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Microbotics (or microrobotics) is the field of small-scale robotics, in particular untethered mobile robots with characteristic dimensions smaller than 1 mm. These robots possess partly or fully self-contained capabilities for action, perception, and learning. The term can also be used for robots capable of handling micrometer size components.

History

Microrobots were born thanks to the appearance of the microcontroller in the last decade of the 20th century, and the appearance of miniature mechanical systems on silicon (MEMS), although many microbots do not use silicon for mechanical components other than sensors. The earliest research and conceptual design of such small robots was conducted in the early 1970s in (then) classified research for U.S. intelligence agencies. Applications envisioned at that time included prisoner of war rescue assistance and electronic intercept missions. The underlying miniaturization support technologies were not fully developed at that time, so that progress in prototype development was not immediately forthcoming from this early set of calculations and concept design. As of 2008, the smallest microrobots use a Scratch Drive Actuator.

The development of wireless connections, especially Wi-Fi (i.e. in household networks) has greatly increased the communication capacity of microbots, and consequently their ability to coordinate with other microbots to carry out more complex tasks. Indeed, much recent research has focused on microbot communication, including a 1,024 robot swarm at Harvard University that assembles itself into various shapes; and manufacturing microbots at SRI International for DARPA's "MicroFactory for Macro Products" program that can build lightweight, high-strength structures.

Microbots called xenobots have also been built using biological tissues instead of metal and electronics. Xenobots avoid some of the technological and environmental complications of traditional microbots as they are self-powered, biodegradable, and biocompatible.

Design considerations

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While the 'micro' prefix has been used subjectively to mean small, standardizing on length scales avoids confusion. Thus a nanorobot would have characteristic dimensions at or below 1 micrometer, or manipulate components on the 1 to 1000 nm size range. A microrobot would have characteristic dimensions less than 1 millimeter, a millirobot would have dimensions less than a cm, a minirobot would have dimensions less than 10 cm (4 in), and a small robot would have dimensions less than 100 cm (39 in).

Due to their small size, microbots are potentially very cheap, and could be used in large numbers (swarm robotics) to explore environments which are too small or too dangerous for people or larger robots. It is expected that microbots will be useful in applications such as looking for survivors in collapsed buildings after an earthquake, or crawling through the digestive tract. What microbots lack in brawn or computational power, they can make up for by using large numbers, as in swarms of microbots.

The way microrobots move around is a function of their purpose and necessary size. At submicron sizes, the physical world demands rather bizarre ways of getting around. The Reynolds number for airborne robots is less than unity; the viscous forces dominate the inertial forces, so “flying” could use the viscosity of air, rather than Bernoulli's principle of lift. Robots moving through fluids may require rotating flagella like the motile form of E. coli. Hopping is stealthy and energy-efficient; it allows the robot to negotiate the surfaces of a variety of terrains. Pioneering calculations (Solem 1994) examined possible behaviours based on physical realities.

One of the major challenges in developing a microrobot is to achieve motion using a very limited power supply. The microrobots can use a small lightweight battery source like a coin cell or can scavenge power from the surrounding environment in the form of vibration or light energy. Microrobots are also now using biological motors as power sources, such as flagellated Serratia marcescens, to draw chemical power from the surrounding fluid to actuate the robotic device. These biorobots can be directly controlled by stimuli such as chemotaxis or galvanotaxis with several control schemes available. A popular alternative to an on-board battery is to power the robots using externally induced power. Examples include the use of electromagnetic fields , ultrasound and light to activate and control micro robots.

See also

• Artificial intelligence
• Claytronics

References

1. Ceylan, Hakan (28.04.2017). "Mobile microrobots for bioengineering applications". 17: 1705-1724. doi:10.1039/C7LC00064B. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
2. Solem, J. C. (1996). "The application of microrobotics in warfare". Los Alamos National Laboratory Technical Report LAUR-96-3067. doi:10.2172/369704.
3. "Microrobotic Ballet". Duke University. 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-04-03. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
4. Hauert, Sabine (2014-08-14). "Thousand-robot swarm assembles itself into shapes". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
5. Misra, Ria (2014-04-22). "This Swarm Of Insect-Inspired Microbots Is Unsettlingly Clever". io9. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
6. Temple, James (2014-04-16). "SRI Unveils Tiny Robots Ready to Build Big Things". re/code. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
7. Kriegman, Sam; Blackiston, Douglas; Levin, Michael; Bongard, Josh (2020). "A scalable pipeline for designing reconfigurable organisms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (4): 1853–1859. doi:10.1073/pnas.1910837117. PMC 6994979. PMID 31932426.
8. Solem, J. C. (1994). "The motility of microrobots". Artificial Life III: Proceedings of the Workshop on Artificial Life, June 1992, Santa Fe, NM, Langton, C., Ed.; Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA). 17: 359–380.
9. Kristensen, Lars Kroll (2000). "Aintz: A study of emergent properties in a model of ant foraging". Artificial Life VII: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Life, Bedau, M. A., et Al, Eds. (MIT Press): 359. ISBN 9780262522908.
10. "Swarms of Solar Microbots May Revolutionize Data Gathering".
11. "Smart Micro Robots".
12. "Remotely powered self-propelling particles and micropumps based on miniature diodes".

v t e Robotics
Main articles	Outline Glossary Index History Geography Hall of Fame Ethics Laws Competitions AI competitions
Types	Aerobot Anthropomorphic Humanoid Android Cyborg Gynoid Claytronics Companion Automaton Animatronic Audio-Animatronics Industrial Articulated arm Domestic Educational Entertainment Juggling Military Medical Service Disability Agricultural Food service Retail BEAM robotics Soft robotics
Classifications	Biorobotics Cloud robotics Continuum robot Unmanned vehicle aerial ground Mobile robot Microbotics Nanorobotics Necrobotics Robotic spacecraft Space probe Swarm Telerobotics Underwater remotely-operated Robotic fish
Locomotion	Tracks Walking Hexapod Climbing Electric unicycle Robotic fins
Navigation and mapping	Motion planning Simultaneous localization and mapping Visual odometry Vision-guided robot systems
Research	Evolutionary Kits Simulator Suite Open-source Software Adaptable Developmental Human–robot interaction Paradigms Perceptual Situated Ubiquitous
Companies	Amazon Robotics Anybots Barrett Technology Boston Dynamics Energid Technologies FarmWise FANUC Figure AI Foster-Miller Harvest Automation Honeybee Robotics Intuitive Surgical IRobot KUKA Starship Technologies Symbotic Universal Robotics Wolf Robotics Yaskawa
Related	Critique of work Powered exoskeleton Workplace robotics safety Robotic tech vest Technological unemployment Terrainability Fictional robots
Category Outline

• Robotics
• Microtechnology
• Micro robots