5 )</ref></blockquote> | ||
| ==History of archaeological research== | |||
| ⚫ | ==Archaeological |
||
| ] | ] | ||
| ⚫ | An |
||
| ⚫ | An archaeological survey of an area less than 1.5 km north of Sepphoris, that led to the identification of Shikhin, took place in 1988,<ref name="JSTOR88"/> and a second one was undertaken in 2011.<ref name=AL /> In 2012, excavation got underway led by James Riley Strange of ], Mordechai Aviam of ] and David Fiensy of ].<ref name=JPost>{{cite news |title= Shikhin, Talmudic village home to many potters, found near Tzipori |author= Sammy Hudes |work= Jerusalem Post |date= August 5, 2013 |url= http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Shikhin-Talmudic-village-home-to-many-potters-found-near-Tzipori-322063 |access-date=August 5, 2013}}</ref> | ||
| Sarcophagi, both plain and decorated with stone relief, designed to remain above ground, have been uncovered on neighboring Jabel Qat, which may be the cemetery of Shikhin. Many caves and wine press cisterns are also found on Jabel Qat. Plans for future excavation will focus on "studying the cultural heritage of the village."<ref name=JPost /> | |||
| ==Significance== | |||
| Josephus mentions in the same context Shikhin and nearby Sepphoris.<ref name=JPost/> In 2013, Aviam noted that Shikhin is one of the two earliest Galilean settlement names attested from the Second Temple period, and he expressed the hope that the digs will help clarify the unsolved question regarding the identity of the Galileans.<ref name=JPost/> After the ] destruction of ] in the 8th century BCE, there is hardly any historical evidence concerning the history and population of the Galilee, until the second century BCE redevelopment of the region under the Hasmoneans.<ref name=JPost/> The Galileans of the Hellenistic period might have been remnants from the ] period, immigrants from Judea, or converts to Judaism.<ref name=JPost/> | |||
| Being a village located in close proximity to a large city - Sepphoris, capital of Galilee - and given that both ancient sources and archaeological finds attest to Shikhin's importance as a major centre for pottery production, the archaeologists hope to learn about the "relationship and the sociological connection" between village and city.<ref name=JPost/> | |||
| ⚫ | Strange said he believes the site will further lend understanding of Galilean Jewish village life and the economy during the period of time when the ] was written and Christianity was establishing itself.<ref name=AP /> | ||
| Seven molds used to make oil lamps, the most ever found in a village in Israel, were recovered from the site. According to Aviam, this is strong evidence that "the production of oil lamps was very important" to Shikhin.<ref name=JPost/> | |||
| ⚫ | ==Archaeological findings== | ||
| The village expanded over three low hilltops, with a general north-south orientation and over a distance of little over one kilometre.<ref name="Strange12"/> The hill of Jebel Qat lays outside and to the east of the village, and there archaeologists found a cave used as as hideaway, signs of quarrying, and of olive and/or wine industry.<ref name="Strange12">{{cite journal |first= James R. |last= Strange |title= Shihin, Survey: 31/12/2012 Preliminary Report |journal= Hadashot Arkheologiyot |publisher= Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) |volume= 124 |year= 2012 |url= http://hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2195&mag_id=119 |access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> | |||
| In August 2013, the team announced that it had uncovered evidence of an ancient synagogue and houses. They also found evidence of pottery production in the area.<ref name=AP>{{cite news |title= Samford professor finds ancient Jewish village|agency=AP|work=San Francisco Gate |url= http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Samford-professor-finds-ancient-Jewish-village-4705846.php |date= August 4, 2013 |access-date=August 4, 2013}}{{dead link|date=14 January 2020}}</ref> | |||
| Three ], largely unadorned except for some non-figurative stone relief, have been uncovered on neighbouring Jebel Qat, near one of a number tombs discovered around the village.<ref name="Strange19">{{cite journal |first= James R. |last= Strange |title= Shihin – 2013: 31/12/2019 Preliminary Report |journal= Hadashot Arkheologiyot |publisher= Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) |volume= 131 |year= 2019 |url= http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=25661 |access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> | |||
| ==Archaeological impact== | |||
| ⚫ | Strange said he believes the site will further lend understanding of Galilean Jewish village life and the economy during the period of time when the ] was written and Christianity was establishing itself.<ref name=AP |
||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 09:28, 14 January 2020
Shikhin (Template:Lang-he-n), variant spelling (Template:Lang-he-n), also known as Asochis, was a central Galilean village about 5 miles (8.0 km) northwest of Nazareth that was abandoned in the fourth century CE. As of May 2012, the site is under excavation. So far, evidence of extensive pottery work and a synagogue have been uncovered.
Location
Shikhin is located in central Galilee near Sepphoris (modern day Tzipori). It is about 5 miles (8.0 km) northwest of Nazareth. Shikhin is located within Zippori National Park.
History
First-century historian Josephus refers to Shikhin as Asochis (Greek: Ἀσωχίς). He described the village as one of the first Jewish settlements formed in Galilee. He dated it to the Hasmonaean Dynasty (140-63 BCE). The Talmud describes the village as being home to many potters. The village was abandoned in the fourth century CE when the buildings were dismantled and the stones reused elsewhere. The Plain of Asochis lay nearby, identified today as Beit Netofa Valley (Sahel el-Buttauf in Arabic), an area south of Kfar Manda, but due north of Sepphoris.
The Jerusalem Talmud, when making note of the former wealth of the village, writes:
There were three cities whose tax ledgers were carried by wagon unto Jerusalem: Cabul, Asochis, and Migdal of the dyers, and all three of them were destroyed. Cabul because of a schism, Asochis because of sorcery, and Migdal of the dyers because of lechery.
History of archaeological research
An archaeological survey of an area less than 1.5 km north of Sepphoris, that led to the identification of Shikhin, took place in 1988, and a second one was undertaken in 2011. In 2012, excavation got underway led by James Riley Strange of Samford University, Mordechai Aviam of Kinneret College and David Fiensy of Kentucky Christian University.
Significance
Josephus mentions in the same context Shikhin and nearby Sepphoris. In 2013, Aviam noted that Shikhin is one of the two earliest Galilean settlement names attested from the Second Temple period, and he expressed the hope that the digs will help clarify the unsolved question regarding the identity of the Galileans. After the Assyrian destruction of Israel in the 8th century BCE, there is hardly any historical evidence concerning the history and population of the Galilee, until the second century BCE redevelopment of the region under the Hasmoneans. The Galileans of the Hellenistic period might have been remnants from the First Temple period, immigrants from Judea, or converts to Judaism.
Being a village located in close proximity to a large city - Sepphoris, capital of Galilee - and given that both ancient sources and archaeological finds attest to Shikhin's importance as a major centre for pottery production, the archaeologists hope to learn about the "relationship and the sociological connection" between village and city.
Strange said he believes the site will further lend understanding of Galilean Jewish village life and the economy during the period of time when the Talmud was written and Christianity was establishing itself.
Seven molds used to make oil lamps, the most ever found in a village in Israel, were recovered from the site. According to Aviam, this is strong evidence that "the production of oil lamps was very important" to Shikhin.
Archaeological findings
The village expanded over three low hilltops, with a general north-south orientation and over a distance of little over one kilometre. The hill of Jebel Qat lays outside and to the east of the village, and there archaeologists found a cave used as as hideaway, signs of quarrying, and of olive and/or wine industry.
In August 2013, the team announced that it had uncovered evidence of an ancient synagogue and houses. They also found evidence of pottery production in the area.
Three sarcophagi, largely unadorned except for some non-figurative stone relief, have been uncovered on neighbouring Jebel Qat, near one of a number tombs discovered around the village.
References
- ^ Sammy Hudes (August 5, 2013). "Shikhin, Talmudic village home to many potters, found near Tzipori". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
- ^ "Samford professor finds ancient Jewish village". San Francisco Gate. AP. August 4, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
- ^ Greg Garrison (August 5, 2013). "Samford archaeological dig in Israel uncovers Jewish village". Alabama Media Group. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
- ^ Strange, James (1994). "Excavations at Sepphoris: The Location and Identification of Shikhin". Israel Exploration Journal. 44 (3/4): 216–227. JSTOR 27926349.
- Hebrew: מגדל צבעייא = Migdal Ṣeboʻaya.
- The Jerusalem Talmud (Ta'anit 4:5 )
- ^ Strange, James R. (2012). "Shihin, Survey: 31/12/2012 Preliminary Report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. 124. Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- Strange, James R. (2019). "Shihin – 2013: 31/12/2019 Preliminary Report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. 131. Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
External links
32°46′08″N 35°16′24″E / 32.7689°N 35.2733°E / 32.7689; 35.2733
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