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| == History == | == History == | ||
| During the ] (1516–1922), large ] tribal groups both settled in and were deported to areas of northern Syria from ].<ref name="Travis2"/><ref name="R. S. Stafford 2006 25"/> Kurdish tribes cooperated with the ] (]) authorities in the massacres of ] and ] Christians in ], between 1914 and 1920, with further attacks on unarmed fleeing civilians conducted by local Arab militias.<ref name="Travis2">Travis, Hannibal. ''Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan''. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237–77, 293–294.</ref><ref>Hovannisian, Richard G., 2007. . Accessed on 11 November 2014.</ref><ref name="R. S. Stafford 2006 25">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSzuzsRh37gC&pg=PA25|title= The Tragedy of the Assyrians|author= R. S. Stafford|pages= 24–25|year= 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jordi |last=Tejel |year=2008 |title=Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society|pages=25–29|url=http://www.kurdipedia.org/files/books/2012/74488.PDF}}</ref> Many Assyrians fled to Syria during the genocide and settled mainly in the Jazira area.<ref name="R. S. Stafford 2006 25"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meforum.org/17/syria-and-iraq-repression|title= Ray J. Mouawad, Syria and Iraq – Repression Disappearing Christians of the Middle East|publisher= Middle East Forum|date=2001|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4kTdYgwQPkC&pg=PA162|title= Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide|author= Bat Yeʼor|page= 162|year= 2002}}</ref> Starting in 1926, the region saw another immigration of Kurds following the failure of the ] against the ].<ref>Abu Fakhr, Saqr, 2013. ] daily Newspaper, Beirut. </ref> |
During the ] (1516–1922), large ] tribal groups both settled in and were deported to areas of northern Syria from ].<ref name="Travis2"/><ref name="R. S. Stafford 2006 25"/> Kurdish tribes cooperated with the ] (]) authorities in the massacres of ] and ] Christians in ], between 1914 and 1920, with further attacks on unarmed fleeing civilians conducted by local Arab militias.<ref name="Travis2">Travis, Hannibal. ''Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan''. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237–77, 293–294.</ref><ref>Hovannisian, Richard G., 2007. . Accessed on 11 November 2014.</ref><ref name="R. S. Stafford 2006 25">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LSzuzsRh37gC&pg=PA25|title= The Tragedy of the Assyrians|author= R. S. Stafford|pages= 24–25|year= 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jordi |last=Tejel |year=2008 |title=Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society|pages=25–29|url=http://www.kurdipedia.org/files/books/2012/74488.PDF}}</ref> Many Assyrians fled to Syria during the genocide and settled mainly in the Jazira area.<ref name="R. S. Stafford 2006 25"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meforum.org/17/syria-and-iraq-repression|title= Ray J. Mouawad, Syria and Iraq – Repression Disappearing Christians of the Middle East|publisher= Middle East Forum|date=2001|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4kTdYgwQPkC&pg=PA162|title= Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide|author= Bat Yeʼor|page= 162|year= 2002}}</ref> Starting in 1926, the region saw another immigration of Kurds following the failure of the ] against the ].<ref>Abu Fakhr, Saqr, 2013. ] daily Newspaper, Beirut. </ref> Waves of Kurds fled their homes in Turkey and settled in Syrian ], where they were granted citizenship by the ].<ref name="Chatty2010">{{cite book|author=]|title=Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OsgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48693-4|pages=230–232}}</ref> The number of Turkish Kurds settled in al-Jazira province during the 1920s was estimated at 20,000 people, out of 100,000 inhabitants, with the remainder of the population being Christians (Syriac, Armenian, Assyrian) and Arabs.<ref name="The Refugee Problem">{{cite book|last=Simpson|first=John Hope|title=The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey|year=1939|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|ASIN=B0006AOLOA |edition=First|url-access=registration|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_refugee_problem_report_of_a_survey.html?id=SxR8uwEACAAJ}}</ref>{{rp|458}} | ||
| ] showing "Kurdistan" in blue on parts of modern day Iraq, Iran and Turkey. The atlas shows no part of Syria being part of a "Kurdistan"]] | ] showing "Kurdistan" in blue on parts of modern day Iraq, Iran and Turkey. The atlas shows no part of Syria being part of a "Kurdistan"]] | ||
Revision as of 07:43, 1 August 2020
This article is about the Kurdish-inhabited areas of Syria. For the AANES, often called Rojava, see Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria..jpg)
Syrian Kurdistan, also known as Western Kurdistan (Template:Lang-ku) or simply Rojava, is regarded by many Kurds (especially Kurdish nationalists) and some regional experts as the western portion of Kurdistan, located in the north of the country of Syria. The term Syrian Kurdistan is often used in the context of Kurdish nationalism, which makes it a controversial concept among proponents of Syrian and Arab nationalism. There is ambiguity about its geographical extent, and the term has different meanings depending on context. A Reuters report from January 2014 claimed the following:
History
During the Ottoman Empire (1516–1922), large Kurdish-speaking tribal groups both settled in and were deported to areas of northern Syria from Anatolia. Kurdish tribes cooperated with the Ottoman (Turkish) authorities in the massacres of Armenian and Assyrian Christians in Upper Mesopotamia, between 1914 and 1920, with further attacks on unarmed fleeing civilians conducted by local Arab militias. Many Assyrians fled to Syria during the genocide and settled mainly in the Jazira area. Starting in 1926, the region saw another immigration of Kurds following the failure of the Sheikh Said rebellion against the Turkish authorities. Waves of Kurds fled their homes in Turkey and settled in Syrian Al-Jazira Province, where they were granted citizenship by the French Mandate authorities. The number of Turkish Kurds settled in al-Jazira province during the 1920s was estimated at 20,000 people, out of 100,000 inhabitants, with the remainder of the population being Christians (Syriac, Armenian, Assyrian) and Arabs.
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Although the concept of an indepedent "Kurdistan" as homeland of the Kurdish people has a long history, the extent of said territory has been dispued over time. Kurds have lived in territories which later became part of modern Syria for centuries. Before the 1980s, however, Kurdish-inhabited areas of Syria were usually only regarded as "Kurdish regions of Syria". Local Kurdish parties generally maintained ideologies which stayed in a firmly Syrian framework, and did not aspire to create a separate "Syrian Kurdistan". The idea of Syrian territory being part of a distinct "Kurdistan" or "Syrian Kurdistan" only gained more widespread support among Syrian Kurds in the 1980s and 1990s. This development was fuelled by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) that strengthened Kurdish nationalist ideas in Syria, whereas local Kurdish parties had previously lacked "a clear political project" related to a Kurdish identity, partially due to political repression by the Syrian government. Despite the role of the PKK in initially spreading the concept of "Syrian Kurdistan", the Democratic Union Party (PYD) (the Syrian "successor" of the PKK) generally refrained from calling for the establishment of "Syrian Kurdistan". As the PKK and PYD call for the removal of national borders in general, the two parties believed that there was no need for the creation of a separate "Syrian Kurdistan", as their internationalist project would allow for the so called "unification" of "Kurdistan" through indirect means.
The idea of a "Syrian Kurdistan" gained even more relevance after the Syrian Civil War's start, as Kurdish-inhabited areas in northern Syria fell under the control of Kurdish-dominated factions. The PYD established an autonomous administration in northern Syria which it eventually began to call "Rojava" or West Kurdistan. As the PYD-led administration gained control over increasingly ethnically diverse areas, however, the use of "Rojava" for the merging proto-state was gradually reduced in official contexts. Regardless, the polity continued to be called "Rojava" by locals and international observers, with journalist Metin Gurcan noting that "the concept of Rojava a brand gaining global recognition" by 2019.
See also
References
- "Special Report: Amid Syria's violence, Kurds carve out autonomy". Reuters. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
- ^ Kaya, Z. N., & Lowe, R. (2016). The curious question of the PYD-PKK relationship. In G. Stansfield, & M. Shareef (Eds.), The Kurdish question revisited (pp. 275–287). London: Hurst.
- Pinar Dinc (2020) The Kurdish Movement and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria: An Alternative to the (Nation-)State Model?, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 22:1, 47-67, DOI: 10.1080/19448953.2020.1715669
- ^ Tejel (2009), p. 95.
- ^ Kurdish Regional Self-rule Administration in Syria: A new Model of Statehood and its Status in International Law Compared to the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq
- ^ Travis, Hannibal. Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237–77, 293–294.
- ^ R. S. Stafford (2006). The Tragedy of the Assyrians. pp. 24–25.
- Hovannisian, Richard G., 2007. The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. Accessed on 11 November 2014.
- Tejel, Jordi (2008). Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society (PDF). pp. 25–29.
- "Ray J. Mouawad, Syria and Iraq – Repression Disappearing Christians of the Middle East". Middle East Forum. 2001. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- Bat Yeʼor (2002). Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide. p. 162.
- Abu Fakhr, Saqr, 2013. As-Safir daily Newspaper, Beirut. in Arabic Christian Decline in the Middle East: A Historical View
- Dawn Chatty (2010). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–232. ISBN 978-1-139-48693-4.
- Simpson, John Hope (1939). The Refugee Problem: Report of a Survey (First ed.). London: Oxford University Press. ASIN B0006AOLOA.
- Tejel (2009), p. 69.
- Vanly (1992), p. 116.
- Meri (2006), p. 445.
- Tejel (2009), p. 86.
- Tejel (2009), pp. 93–95.
- Tejel (2009), p. 93.
- Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), p. 28.
- Tejel (2009), p. 123.
- Allsopp & van Wilgenburg (2019), pp. 89, 151–152.
- "Turkey's military operation in Syria: All the latest updates". al Jazeera. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- ^ Metin Gurcan (7 November 2019). "Is the PKK worried by the YPG's growing popularity?". al-Monitor. Retrieved 7 November 2019.
- "The Communist volunteers fighting the Turkish invasion of Syria". Morning Star. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- "Nordsyrien: Warum ein Deutscher sein Leben für die Kurden riskiert" [Northern Syria: Why a German risks his life for the Kurds]. ARD (in German). 31 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
Works cited
- Allsopp, Harriet; van Wilgenburg, Wladimir (2019). The Kurds of Northern Syria. Volume 2: Governance, Diversity and Conflicts. London; New York City; etc.: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-8386-0445-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Tejel, Jordi (2009). Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society. Abingdon-on-Thames, New York City: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-42440-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Meri, Josef W. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Volume 1: A - K. New York City, London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Vanly, Ismet Chériff (1992). "The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon". In Philip G. Kreyenbroek; Stefan Sperl (eds.). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. New York City, London: Routledge. pp. 112–134. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)