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=== Pollution studies === === Pollution studies ===
An epidemiological study carried out by ] in 2006–07 found an increased prevalence of respiratory diseases and ear, nose and throat (ENT) morbidity in the 5-km radius of Sterlite Industries. The study reported the prevalence of respiratory diseases in the area at 13.9% which was far higher than the state average. The prevalence of asthmatic bronchitis is 2.8%, which more than two-times the state average of 1.29%. Myalgia (general body pain) is another extensively reported symptom and women were often found to have menstrual disorders, like ] and dysmenorrhagiae in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sterlite-here-s-proof-how-copper-plant-impacts-health-thoothukudi-people-78772|title=Sterlite - here's the proof: How the copper plant impacts health of Thoothukudi people|last=Jayaraman|first=Nityanand|date=April 1, 2018|website=thenewsminute.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref> Their report blamed it on the air pollution caused by the industry's thermal power plants and automobiles in the area.<ref>{{cite book | last = Elango | first = S. | title = Health status and Epidemiological study around 5&nbsp;km radius of Sterlite Industries (India) Limited, Thoothukudi | publisher = Tirunelveli Medical College | date = Oct 2008 | location = Tirunelveli | pages = 106 | language = English | url = https://poromboke.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/health-report-sterlite_edited.pdf}}</ref> The ] iron content in the area of the plant has been found to be 17–20 times the allowable limit, causing additional health problems for the population already experiencing higher than average incidence of respiratory diseases.<ref name="newsminute">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sterlite-here-s-proof-how-copper-plant-impacts-health-thoothukudi-people-78772|title=Sterlite – here's the proof: How the copper plant impacts health of Thoothukudi people|date=2018-04-01|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref> An epidemiological study carried out by ] in 2006–07 found an increased prevalence of respiratory diseases and ear, nose and throat (ENT) morbidity in the 5-km radius of Sterlite Industries. The study reported the prevalence of respiratory diseases in the area at 13.9% which was far higher than the state average. The prevalence of asthmatic bronchitis is 2.8%, which more than two-times the state average of 1.29%. Myalgia (general body pain) is another extensively reported symptom and women were often found to have menstrual disorders, like ] and dysmenorrhagiae in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sterlite-here-s-proof-how-copper-plant-impacts-health-thoothukudi-people-78772|title=Sterlite - here's the proof: How the copper plant impacts health of Thoothukudi people|last=Jayaraman|first=Nityanand|date=April 1, 2018|website=thenewsminute.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref> Their report blamed it on the air pollution caused by the industry's thermal power plants and automobiles in the area.<ref>{{cite book | last = Elango | first = S. | title = Health status and Epidemiological study around 5&nbsp;km radius of Sterlite Industries (India) Limited, Thoothukudi | publisher = Tirunelveli Medical College | date = Oct 2008 | location = Tirunelveli | pages = 106 | language = English | url = https://poromboke.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/health-report-sterlite_edited.pdf}}</ref> The ] iron content in the area of the plant has been found to be 17–20 times the allowable limit, causing additional health problems for the population already experiencing higher than average incidence of respiratory diseases. During the time of this Study at 2007, Sterlite was operating about about 18 to 42 percentage, compared to its 4 Lakh Tonnes per Annum in the year 2017-2018.<ref name="newsminute">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sterlite-here-s-proof-how-copper-plant-impacts-health-thoothukudi-people-78772|title=Sterlite – here's the proof: How the copper plant impacts health of Thoothukudi people|date=2018-04-01|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jul/29/sterlite-keen-to-expand-operation-in-thoothukudi-1850064.html|title=Sterlite keen to expand operation in Thoothukudi|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>


The 1998 report by ] (NEERI), the levels of selenium, arsenic and lead in treated effluent were higher than prescribed standards. The team also found dead birds after they consumed the water mixed with the effluent. In another instance, the samples from a village 2-km northwest of the factory had levels of cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, and arsenic 2 to 9 times higher than allowed levels.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sterlite-here-s-proof-data-how-smelter-likely-cause-water-pollution-79055|title=Sterlite – here's proof: The data on how the smelter is likely cause for water pollution|last=|first=|date=|website=www.thenewsminute.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref> The 1998 report by ] (NEERI), the levels of selenium, arsenic and lead in treated effluent were higher than specified standards. The team also found dead birds after they consumed the water mixed with the effluent and also reported that the industry's process of cooling the effluents can cause health hazards to the staff and residents in the local region. In another instance, the NEERI reported water samples from dugwells and borewells around the spot were found to be non-] due to it's high chemical content. During 1998, the industry was operating at 10% capacity, compared to that of 2018. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sterlite-here-s-proof-data-how-smelter-likely-cause-water-pollution-79055|title=Sterlite – here's proof: The data on how the smelter is likely cause for water pollution|last=|first=|date=|website=www.thenewsminute.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/neeri-made-way-for-sterlite-to-pollute-tuticorin-60647|title=NEERI made way for Sterlite to pollute Tuticorin|last=|first=|date=|website=downtoearth.org|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>

In a 2005 environmental audit by NEERI, the samples from a village 2-km northwest of the factory had levels of cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, and arsenic 2 to 9 times higher than allowed levels. Soil Samples were also analyzed in areas surrounding the plant during the study and arsenic levels ranged from 133 mg/kg to 287 mg/kg, where soils containing more than 50 mg/kg of arsenic are supposed to treated as a 'hazardous wastes' under the Indian Law.<ref name=":3" />


In October 2010, Sampling tests by an NGO Community Environmental Monitoring, found salinity level in an open well to be of 7854 mg/litre while levels exceeding 2000 mg/litre can badly damage the crops. Another water sample from a bore-well had sulfate levels ten-times higher than the average.<ref name=":3" /> In October 2010, Sampling tests by an NGO Community Environmental Monitoring, found salinity level in an open well to be of 7854 mg/litre while levels exceeding 2000 mg/litre can badly damage the crops. Another water sample from a bore-well had sulfate levels ten-times higher than the average.<ref name=":3" />

Revision as of 11:28, 17 April 2020

A request that this article title be changed to Thoothukudi police firing is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed.
Thoothukudi Massacare
Thoothukudi violence is located in Tamil NaduThoothukudi violenceLocation of Thoothukudi in Tamil Nadu
LocationThoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
Coordinates8°47′03″N 78°05′57″E / 8.784117°N 78.099142°E / 8.784117; 78.099142
Date22 May 2018 (UTC+5:30)
TargetProtestors against Sterlite Copper
Attack typeShooting
WeaponsL1A1 SLR battle rifle
Deaths13
Injured102
PerpetratorsTamil Nadu Police & Paramilitary forces
File:Sterlitejpg.jpg
Protesters in large numbers take out a march against the Sterlite copper plant on May 22, 2018.

The Thoothukudi Massacre (also known as the Thoothukudi police firing or Sterlite protest firing) took place on 22 May 2018 in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India, when Tamil Nadu Police officers fired into a protest of 20,000 people, killing 13 protesters and injuring dozens of others. The protest was against the Sterlite Copper factory, which was accused of causing environmental pollution.

Background

Sterlite Copper has been facing resistance from the local fishermen’s groups in the area ever since the plant was given permission to be established by the J Jayalaitha AIADMK in 1993. Sporadic protests have occurred in Thoothukudi since 1999, directed against the Sterlite Copper smelting works, the factory owned by Vedanta Limited, a subsidiary of Vedanta Resources. Protesters opposed the soil, water and air contamination caused by the factory.

Pollution studies

An epidemiological study carried out by Tirunelveli Medical College in 2006–07 found an increased prevalence of respiratory diseases and ear, nose and throat (ENT) morbidity in the 5-km radius of Sterlite Industries. The study reported the prevalence of respiratory diseases in the area at 13.9% which was far higher than the state average. The prevalence of asthmatic bronchitis is 2.8%, which more than two-times the state average of 1.29%. Myalgia (general body pain) is another extensively reported symptom and women were often found to have menstrual disorders, like menorrhagiae and dysmenorrhagiae in the area. Their report blamed it on the air pollution caused by the industry's thermal power plants and automobiles in the area. The groundwater iron content in the area of the plant has been found to be 17–20 times the allowable limit, causing additional health problems for the population already experiencing higher than average incidence of respiratory diseases. During the time of this Study at 2007, Sterlite was operating about about 18 to 42 percentage, compared to its 4 Lakh Tonnes per Annum in the year 2017-2018.

The 1998 report by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), the levels of selenium, arsenic and lead in treated effluent were higher than specified standards. The team also found dead birds after they consumed the water mixed with the effluent and also reported that the industry's process of cooling the effluents can cause health hazards to the staff and residents in the local region. In another instance, the NEERI reported water samples from dugwells and borewells around the spot were found to be non-drinkable due to it's high chemical content. During 1998, the industry was operating at 10% capacity, compared to that of 2018.

In a 2005 environmental audit by NEERI, the samples from a village 2-km northwest of the factory had levels of cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, and arsenic 2 to 9 times higher than allowed levels. Soil Samples were also analyzed in areas surrounding the plant during the study and arsenic levels ranged from 133 mg/kg to 287 mg/kg, where soils containing more than 50 mg/kg of arsenic are supposed to treated as a 'hazardous wastes' under the Indian Law.

In October 2010, Sampling tests by an NGO Community Environmental Monitoring, found salinity level in an open well to be of 7854 mg/litre while levels exceeding 2000 mg/litre can badly damage the crops. Another water sample from a bore-well had sulfate levels ten-times higher than the average.

The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) observed that the unit has been releasing poisonous gas in the air. TNPCB identified that the sulphur dioxide levels went off the scale on the night of March 23, 2013. It showed a reading of 2939.55-mg/cubic meter against the decreed limit of 1250 mg/cubic meter.

On 9 April 2018, the TNPCB accused the Sterlite Copper of causing groundwater pollution.

Gas leaks

On July 7th 1997, the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board told the company to shut down after a sulphur dioxide gas leak which hospitalized more than 90 people.

The Sterlite Copper factory also made headlines in 2013 after a suspected sulphur dioxide gas leak from one of its smelter. The plant was blamed for health issues observed in the area related to gas leakage. Following the alleged gas leak in March 2013, the then chief minister, the late J. Jayalalithaa, ordered its closure. The company appealed to the National Green Tribunal, which overturned the government order. The state moved the Supreme Court against it, where the petition was still pending. The plant closed on March 27 of 2018, with the company citing a 15-day maintenance process. The Supreme Court ordered the company to pay a 100-crore fine for polluting the water, air and soil around the plant and the factory was temporarily shutdown by the pollution regulator. About 150 people were arrested in protests against the plant.

On June 2019, the Tamil Nadu government reported that there were 84 incidents of gas leaks at Sterlite Copper in the year 2013 alone, to the Madras High Court.

Protests

A wave of protests began on March 24, 2018 after the Sterlite Copper announced its plans to expand the plant, people around Kumarettiyapuram village protested for more than 100 days. Later the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board rejected the application by the company for clearance. The protesters claimed that the company went on to expand despite the rejection by the government. The protests were joined by traders of Thoothukudi city central trade association on the same day following calls for a bandh by environmental activist M Krishnamoorthi.

The protesters wanted the company's smelting unit in Thoothukudi shut down as it was causing environmental damage to the area. The company has been accused of being negligent regarding environmental management, causing harm to the health of the locals in and around Thoothukudi.

The District Administration called up 23 people belonging to the trader associations and anti-sterlite activists from the protesters including the environmental activist Fatima Babu on 20th May for a peace meeting. The members agreed to shift the venue after pressure from the government, from the Collector's Office to another place and to change the course of the protest to only get validation. Fatima was soon expelled by the protesting group after she agreed with the government's conditions.

Two groups of people protested separately on 22nd May. One of the was protesting a attention-seeking protest at SAV ground and the other was marching towards the Collector's office. Soon both the groups joined together and marched toward the Collector's office. Police resorted to lathi charge and fired tear gas shells at the crowd after disagreeing with the protesters who wanted to stage a sit-in. There were about 2000 police personnel and a crowd of over 20,000 protesters. The district administration neglected intelligence reports of mass mobilization of over 18,000 people in the district.

An employee of the the Sterlite Copper claimed the involvement of groups like Makkal Athikaram and Foil Vedanta in the protests.

Firing

On May 22, 2018, thousands of people began to march to the district collector's office to submit a petition when the "section 144" was imposed. Section 144 makes a gathering of more than four people unlawful but an unofficial release said 20,000 people took out a procession towards the district-collector's office and the copper plant. Protestors were successful in entering the premises of the collectorate. The police started shooting against the protesters, "without any formal warning" after tear gas and lathi charge proved ineffective.

The police started shooting at the protesters and were also accused of shooting without any formal warning. Police were also reported of intentionally shooting at the heads of the protesters. 13 protesters were killed including a 17-year old school student, and dozens were injured.

FIRs filed in local police stations, claimed that the order to shoot was issued by officers in the rank of deputy Tehsildars and people pointed out that only Collectors have the authority to issue shooting orders.

The Tamil Nadu government ordered a shutdown of Internet in the entire districts of Tuticorin, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari for five days after the firing.

Reactions

  • Thirumurugan Gandhi, the coordinator of May 17 Movement, took the issue to the 38th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, Geneva in July 2018. On 9 August 2018, Thirumurugan Gandhi was detained by immigration authorities at Bangalore Airport on his return to India and charged under Section 124 A (sedition), 153 A (1) and 153 (b) of IPC for speaking about the Thoothukudi firings at the UNHRC. Court, later, refused to remand him under judicial custody as it found the charges are baseless.
  • Indian National Congress party president Rahul Gandhi described it as "state-sponsored terrorism".
  • Seeman condemned the firing, and his political party held a rally in Tirunelveli condemning the shooting.
  • Kamal Haasan was one of the first political leaders to arrive to Tuticorin to see the injured in the hospital, after the shootings.
  • Vaiko and M.K.Stalin demanded investigations into the shootings.
  • National Human Rights Commission of India demanded investigation into the killings. It asked its Director General (Investigation) to send a team headed by an SP to visit the spot and conduct an inquiry.
  • Tamils and Tamil diaspora across the world including United States, Canada, Europe, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Australia held protests against the killing.
  • In support of the protests The UK's Opposition, Labour Party, has called for Vedanta to be delisted from the London Stock Exchange. John McDonnell, the UK's Shadow Chancellor, said removing Vedanta Resources from the London financial markets would prevent reputational damage from the "rogue" company which has been operating "illegal" mining concerns for years. "After the firing on the protestors this week, regulators must now take action. Vedanta must be immediately delisted from the London Stock Exchange to remove its cloak of respectability, restore confidence in the governance of the Stock Exchange, and prevent further reputational damage to London's financial markets from this rogue corporation," McDonnell said in a statement.
  • Actor Rajinikanth said "The entire problem started after anti-social elements attacked police and burned down collector's office, as a result, peaceful protestors were killed. If you undertake protest for each and everything, Tamil Nadu will be turned into a cemetery". His reaction to the firing was criticized on the social media. Following his controversial statements regarding the Thoothukudi police firing, the Tamil activist groups in Norway and Switzerland banned the release of Rajinikanth's film Kaala in Norway and Switzerland by the scheduled world wide release date as of 7 June. The Tamil diaspora groups in Norway and Switzerland announced that they would not release the films of actors in the future who deliberately hurt the feelings and attitudes of Tamil people following the comments from Rajinikanth on Tamils. However, the ban was later lifted and the film was released within a week, a day before the scheduled worldwide release in Switzerland and Norway.The actor was also summoned to appear before the one man commission probing the incident on 25th February. However, the actor cited professional engagements and disturbance caused to the public if a star of his stature arrives at the court to decline appearing before the commission.

A video released by the environmental activist S. Mugilan, a few days before he went missing from a train while traveling from Chennai to Madurai, said that the "shooting was well planned".

Government response

On 28 May 2018, the Sterlite factory was sealed after an order given by the Tamil Nadu Environmental pollution and Forests Department. The next day, Tamil Nadu's State Industries Promotion Corporation (SIPCOT) announced that it would take back 342.22 acres of land that it had given for expansion of the facility. Many political leaders including M.K.Stalin, Seeman and Anbumani Ramadoss criticized the sealing order, saying that it would not stand up to legal scrutiny since the government had given no reason for shutting down the factory.

Aftermath

On October 28, 2018, the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board reported that the sulphur-dioxide levels in the air had reduced significantly after the Sterlite plant's closure.

On November 2019, the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board reported that the ambient air quality had improved dramatically after the closure of the plant.

See also

References

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