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| '''Zond 8''', |
'''Zond 8''', was the last in the series of circumlunar spacecraft, a member of the Soviet ], designed to rehearse a piloted circumlunar flight, an uncrewed version of ] crewed circumlunar flight spacecraft. The project was initiated in 1965 to compete with the Americans in the race to the Moon but lost its importance once three astronauts circled the Moon on the Apollo 8 mission in December 1968. | ||
| ==Mission== | ==Mission== | ||
| Zond 8 was launched on 20 October 1970, at 19:55:39 GMT by a ] / ] launcher since the ] of the ], towards the ], from an Earth-orbiting platform, ] (1970-088B). Zond 8 had a mass of {{convert|5375|kg}}.<ref name="Cosmos">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Display 1970-088A |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-021A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> | |||
| The announced objectives of Zond 8 were investigations of the Moon and circumlunar space and testing of onboard systems and units.<ref name="Trajectory">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Trajectory 1970-088A| url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=1970-088A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref> The spacecraft obtained photographs of Earth on 21 October from a distance of {{convert|64480|km}}. The spacecraft transmitted flight images of Earth for three days. Zond 8 flew past the Moon on 24 October 1970, at a distance of {{convert|1110.4|km}} and obtained both ] and ] of the lunar surface.<ref name="Experiment">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Display 1970-088A |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayExperiment.action?spacecraftId=1970-088A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref> Scientific measurements were also obtained during the flight. | The announced objectives of Zond 8 were investigations of the Moon and circumlunar space and testing of onboard systems and units.<ref name="Trajectory">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Trajectory 1970-088A| url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=1970-088A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref> The spacecraft obtained photographs of Earth on 21 October from a distance of {{convert|64480|km}}. The spacecraft transmitted flight images of Earth for three days. Zond 8 flew past the Moon on 24 October 1970, at a distance of {{convert|1110.4|km}} and obtained both ] and ] of the lunar surface.<ref name="Experiment">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Display 1970-088A |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayExperiment.action?spacecraftId=1970-088A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref> Scientific measurements were also obtained during the flight. | ||
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| ===Scientific instruments=== | ===Scientific instruments=== | ||
| * Imaging system | * Imaging system | ||
| * Solar wind collector packages | * Solar wind collector packages | ||
Revision as of 21:22, 11 April 2020
 Zond 8 | |
| Mission type | Spacecraft test |
|---|---|
| Operator | TsKBEM |
| COSPAR ID | 1970-088A  |
| SATCAT no. | 04591 |
| Mission duration | 7 days |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 14 |
| Spacecraft type | Uncrewed version |
| Bus | Soyuz 7K-L1 |
| Manufacturer | OKB-1 |
| Launch mass | 5375 kg |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | 20 October 1970 19:55:39 GMT |
| Rocket | Proton-K / Blok D |
| Launch site | Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81/23 |
| Contractor | OKB-1 |
| End of mission | |
| Recovered by | Soviet recovery vessel Taman |
| Recovery date | 27 October 1970 (Indian Ocean) |
| Landing date | 27 October 1970, 13:55 GMT |
| Landing site | Chagos Archipelago (730 km at SE) |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Circumlunar |
| Flyby of Moon | |
| Closest approach | 24 October 1970 |
| Distance | 1110.4 km |
Zond 8, was the last in the series of circumlunar spacecraft, a member of the Soviet Zond program, designed to rehearse a piloted circumlunar flight, an uncrewed version of Soyuz 7K-L1 crewed circumlunar flight spacecraft. The project was initiated in 1965 to compete with the Americans in the race to the Moon but lost its importance once three astronauts circled the Moon on the Apollo 8 mission in December 1968.
Mission
Zond 8 was launched on 20 October 1970, at 19:55:39 GMT by a Proton-K / Blok D launcher since the Site 81/23 of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, towards the Moon, from an Earth-orbiting platform, Tyazheliy Sputnik (1970-088B). Zond 8 had a mass of 5,375 kilograms (11,850 lb).
The announced objectives of Zond 8 were investigations of the Moon and circumlunar space and testing of onboard systems and units. The spacecraft obtained photographs of Earth on 21 October from a distance of 64,480 kilometres (40,070 mi). The spacecraft transmitted flight images of Earth for three days. Zond 8 flew past the Moon on 24 October 1970, at a distance of 1,110.4 kilometres (690.0 mi) and obtained both black-and-white and color photographs of the lunar surface. Scientific measurements were also obtained during the flight.
Zond 8 reentered the Earth's atmosphere and splashed down 730 kilometres (450 mi) at SE of the Chagos Archipelago, in the Indian Ocean on 27 October 1970, 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the USSR recovery ship Taman.
Scientific instruments
- Imaging system
- Solar wind collector packages
Zond 9
Zond 9, Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 10, was planned but cancelled. Zond 9 was planned to launch on July of 1969, carrying a crew of Pavel Popovich and Vitali Sevastyanov, but never flew.
Zond 10
Zond 10, Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 15, was planned but cancelled.
See also
References
- ^ "Zond 8: Display 1970-088A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Zond 8: Trajectory 1970-088A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf
- "Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration" (PDF). p. 314.
- "Zond 8: Display 1970-088A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- Brian Harvey (2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-387-73976-2.
- "Zond 8, Landing Point" Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, NASA Solar System Exploration - Zond 8, Splashdown area.
- Soviet Manned Lunar Exploration Program
- globalsecurity.org L-1 Lunar Circumnavigation Mission
External links
- Soviet Lunar Images
- Astronautix.com - detailed on Soyuz 7K-L1 (Zond) program
- NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: The Moon from Zond 8 (16 July 2013)
| Zond program | ||
|---|---|---|
| 3MV based missions |  | |
| Soyuz 7K-L1/L1S | ||
| Other | ||
| Soviet crewed lunar programs | ||
|---|---|---|
| Launch vehicles and ascent/upper stages |  | |
| Spacecraft | ||
| Other hardware | ||
| Soyuz docking tests | ||
| Zond (7K-L1/L1S) lunar flyby missions | ||
| LOK (7K-LOK/L1E) test missions | ||
| LK Lander (T2K) test missions | ||
| The † sign designates failed missions. Italics designates cancelled missions. | ||
| ← 1969Orbital launches in 19701971 → | |
|---|---|
| |
| Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets). |