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==Mission== ==Mission==
Zond 8 was launched on 20 October 1970, at 19:55:39 GMT by a ] / ] launcher since the ] of the ], towards the ], from an Earth-orbiting platform, ] (1970-088B). Zond 8 had a mass of {{convert|5375|kg}}.<ref name="Cosmos">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Display 1970-088A |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-021A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Zond 8 was launched on 20 October 1970, at 19:55:39 GMT by a ] / ] launcher since the ] of the ], towards the ], from an Earth-orbiting platform, ] (1970-088B). Zond 8 had a mass of {{convert|5375|kg}}.<ref name="Cosmos">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Display 1970-088A |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-021A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The announced objectives of Zond 8 were investigations of the Moon and circumlunar space and testing of onboard systems and units.<ref name="Trajectory">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Trajectory 1970-088A
|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=1970-088A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref>


The announced objectives of Zond 8 were investigations of the Moon and circumlunar space and testing of onboard systems and units.<ref name="Trajectory">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Trajectory 1970-088A| url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=1970-088A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref> The spacecraft obtained photographs of Earth on 21 October from a distance of {{convert|64480|km}}. The spacecraft transmitted flight images of Earth for three days. Zond 8 flew past the Moon on 24 October 1970, at a distance of {{convert|1110.4|km}} and obtained both ] and ] of the lunar surface.<ref name="Experiment">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Display 1970-088A |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayExperiment.action?spacecraftId=1970-088A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref> Scientific measurements were also obtained during the flight. The spacecraft obtained photographs of Earth on 21 October from a distance of {{convert|64480|km}}. After a mid-course correction on 22 October 1970 at a distance of {{convert|250000|km}} from Earth. The spacecraft transmitted flight images of Earth for three days. Zond 8 reached the Moon without any apparent problems, circling its target on 24 October at a range of {{convert|1110.4|km}} and took both ] and ] of the lunar surface during two separate sessions.<ref name="Experiment">{{cite web|title=Zond 8: Display 1970-088A |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayExperiment.action?spacecraftId=1970-088A|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref> Scientific measurements were also obtained during the flight.


Zond 8 reentered the Earth's atmosphere and splashed down {{convert|730|km}} at SE of the ], in the Indian Ocean on 27 October 1970, {{convert|24|km}} from the USSR recovery ship ''Taman''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Harvey|title=Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVeY7vMCtOkC&pg=PA218|year=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-73976-2 |page=218}}</ref><ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927021728/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Chron&MCode=Zond_08&StartYear=1970&EndYear=1979&Display=ReadMore|date=September 27, 2011}}, ''NASA Solar System Exploration - Zond 8, Splashdown area.''</ref> Zond 8 reentered the Earth's atmosphere and splashed down {{convert|730|km}} at SE of the ], in the Indian Ocean on 27 October 1970, {{convert|24|km}} from the USSR recovery ship ''Taman''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Harvey|title=Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVeY7vMCtOkC&pg=PA218|year=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-73976-2 |page=218}}</ref><ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927021728/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Chron&MCode=Zond_08&StartYear=1970&EndYear=1979&Display=ReadMore|date=September 27, 2011}}, ''NASA Solar System Exploration - Zond 8, Splashdown area.''</ref>

Revision as of 21:35, 11 April 2020

Zond 8
Zond 8
Mission typeSpacecraft test
OperatorTsKBEM
COSPAR ID1970-088A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.04591
Mission duration7 days
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftSoyuz 7K-L1 s/n 14
Spacecraft typeUncrewed version
BusSoyuz 7K-L1
ManufacturerOKB-1
Launch mass5375 kg
Start of mission
Launch date20 October 1970
19:55:39 GMT
RocketProton-K / Blok D
Launch siteBaikonur Cosmodrome
Site 81/23
ContractorOKB-1
End of mission
Recovered bySoviet recovery vessel Taman
Recovery date27 October 1970 (Indian Ocean)
Landing date27 October 1970, 13:55 GMT
Landing siteChagos Archipelago
(730 km at SE)
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeCircumlunar
Flyby of Moon
Closest approach24 October 1970
Distance1110.4 km

Zond 8, was the last in the series of circumlunar spacecraft, a member of the Soviet Zond program, designed to rehearse a piloted circumlunar flight, an uncrewed version of Soyuz 7K-L1 crewed circumlunar flight spacecraft. The project was initiated in 1965 to compete with the Americans in the race to the Moon but lost its importance once three astronauts circled the Moon on the Apollo 8 mission in December 1968.

Mission

Zond 8 was launched on 20 October 1970, at 19:55:39 GMT by a Proton-K / Blok D launcher since the Site 81/23 of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, towards the Moon, from an Earth-orbiting platform, Tyazheliy Sputnik (1970-088B). Zond 8 had a mass of 5,375 kilograms (11,850 lb). The announced objectives of Zond 8 were investigations of the Moon and circumlunar space and testing of onboard systems and units.

The spacecraft obtained photographs of Earth on 21 October from a distance of 64,480 kilometres (40,070 mi). After a mid-course correction on 22 October 1970 at a distance of 250,000 kilometres (160,000 mi) from Earth. The spacecraft transmitted flight images of Earth for three days. Zond 8 reached the Moon without any apparent problems, circling its target on 24 October at a range of 1,110.4 kilometres (690.0 mi) and took both black-and-white and color photographs of the lunar surface during two separate sessions. Scientific measurements were also obtained during the flight.

Zond 8 reentered the Earth's atmosphere and splashed down 730 kilometres (450 mi) at SE of the Chagos Archipelago, in the Indian Ocean on 27 October 1970, 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the USSR recovery ship Taman.

Scientific instruments

  • Imaging system
  • Solar wind collector packages

Zond 9

Zond 9, Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 10, was planned but cancelled. Zond 9 was planned to launch on July of 1969, carrying a crew of Pavel Popovich and Vitali Sevastyanov, but never flew.

Zond 10

Zond 10, Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 15, was planned but cancelled.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Zond 8: Display 1970-088A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ "Zond 8: Trajectory 1970-088A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  3. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf
  4. "Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration" (PDF). p. 314.
  5. "Zond 8: Display 1970-088A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  6. Brian Harvey (2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-387-73976-2.
  7. "Zond 8, Landing Point" Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, NASA Solar System Exploration - Zond 8, Splashdown area.
  8. Soviet Manned Lunar Exploration Program
  9. globalsecurity.org L-1 Lunar Circumnavigation Mission

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