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{{see|Pan-European identity}} {{see|Pan-European identity}}
{{Nationalism sidebar|expanded=Types}} {{Nationalism sidebar|expanded=Types}}
'''European nationalism''' (sometimes called '''pan-European nationalism''') is a form of ] based on a ] explicitly advocated by a number of ] splinter groups in the 1950s. It is considered minor since the ] desintegrated in the 1970s.

⚫ '''Pan-European nationalism''' is a political term, apparently coined by ] in 1954 for a (hypothetical, or postulated) ideology of ] based on a ]. Arendt warned that a "pan-European nationalism" might arise from the cultivation of ] sentiment in Europe.<ref>Hannah Arendt, Essays in Understanding 1930-1954 ed J .Kohn (1994), especcially pp. 412-417.</ref>


==History of European nationalism== ==History of European nationalism==
In the 1950s, there were a number of neo-fascist splinter groups explicitly advocating for "European nationalism". In Britain, ] led the ], advocating its "]" policy, during 1948&ndash;1973. In 1950, Mosley co-founded the ], collaborating with comparable groups on the continent. The organisation was mostly defunct by 1957, and was succeeded by the ], formed in 1962 by Mosley and the leaders of the German nationalist party ], the ], ] and the ].<ref>], '']'', New York University Press, 2003, p. 30</ref> In Britain, ] led the ], advocating its "]" policy, during 1948&ndash;1973. In 1950, Mosley co-founded the ], collaborating with comparable groups on the continent. The organisation was mostly defunct by 1957, and was succeeded by the ], formed in 1962 by Mosley and the leaders of the German nationalist party ], the ], ] and the ].<ref>], '']'', New York University Press, 2003, p. 30</ref> The movement remained active during the 1960s, but mostly disbanded during the 1970s.

===The 1962 ''European Declaration''===
⚫ In their "European Declaration" of 1 March 1962, the National Party of Europe called for the creation of a European nation state through a common European government and an elected European parliament, the withdrawal of ] and ] forces from Europe and the dissolution of the ], to be replaced by an international body led by the USA, USSR and Europe as three equals. The territory of the European state was to be that of all European nations outside the Soviet Union, including the British Isles, and their overseas possessions.<ref></ref>


⚫ ===Current situation===
⚫ In their "European Declaration" of 1 March 1962, the National Party of Europe called for the creation of a European nation state through a common European government and an elected European parliament, the withdrawal of ] and ] forces from Europe and the dissolution of the ], to be replaced by an international body led by the USA, USSR and Europe as three equals. The territory of the European state was to be that of all European nations outside the Soviet Union, including the British Isles, and their overseas possessions.<ref></ref> The movement remained active during the 1960s, but mostly disbanded during the 1970s.
In 2014, Raphael Schlembach describes the existence of "a form of pan-European nationalism &mdash; a 'Europe for the Europeans' &mdash; that is based upon anti-Americanism and ethno-pluralism" within "some sections" of European ].<ref>Raphael Schlembach, ''Against Old Europe: Critical Theory and Alter-Globalization Movements'' (2014), </ref> Indeed, European nationalist organisations did continue to exist on a minor scale after the disintegration of the National Party of Europe in the 1970s, but no group advocates a "European nation state".


⚫ According to scholars, former European nationalist groups now propose a European ] based on an ideology of "European culturalism",<ref>"Though it took nearly ten years for this ''Nouvelle Droite'' to be discovered by the media, its elitist discourse, its claims to be scientific and its emphasis on European culturalism were influential throughout the 1970s in rehabilitating a number of ideas previously held to be indefensible. The New Right's strategy of intellectual rearmament was the polar opposite of commando activism, but continuity of personnel and, in substance (though not in form), of major tenets can be traced back to the OAS and beyond." Vaughan, Michalina, "The Extreme Right in France: 'Lepénisme' or the Politics of Fear" in: Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan (eds.), ''The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe'' (second ed. 1995), pp. 215–233 (p. 219),</ref> or according to Dimitri Almeida, underwent an "]", the ideology of European nationalism being largely replaced by ] by the 2010s.<ref>Dimitri Almeida, ''The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus'', Routledge (2012), .</ref>
⚫ ==Current situation==
Arendt's warning of the possibility of the development of "pan-European nationalism" has been deemed obsolete by the 1990s:
⚫ ] argued that "Europe could never constitute a coherent identity because there is 'no external opposition' to it" (a role foreseen by Arendt as to be taken by America).
⚫ In the opinion of Speekenbrink (2014), nationalism was replaced by a "postmodern world order" in the postwar period ("Nationalism was dead, but it was not replaced by pan-European nationalism or by a pan-European identity"),
instead invoking a "European idea" said to be transformed into an "idea of diversity of identity" combined with a "commonality of values".<ref>Anton Speekenbrink, "Trans-Atlantic Relations in a Postmodern World" (2014), .</ref>


⚫ ===List of European nationalist organisations===
⚫ In 2014, Schlembach describes the existence of "a form of pan-European nationalism &mdash; a 'Europe for the Europeans' &mdash; that is based upon anti-Americanism and ethno-pluralism" within "some sections" of European ].<ref>Raphael Schlembach, ''Against Old Europe: Critical Theory and Alter-Globalization Movements'' (2014), </ref> Indeed, European nationalist organisations did continue to exist on a minor scale after the disintegration of the National Party of Europe in the 1970s, but no group advocates a "European nation state". According to scholars, former European nationalist groups now propose a European ] based on an ideology of "European culturalism",<ref>"Though it took nearly ten years for this ''Nouvelle Droite'' to be discovered by the media, its elitist discourse, its claims to be scientific and its emphasis on European culturalism were influential throughout the 1970s in rehabilitating a number of ideas previously held to be indefensible. The New Right's strategy of intellectual rearmament was the polar opposite of commando activism, but continuity of personnel and, in substance (though not in form), of major tenets can be traced back to the OAS and beyond." Vaughan, Michalina, "The Extreme Right in France: 'Lepénisme' or the Politics of Fear" in: Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan (eds.), ''The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe'' (second ed. 1995), pp. 215–233 (p. 219),</ref> or according to Dimitri Almeida , underwent an "]", the ideology of European nationalism being largely replaced by ] by the 2010s.<ref>Dimitri Almeida, ''The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus'', Routledge (2012), .</ref>
] · ] (Belgium) · Comité de liaison des européens révolutionnaires (France) · ] (Belgium) · ] (France) · ] · ] · ] (France) · ] (Malta)


==Arendt's warning==
⚫ ==List of European nationalist organisations==
⚫ ] warned in 1954 that a "pan-European nationalism" might arise from the cultivation of ] sentiment in Europe.<ref>Hannah Arendt, Essays in Understanding 1930-1954 ed J .Kohn (1994), especcially pp. 412-417.</ref> Her warning has been deemed obsolete by the 1990s:
*]
⚫ *] argued that "Europe could never constitute a coherent identity because there is 'no external opposition' to it" (a role foreseen by Arendt as to be taken by America).
*] (Belgium)
⚫ *In the opinion of scholar Anton Speekenbrink in 2014, nationalism was replaced by a "postmodern world order" in the postwar period ("Nationalism was dead, but it was not replaced by pan-European nationalism or by a pan-European identity"), instead invoking a "European idea" said to be transformed into an "idea of diversity of identity" combined with a "commonality of values".<ref>Anton Speekenbrink, "Trans-Atlantic Relations in a Postmodern World" (2014), .</ref>
*Comité de liaison des européens révolutionnaires (France)
*] (Belgium)
*] (France)
*]
*]
*] (France)
*] (Malta)


==See also== ==See also==

Revision as of 13:51, 29 April 2020

Further information: Pan-European identity
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European nationalism (sometimes called pan-European nationalism) is a form of nationalism based on a pan-European identity explicitly advocated by a number of neo-fascist splinter groups in the 1950s. It is considered minor since the National Party of Europe desintegrated in the 1970s.

History of European nationalism

In Britain, Oswald Mosley led the Union Movement, advocating its "Europe a Nation" policy, during 1948–1973. In 1950, Mosley co-founded the European Social Movement, collaborating with comparable groups on the continent. The organisation was mostly defunct by 1957, and was succeeded by the National Party of Europe, formed in 1962 by Mosley and the leaders of the German nationalist party Deutsche Reichspartei, the Italian Social Movement, Jeune Europe and the Mouvement d'Action Civique. The movement remained active during the 1960s, but mostly disbanded during the 1970s.

The 1962 European Declaration

In their "European Declaration" of 1 March 1962, the National Party of Europe called for the creation of a European nation state through a common European government and an elected European parliament, the withdrawal of American and Soviet forces from Europe and the dissolution of the United Nations, to be replaced by an international body led by the USA, USSR and Europe as three equals. The territory of the European state was to be that of all European nations outside the Soviet Union, including the British Isles, and their overseas possessions.

Current situation

In 2014, Raphael Schlembach describes the existence of "a form of pan-European nationalism — a 'Europe for the Europeans' — that is based upon anti-Americanism and ethno-pluralism" within "some sections" of European neo-fascism. Indeed, European nationalist organisations did continue to exist on a minor scale after the disintegration of the National Party of Europe in the 1970s, but no group advocates a "European nation state".

According to scholars, former European nationalist groups now propose a European ethnic federalism based on an ideology of "European culturalism", or according to Dimitri Almeida, underwent an "Eurosceptic turn", the ideology of European nationalism being largely replaced by hard Euroscepticism by the 2010s.

List of European nationalist organisations

Identitarian Movement · Jeune Europe (Belgium) · Comité de liaison des européens révolutionnaires (France) · Parti Communautaire National-Européen (Belgium) · Nouvelle Droite (France) · Réseau Radical · Bloc Identitaire · Parti Nationaliste Français et Européen (France) · Imperium Europa (Malta)

Arendt's warning

Hannah Arendt warned in 1954 that a "pan-European nationalism" might arise from the cultivation of anti-American sentiment in Europe. Her warning has been deemed obsolete by the 1990s:

  • Gerard Delanty argued that "Europe could never constitute a coherent identity because there is 'no external opposition' to it" (a role foreseen by Arendt as to be taken by America).
  • In the opinion of scholar Anton Speekenbrink in 2014, nationalism was replaced by a "postmodern world order" in the postwar period ("Nationalism was dead, but it was not replaced by pan-European nationalism or by a pan-European identity"), instead invoking a "European idea" said to be transformed into an "idea of diversity of identity" combined with a "commonality of values".

See also

References

  1. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Black Sun, New York University Press, 2003, p. 30
  2. The National Party of Europe and The Conference of Venice, 1962
  3. Raphael Schlembach, Against Old Europe: Critical Theory and Alter-Globalization Movements (2014), p. 134
  4. "Though it took nearly ten years for this Nouvelle Droite to be discovered by the media, its elitist discourse, its claims to be scientific and its emphasis on European culturalism were influential throughout the 1970s in rehabilitating a number of ideas previously held to be indefensible. The New Right's strategy of intellectual rearmament was the polar opposite of commando activism, but continuity of personnel and, in substance (though not in form), of major tenets can be traced back to the OAS and beyond." Vaughan, Michalina, "The Extreme Right in France: 'Lepénisme' or the Politics of Fear" in: Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson, and Michalina Vaughan (eds.), The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe (second ed. 1995), pp. 215–233 (p. 219),
  5. Dimitri Almeida, The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus, Routledge (2012), p. 137.
  6. Hannah Arendt, Essays in Understanding 1930-1954 ed J .Kohn (1994), especcially pp. 412-417.
  7. Anton Speekenbrink, "Trans-Atlantic Relations in a Postmodern World" (2014), p. 258.
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