Misplaced Pages

Shambuka: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 16:46, 26 October 2020 view sourceArvindPalaskar (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users1,149 edits Undid revision 985523894 by Phule lulu (talk) revert WP:FRINGE addition with unreliable sources (shanti sadan, patridge publishing, etc.)Tags: Undo Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit← Previous edit Revision as of 06:56, 14 November 2020 view source Phule lulu (talk | contribs)122 editsm Restoring valid references which got removed. Undid revision 985554573 by ArvindPalaskar (talk)Tags: Undo RevertedNext edit →
Line 1: Line 1:
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} {{use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
] ]
'''Shambuka''' (]: śambūka) is an interpolation in ]. According to a version Shambuka, a ] ascetic, was slain by ] for attempting to perform penance in violation of ], the bad ] resulting from which caused the death of a ]'s son.<ref>Government of Maharashtra, ''Nasik District Gazeteer: History - Ancient Period'' {{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/nasik/005%20History/001%20AncientPeriod.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-10-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107163101/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/nasik/005%20History/001%20AncientPeriod.htm |archivedate=7 November 2006 |df=dmy-all }} (text credited to Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. V. V. Mirashi)</ref> '''Shambuka''' (]: śambūka) is a character in the original Valmiki ]. According to Valmiki Ramayana, Shambuka, a ] ascetic, was slain by ] for attempting to perform penance. This act of Shambuka was seen by Rama as violation of ] as he believed that the bad ], resulting from this act, caused the death of a ]'s son in his kingdom.<ref>Government of Maharashtra, ''Nasik District Gazeteer: History - Ancient Period'' {{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/nasik/005%20History/001%20AncientPeriod.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-10-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107163101/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/nasik/005%20History/001%20AncientPeriod.htm |archivedate=7 November 2006 |df=dmy-all }} (text credited to Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. V. V. Mirashi)</ref><ref name="sc2001"/>


The killing of Shambuka appears in the 'Uttarakanda' , sargas 73-76, in the ].<ref name="sc2001">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/The.Ramayana.of.Valmiki.by.Hari.Prasad.Shastri/page/n1583/mode/2up?q=shambuka|title=The Ramayana of Valmiki|author=Hari Prasad Shastri|publisher=Shanti Sadan|year=1957|isbn=978-0-8542-4048-7|pages=583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shastri|first=Hari Prasad|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1968219|title=The Ramayana of Valmiki|date=1952|publisher=Shanti Sadan, London|isbn=9780854240487|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Paula_2008">{{cite book |author=Paula Richman |title=Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-p9Iyk3lpkC&pg=PA111 |year=2008 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-21953-4 |page=111 }}</ref> This episode also appears in ], an epic poem composed by celebrated Sanskrit poet ] in 5th century CE, and in ], a Sanskrit play composed by ] in 7th century AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Richman |first=Paula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RW6MrAiJ-0C&q=sambuka |title=Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition |date=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520220744 |language=en |page=95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Kalidasa, Mallinatha, M R Kaale |url=https://archive.org/details/raghuvamsaofkali00kliduoft/page/xxii/mode/2up?q=sambuka |title=The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa : with the commentary (the Samjivani) of Mallinatha |date=1922 |publisher= Bombay : P.S. Rege |oclc=1051754532 |language=en |page=22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author=Kalidasa, Mallinatha, M R Kaale |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/raghuvamsa-of-kalidasa-with-the-commentary-the-samjivani-of-mallinatha-cantos-xvi-xix-edited-with-a-literal-english-translation-copious-notes-in-sanskrit-and-english-and-various-readings-c-c-by-mr-kale/oclc/223345573 |title=The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa : with the commentary (the Samjivani) of Mallinatha |date=1922 |publisher= Bombay : P.S. Rege |oclc=223345573 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nunan |first=Thomas Ahlers |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=oberlin1368363299&disposition=inline|title=Renogitating A Beheading: Literary Opposition To Varna Hierarchy In Shambuka's Story |date=2013 |language=en}}</ref> This story is missing in later renditions of the Ramayana such as ]—which ends with coronation of ]— written by Tamil poet ] in 12th century AD, and the ] written by ] in 16th century AD.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Ramesh Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-O-gDgAAQBAJ&q=shambuka+kamban&pg=PT68|title=Subaltern Morality: a Postmodern Vision|date=2017-03-21|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-4828-8829-4|location=|pages=68|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rinehart|first=Robin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&q=shambuka+tulsidas&pg=PA246|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8|location=|pages=246|language=en}}</ref>. Rama's killing of Shambuka is also mentioned in verse 749 in prabandham 'Perumal Thirumozhi' (sung by ]) of ], a collection of 4,000 verses composed by the 12 ].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Kulasekara Alvar |url=https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0512_02.pdf |title=Perumal Thirumozhi, Naalayira Divya Prabandham |publisher=Project Madurai |pages=131 |language=en}}</ref>
Rama's killing of Shambuka or even the existence of the character Shambuka is highly ]. The story is treated as a later ] to Valmiki's ''Ramayana'', being created at a later period in opposition to Brahmins.<ref name="Paula_2008">{{cite book |author=Paula Richman |title=Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-p9Iyk3lpkC&pg=PA111 |year=2008 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-21953-4 |page=111 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Eastern Ways of Thinking|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=158|quote=By now , it can be confirmly said the ' Uttarkand ' of Ramayana is an interpolation of quite later period}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism, a Gandhian Perspective|page=92|publisher=Anne Books|author=Mangesh Venktesh Nadkarni}}</ref>


== Criticism and apologetics ==
== Reception ==


Hindu authors adopt other means to explain the reason behind Rama's killing of Shambuka. The ] ]ite tradition points out that the Ramayana refers to other Shudras, such as ], who lived in the forest. Shambuka therefore deliberately violated dharma in order to get Rama's attention, and attained salvation when he was beheaded.<ref>Motiramji Sastri, ''Ramayan'' (in Gujarati) (Ahmedabad, 1961).</ref> The celebrated ] poet ], in his play ''Shudra Tapasvi'' shows Rama as having to both carry out his duty by punishing Shambuka, and simultaneously protect Shambuka, as a pious and devout sage, from persecution, and thereby turns the story into a critique of Brahminical attitudes and a defense of Rama.<ref>'M. Raghava, "" ''The Hindu'' (26 October 2004).</ref> Hindu authors adopt other means to explain the reason behind Rama's killing of Shambuka. The celebrated ] poet ], in his play ''Shudra Tapasvi'' shows Rama as having to both carry out his duty by punishing Shambuka, and simultaneously protect Shambuka, as a pious and devout sage, from persecution, and thereby turns the story into a critique of Brahminical attitudes and a defense of Rama.<ref>'M. Raghava, "" ''The Hindu'' (26 October 2004).</ref>

Other authors argue that not all tapas is done for a pious purpose. ], a Brahmin killed by Rama, had also performed penance but not for pious reasons. They argue that Shambuka was killed for conducting penance with a motive of attaining a celestial power with his material body, which is not an unselfish motive for which penance is meant to be performed. It is particularly forbidden (e.g. story of ]) in ] to aspire for entering heaven with a material body. The belief is that the material body, i.e. Annamaya ], is mortal and is meant only for performing ones ] on earth.{{cn|date=July 2018}} ], in ] posits that Rama killed Shambuka because he was trying to change his caste (to Brahmin).


==Notes== ==Notes==
<references /> <references />


⚫ {{HinduMythology}}


]
⚫ {{HinduMythology}}

Revision as of 06:56, 14 November 2020

Rama slays Shambuka.

Shambuka (IAST: śambūka) is a character in the original Valmiki Ramayana. According to Valmiki Ramayana, Shambuka, a Shudra ascetic, was slain by Rama for attempting to perform penance. This act of Shambuka was seen by Rama as violation of Dharma as he believed that the bad karma, resulting from this act, caused the death of a Brahmin's son in his kingdom.

The killing of Shambuka appears in the 'Uttarakanda' , sargas 73-76, in the Valmiki Ramayana. This episode also appears in Raghuvaṃśa, an epic poem composed by celebrated Sanskrit poet Kālidāsa in 5th century CE, and in Uttararamacarita, a Sanskrit play composed by Bhavabhuti in 7th century AD. This story is missing in later renditions of the Ramayana such as Kamba Ramayanam—which ends with coronation of Rama— written by Tamil poet Kambar in 12th century AD, and the Ramcharitrmanas written by Tulsidas in 16th century AD.. Rama's killing of Shambuka is also mentioned in verse 749 in prabandham 'Perumal Thirumozhi' (sung by Kulasekara Alvar) of Naalayira Divya Prabandham, a collection of 4,000 verses composed by the 12 Alvars.

Criticism and apologetics

Hindu authors adopt other means to explain the reason behind Rama's killing of Shambuka. The celebrated Kannada poet Kuvempu, in his play Shudra Tapasvi shows Rama as having to both carry out his duty by punishing Shambuka, and simultaneously protect Shambuka, as a pious and devout sage, from persecution, and thereby turns the story into a critique of Brahminical attitudes and a defense of Rama.

Notes

  1. Government of Maharashtra, Nasik District Gazeteer: History - Ancient Period "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 1 October 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (text credited to Mahamahopadhyaya Dr. V. V. Mirashi)
  2. ^ Hari Prasad Shastri (1957). The Ramayana of Valmiki. Shanti Sadan. p. 583. ISBN 978-0-8542-4048-7.
  3. Shastri, Hari Prasad (1952). The Ramayana of Valmiki. Shanti Sadan, London. ISBN 9780854240487.
  4. Paula Richman (2008). Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology. Indiana University Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-253-21953-4.
  5. Richman, Paula (2001). Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition. University of California Press. p. 95. ISBN 9780520220744.
  6. Kalidasa, Mallinatha, M R Kaale (1922). The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa : with the commentary (the Samjivani) of Mallinatha. Bombay : P.S. Rege. p. 22. OCLC 1051754532.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. Kalidasa, Mallinatha, M R Kaale (1922). The Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa : with the commentary (the Samjivani) of Mallinatha. Bombay : P.S. Rege. OCLC 223345573.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Nunan, Thomas Ahlers (2013). "Renogitating A Beheading: Literary Opposition To Varna Hierarchy In Shambuka's Story". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. Sinha, Ramesh Chandra (21 March 2017). Subaltern Morality: a Postmodern Vision. Partridge Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4828-8829-4.
  10. Rinehart, Robin (2004). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8.
  11. Kulasekara Alvar. Perumal Thirumozhi, Naalayira Divya Prabandham (PDF). Project Madurai. p. 131.
  12. 'M. Raghava, "The king and the protector of the devout" The Hindu (26 October 2004).
Hindu deities and texts
Gods Hindu Om symbol
Goddesses
Other deities
Texts (list)
Category: