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The '''Tibareni''' (Greek: '''Τιβαρηνοί'''<ref name="Stephanus Ethnica"></ref> and '''Τιβαρανοί'''<ref name="Stephanus Ethnica"/>; ''']''', '''Thobeles''' in ]) were a people residing on the coast of ] referred to in ], ], ] and other classical authors. The '''Tibareni''' (Greek: '''Τιβαρηνοί'''<ref name="Stephanus Ethnica"></ref> and '''Τιβαρανοί''';<ref name="Stephanus Ethnica"/> ''']''', '''Thobeles''' in ]) were a people residing on the coast of ] referred to in ], ], ] and other classical authors.


They occupied the country between the ] and the ], on the east of the river ], and the country was called Tibarenia ({{lang-grc|Τιβαρηνία}}).<ref name="Stephanus Ethnica"/> They occupied the country between the ] and the ], on the east of the river ], and the country was called Tibarenia ({{lang-grc|Τιβαρηνία}}).<ref name="Stephanus Ethnica"/>
They are mentioned as early as the time of Herodotus,<ref>{{Cite Herodotus|3.94}}</ref> and were believed to be of ] origin.<ref name=Scholiast>Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. 2.378, 1010</ref><ref name=Xeonophon>{{Cite AnabasisX|5.5.2}}</ref><ref>'']''</ref><ref name=Stephanus>{{cite Stephanus|''s.v.'' Τιβαρηνία}}</ref> ] describes them as inhabiting the mountains branching off from the Montes Moschici and Colchici, and mentions ] as their principal town.<ref>{{Cite Strabo|xi. p.527}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Pliny|6.4}}</ref> They appear to have been a harmless and happy people, who performed all their duties in a joyous manner.<ref name=Scholiast/><ref name=Stephanus/><ref>Anon. ''Peripl. P. E.'' p. 12; {{cite Mela|1.19}}</ref> Their arms consisted of wooden helmets, small shields, and short spears with long points.<ref>{{Cite Herodotus|7.78}}</ref> Xenophon and his Greeks spent three days in travelling through their country.<ref>{{Cite AnabasisX|7.8.25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus|14.30}}</ref><ref>Dionys. Per. 767; {{cite Mela|1.2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Strabo|ii. p.129, vii. p. 309, xi. p. 549, xii. p. 555}}</ref> They are mentioned as early as the time of Herodotus,<ref>{{Cite Herodotus|3.94}}</ref> and were believed to be of ] origin.<ref name=Scholiast>Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. 2.378, 1010</ref><ref name=Xeonophon>{{Cite AnabasisX|5.5.2}}</ref><ref>'']''</ref><ref name=Stephanus>{{cite Stephanus|''s.v.'' Τιβαρηνία}}</ref> ] describes them as inhabiting the mountains branching off from the Montes Moschici and Colchici, and mentions ] as their principal town.<ref>{{Cite Strabo|xi. p.527}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Pliny|6.4}}</ref> They appear to have been a harmless and happy people, who performed all their duties in a joyous manner.<ref name=Scholiast/><ref name=Stephanus/><ref>Anon. ''Peripl. P. E.'' p. 12; {{cite Mela|1.19}}</ref> Their arms consisted of wooden helmets, small shields, and short spears with long points.<ref>{{Cite Herodotus|7.78}}</ref> Xenophon and his Greeks spent three days in travelling through their country.<ref>{{Cite AnabasisX|7.8.25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus|14.30}}</ref><ref>Dionys. Per. 767; {{cite Mela|1.2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Strabo|ii. p.129, vii. p. 309, xi. p. 549, xii. p. 555}}</ref>


These three tribes{{which?|date=September 2019}} still neighbored each other, along the ] coast of ] (ancient ]), as late as in ] times. Tibareni, along with the other Proto-Georgian tribes were subjugated by the ] in the 6th-5th centuries BC and were incorporated into the ].{{fact|date=September 2019}} These three tribes{{which|date=September 2019}} still neighbored each other, along the ] coast of ] (ancient ]), as late as in ] times. Tibareni, along with the other Proto-Georgian tribes were subjugated by the ] in the 6th-5th centuries BC and were incorporated into the ].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}


==References== ==References==
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{{coord missing|Georgia (country)}} {{coord missing|Georgia (country)}}

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Revision as of 18:48, 14 January 2021

Tibarenia in a map of the voyage of the Argonauts by Abraham Ortelius, 1624

The Tibareni (Greek: Τιβαρηνοί and Τιβαρανοί; Tubal, Thobeles in Josephus) were a people residing on the coast of ancient Pontus referred to in Herodotus, Xenophon, Strabo and other classical authors.

They occupied the country between the Chalybes and the Mosynoeci, on the east of the river Isis, and the country was called Tibarenia (Template:Lang-grc). They are mentioned as early as the time of Herodotus, and were believed to be of Scythian origin. Strabo describes them as inhabiting the mountains branching off from the Montes Moschici and Colchici, and mentions Cotyura as their principal town. They appear to have been a harmless and happy people, who performed all their duties in a joyous manner. Their arms consisted of wooden helmets, small shields, and short spears with long points. Xenophon and his Greeks spent three days in travelling through their country.

These three tribes still neighbored each other, along the Black Sea coast of Anatolia (ancient Pontus), as late as in Roman times. Tibareni, along with the other Proto-Georgian tribes were subjugated by the Achaemenid Empire in the 6th-5th centuries BC and were incorporated into the XIX Satrapy.

References

  1. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, § T622.6
  2. Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 3.94.
  3. ^ Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. 2.378, 1010
  4. Xenophon. Anabasis. Vol. 5.5.2.
  5. Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax
  6. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v. Τιβαρηνία.
  7. Strabo. Geographica. Vol. xi. p.527. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.
  8. Pliny. Naturalis Historia. Vol. 6.4.
  9. Anon. Peripl. P. E. p. 12; Pomponius Mela. De situ orbis. Vol. 1.19.
  10. Herodotus. Histories. Vol. 7.78.
  11. Xenophon. Anabasis. Vol. 7.8.25.
  12. Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica (Historical Library). Vol. 14.30.
  13. Dionys. Per. 767; Pomponius Mela. De situ orbis. Vol. 1.2.
  14. Strabo. Geographica. Vol. ii. p.129, vii. p. 309, xi. p. 549, xii. p. 555. Page numbers refer to those of Isaac Casaubon's edition.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Tibareni". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

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