| Revision as of 21:24, 10 May 2021 editArminden (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users56,015 edits Added one under See also until moved inside the article. Very futuristic style, a trend missing from article so far.← Previous edit | Revision as of 23:35, 10 May 2021 edit undoArminden (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users56,015 edits Structure. * No definition * & * no structure * - this lead to the collapse of the article. || Most recent trends must be added. || Conrad Schick already planned "garden suburbs" (Mea Shearim: patrons disagreed).|| GalleryNext edit → | ||
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| ]]] | ]]] | ||
| ] and metal grillwork]] | ] and metal grillwork]] | ||
| ] | ] on ] flanked by modern glass tower]] | ||
| ] building in ]]] | ] building in ]]] | ||
| ] tower, Tel Aviv's highest residential building]] | ] tower, Tel Aviv's highest residential building]] | ||
| The '''architecture of Israel''' has been influenced by the different styles of architecture brought in by those who have |
The '''architecture of Israel''' has been influenced by the different styles of architecture brought in by those who have inhabited the country over time, sometimes modified to suit the local climate and landscape. ] churches, ] castles, ] ]s, ] houses, ] arches and minarets, Russian Orthodox onion domes, ] modernist buildings, sculptural concrete ], and glass-sided skyscrapers all are part of the architecture of Israel.{{dubious|Avoiding to give a definition. What is ISRAELI architecture? What is the (bombed) townhall of Jaffa, designed by a Jew for a majority-Arab town in Ottoman Palestine? What are the Mandate Palestine buildings? Palace Hotel in Jerusalem? Same as King David Hotel a few 100m away, or not? Both had a mix of Arab & Jewish construction teams, from architect to chief engineer to construction company. DEFINITION FIRST! Not odes and poems.|date=November 2020}}{{cn|date=November 2020}} | ||
| ⚫ | ==Traditional Arab housing== | ||
| ==History== | |||
| The Arabs built small stone houses on the hillsides with flat or dome roofs.{{dubious|Wrong. Wrong. Wrong. Also, but not only. Fortified mansions, town palaces, hamams, bazaars, maqams, etc. too. Where is the source for this BS?|date=November 2020}} The Crusaders built fortresses on strategic hilltops.{{dubious|Wrong. Fortified mansions ("maisons forts"), farms, town palaces, shops & shopping streets, etc. too. Where is the source?|date=November 2020}} The Christians built churches to mark sites where Jesus walked.{{dubious|Wrong. That's just a fraction.|date=November 2020}} The ] built homes with tiled roofs like those in the German countryside.{{dubious|Wrong. Also industrial buildings, hotels, farms and representative community halls, shops and workshops, etc. Where is the source for this BS?|date=November 2020}} The British Mandatory authorities passed a law requiring all construction in Jerusalem to be of ] and introduced the idea of garden suburbs. In the early years of statehood, Israel built rows of ] to accommodate the masses of new immigrants to replace the huts, tents and packing crates of the ].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel'', edited by Raphael Patai, Herzl Press, McGraw, New York, 1971 "Architecture and Town Planning in Israel," Vol. 1, pp. 71-76</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ==Architectural styles== | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| Until the end of the 19th century, the traditional Arab rural house in the villages of what was then ] consisted of a single room without partitions, divided into levels in accordance with various functions carried out in the house: | Until the end of the 19th century, the traditional Arab rural house in the villages of what was then ] consisted of a single room without partitions, divided into levels in accordance with various functions carried out in the house: | ||
| * ''Rawiyeh'' – a bottom level at the elevation of the courtyard considered the “dirty” part of the house, used for storage and sheltering livestock. | * ''Rawiyeh'' – a bottom level at the elevation of the courtyard considered the “dirty” part of the house, used for storage and sheltering livestock. | ||
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| The first modern building technology was evident in the farmhouses. Iron beams were used and the roofs were made of concrete and roof tiles. These structures had balconies with a view and wide doorways.<ref name=IAA/> | The first modern building technology was evident in the farmhouses. Iron beams were used and the roofs were made of concrete and roof tiles. These structures had balconies with a view and wide doorways.<ref name=IAA/> | ||
| ==Modern architecture and town planning== | |||
| ===Notable architects=== | |||
| Sensing the political changes taking place in central Europe around the time of the First World War, as well as the stirrings of Zionist ideals about the re-establishment of a homeland for Jews, numerous Jewish architects from around Europe emigrated to Palestine during the first three decades of the 20th century. While much innovative planning occurred during the time of ], 1920–1948, in particular the town plan for Tel Aviv in 1925 by ], it would be architecture designed in the modernist "Bauhaus" style that would fill the plots of that plan; among the architects who emigrated to Palestine at that time, and who went on to establish formidable careers were: ], Shmuel Mestechkin (1908-2004; specialised in kibbutz architecture)<ref> at GreyScape. Accessed 10 May 2021.</ref>, Lucjan Korngold (1897-1963; Poland and Brazil; the Rubinsky House, an early ]-style building in Tel Aviv, is often misattributed to him)<ref> at GreyScape. Accessed 10 May 2021.</ref><ref>Anna Cymer, at culture.pl. Accessed 10 May 2021.</ref><ref>, Amnon Bar Or – Tal Gazit Architects Ltd. Accessed 10 May 2021.</ref>, Jacob (Jacques, Jacov) Ornstein (1886-1953), Salomon Gepstein (1882-1961), Josef Neufeld (1899–1980) and Elsa Gidoni (1899–1978; née Mandelstamm).<ref> at Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Accessed 10 May 2021.</ref> | Sensing the political changes taking place in central Europe around the time of the First World War, as well as the stirrings of Zionist ideals about the re-establishment of a homeland for Jews, numerous Jewish architects from around Europe emigrated to Palestine during the first three decades of the 20th century. While much innovative planning occurred during the time of ], 1920–1948, in particular the town plan for Tel Aviv in 1925 by ], it would be architecture designed in the modernist "Bauhaus" style that would fill the plots of that plan; among the architects who emigrated to Palestine at that time, and who went on to establish formidable careers were: ], Shmuel Mestechkin (1908-2004; specialised in kibbutz architecture)<ref> at GreyScape. Accessed 10 May 2021.</ref>, Lucjan Korngold (1897-1963; Poland and Brazil; the Rubinsky House, an early ]-style building in Tel Aviv, is often misattributed to him)<ref> at GreyScape. Accessed 10 May 2021.</ref><ref>Anna Cymer, at culture.pl. Accessed 10 May 2021.</ref><ref>, Amnon Bar Or – Tal Gazit Architects Ltd. Accessed 10 May 2021.</ref>, Jacob (Jacques, Jacov) Ornstein (1886-1953), Salomon Gepstein (1882-1961), Josef Neufeld (1899–1980) and Elsa Gidoni (1899–1978; née Mandelstamm).<ref> at Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Accessed 10 May 2021.</ref> | ||
| ], ] and ] were among the leading architects of the early 1950s.<ref name=Dvir2008>] Magazine, October 17, 2008]</ref> Rudolf (Reuven) Trostler played an important role in designing the country's early industrial buildings.<ref name=Dvir2008/> ] designed the interiors of the ], the ], the country's first large hotels, the ], ] planes and ] passenger ships.<ref></ref> ] designed ], Israel's tallest building. ] was a ]ian-born Israeli architect who won the ] in architecture<ref name=JVL>, as quoted by Jewish Virtual Library, retrieved September 13, 2012</ref> and the ] for iconic Jerusalem buildings such as the ] and ] on ].<ref name=rechter>Brittain-Catlin, Timothy, , Building of the Month, Twentieth Century Society, June 2010, retrieved September 13, 2012</ref><ref name=Dvir2012>Dvir, Noam, Haaretz, February 2, 2012, retrieved September 13, 2012</ref> | ], ] and ] were among the leading architects of the early 1950s.<ref name=Dvir2008>] Magazine, October 17, 2008]</ref> Rudolf (Reuven) Trostler played an important role in designing the country's early industrial buildings.<ref name=Dvir2008/> ] designed the interiors of the ], the ], the country's first large hotels, the ], ] planes and ] passenger ships.<ref></ref> ] designed ], Israel's tallest building. ] was a ]ian-born Israeli architect who won the ] in architecture<ref name=JVL>, as quoted by Jewish Virtual Library, retrieved September 13, 2012</ref> and the ] for iconic Jerusalem buildings such as the ] and ] on ].<ref name=rechter>Brittain-Catlin, Timothy, , Building of the Month, Twentieth Century Society, June 2010, retrieved September 13, 2012</ref><ref name=Dvir2012>Dvir, Noam, Haaretz, February 2, 2012, retrieved September 13, 2012</ref> | ||
| ===Movie theaters=== | |||
| The architecture of Tel Aviv's movie theaters can be seen as a reflection of Israeli architectural history: The first cinema, the Eden, opened in 1914, was an example of the ] style that was in vogue at the time, combining European and Arab traditions. The Mugrabi cinema, designed in 1930, was built in ] style. In the late 1930s, the Esther, Chen and Allenby theaters were prime examples of the ] style. In the 1950s and 1960s, ] style architecture was exemplified by the Tamar cinema built inside the historic ] building on ].<ref></ref> | The architecture of Tel Aviv's movie theaters can be seen as a reflection of Israeli architectural history: The first cinema, the Eden, opened in 1914, was an example of the ] style that was in vogue at the time, combining European and Arab traditions. The Mugrabi cinema, designed in 1930, was built in ] style. In the late 1930s, the Esther, Chen and Allenby theaters were prime examples of the ] style. In the 1950s and 1960s, ] style architecture was exemplified by the Tamar cinema built inside the historic ] building on ].<ref></ref> | ||
| ===Late Ottoman period=== | |||
| The ] built homes with tiled roofs like those in the German countryside.{{dubious|Wrong. Also industrial buildings, hotels, farms and representative community halls, shops and workshops, etc.|date=November 2020}}{{cn|date=November 2020}} | |||
| ===Mandate period=== | |||
| Housing built during the ] was urban in character, with flat roofs, rectangular doorways and painted floor tiles.<ref name=IAA/> | |||
| ⚫ | Municipal laws in ] require that all buildings be faced with local ].<ref>{{cite web|author=PAUL GOLDBERGERPublished: September 10, 1995 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/10/magazine/passion-set-in-stone.html?pagewanted=7 |title=Passion Set in Stone, New York Times, Sept. 10, 1995 |work=New York Times |date=1995-09-10 |access-date=2012-08-28}}</ref> The ordinance dates back to the ]British Mandate and the governorship of ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/Architecture/Jeruarchitecture1948.html |title=Jerusalem Architecture Since 1948 |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=2012-08-28}}</ref> and was part of a master plan for the city drawn up in 1918 by Sir ], then city engineer of ].<ref> from "Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City". Online course material from the Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel</ref> | ||
| ===State of Israel, first decades=== | |||
| In the early years of statehood, Israel built rows of ] to accommodate the masses of new immigrants to replace the huts, tents and packing crates of the ].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel'', edited by Raphael Patai, Herzl Press, McGraw, New York, 1971 "Architecture and Town Planning in Israel," Vol. 1, pp. 71-76</ref> | |||
| From 1948, architecture in Israel was dominated by the need to house masses of new immigrants. The ] concrete style suited Israel's harsh climate and paucity of natural building materials.<ref></ref> | |||
| ===Recent developments=== | |||
| First named the "White City" in 1984, the ] has been declared a ] World Heritage Site.{{cn|date=May 2021}} | |||
| ⚫ | As property values have risen, ] are going up around the country. The ] in ] is the tallest building in Israel to date.{{cn|date=May 2021}} | ||
| {{ill|Ephraim Henry Pavie|fr|}} has evolved from ] towards ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Futuristic House Biomorphism by Ephraim Henry Pavie Architects and Design|website=Tuvie|date=11 July 2011|url= http://www.tuvie.com/futuristic-house-biomorphism-by-ephraim-henry-pavie-architects-and-design|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> The Pavie House in ] is a rare case of non-geometric, ] ] in Israel.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kanti|first=Yonatan|trans-title=Inspiration for sale: The curious case of the house in Gush Etzion|script-title=he:השראה למכירה: המקרה המוזר של הבית בגוש עציון|newspaper=]|date=2 April 2012|language=Hebrew|url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/55/ART2/352/423.html?hp=55&cat=302&loc=7|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> | |||
| ==Museums and archives== | ==Museums and archives== | ||
| A small ] was established in ] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hecht|first=Esther|title=Bauhaus Museum Opens in Tel Aviv's White City|url=http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/080421bauhaus.asp|work=Architectural Record|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> The Munio Gitai Weinraub Museum of Architecture opened in ] in 2012.<ref>, ]</ref> | A small ] was established in ] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hecht|first=Esther|title=Bauhaus Museum Opens in Tel Aviv's White City|url=http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/080421bauhaus.asp|work=Architectural Record|access-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> The Munio Gitai Weinraub Museum of Architecture opened in ] in 2012.<ref>, ]</ref> | ||
| ==Gallery== | |||
| <gallery> | |||
| File:Tel Aviv old city hall.jpg|thumb|Old Town Hall, ] | |||
| File:Mugrabi.jpg|thumb|Mugrabi cinema, 1930 | |||
| File:YadkenS.jpg|thumb|] memorial, ] | |||
| File:City Gate Ramat Gan 2008.jpg|thumb|200px|Moshe Aviv Tower, ] | |||
| File:Biomorphic solar green house by Ephraim-Henry Pavie.jpg|thumb|The Pavie House, 2011 | |||
| </gallery> | |||
| =="Architecture of Israel" journal== | =="Architecture of Israel" journal== | ||
| Line 54: | Line 76: | ||
| *], which overlaps in countless regards with the architecture of Israel and vice versa | *], which overlaps in countless regards with the architecture of Israel and vice versa | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *{{ill|Ephraim Henry Pavie|fr|}} (b. 1947, in Israel since 1982), French-born architect. Evolved from ] towards ], ], and ]. | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 23:35, 10 May 2021
The architecture of Israel has been influenced by the different styles of architecture brought in by those who have inhabited the country over time, sometimes modified to suit the local climate and landscape. Byzantine churches, Crusader castles, Islamic madrasas, Templer houses, Arab arches and minarets, Russian Orthodox onion domes, International Style modernist buildings, sculptural concrete Brutalist architecture, and glass-sided skyscrapers all are part of the architecture of Israel.
Traditional Arab housing
Until the end of the 19th century, the traditional Arab rural house in the villages of what was then Palestine consisted of a single room without partitions, divided into levels in accordance with various functions carried out in the house:
- Rawiyeh – a bottom level at the elevation of the courtyard considered the “dirty” part of the house, used for storage and sheltering livestock.
- Mastabeh – A higher residential level used for sleeping, eating, hospitality and storage.
- Sida (gallery) – Another living area above the mastaba, used primarily for sleeping.
In the second half of the 19th century, a residential story characterized by a cross-vault was added above the traditional house, creating a space between the floor with the livestock in the bottom room and the residential story. A separate entrance was installed in each story.
Fortified houses were built outside the village core and had two stories: a raised ground floor with tiny windows used for raising livestock and storage, and a separate residential floor with large windows and balconies. In the courtyard was a small structure used for storage. Sometimes a tabun baking oven would be located inside it.
The first modern building technology was evident in the farmhouses. Iron beams were used and the roofs were made of concrete and roof tiles. These structures had balconies with a view and wide doorways.
Modern architecture and town planning
Notable architects
Sensing the political changes taking place in central Europe around the time of the First World War, as well as the stirrings of Zionist ideals about the re-establishment of a homeland for Jews, numerous Jewish architects from around Europe emigrated to Palestine during the first three decades of the 20th century. While much innovative planning occurred during the time of the British Mandatory authorities, 1920–1948, in particular the town plan for Tel Aviv in 1925 by Patrick Geddes, it would be architecture designed in the modernist "Bauhaus" style that would fill the plots of that plan; among the architects who emigrated to Palestine at that time, and who went on to establish formidable careers were: Yehuda Magidovitch, Shmuel Mestechkin (1908-2004; specialised in kibbutz architecture), Lucjan Korngold (1897-1963; Poland and Brazil; the Rubinsky House, an early Le Corbusier-style building in Tel Aviv, is often misattributed to him), Jacob (Jacques, Jacov) Ornstein (1886-1953), Salomon Gepstein (1882-1961), Josef Neufeld (1899–1980) and Elsa Gidoni (1899–1978; née Mandelstamm).
Dov Karmi, Zeev Rechter and Arieh Sharon were among the leading architects of the early 1950s. Rudolf (Reuven) Trostler played an important role in designing the country's early industrial buildings. Dora Gad designed the interiors of the Knesset, the Israel Museum, the country's first large hotels, the Jewish National and University Library, El Al planes and Zim passenger ships. Amnon Niv designed Moshe Aviv Tower, Israel's tallest building. David Resnick was a Brazilian-born Israeli architect who won the Israel Prize in architecture and the Rechter Prize for iconic Jerusalem buildings such as the Israel Goldstein Synagogue and Brigham Young University on Mount Scopus.
Movie theaters
The architecture of Tel Aviv's movie theaters can be seen as a reflection of Israeli architectural history: The first cinema, the Eden, opened in 1914, was an example of the eclectic style that was in vogue at the time, combining European and Arab traditions. The Mugrabi cinema, designed in 1930, was built in art deco style. In the late 1930s, the Esther, Chen and Allenby theaters were prime examples of the Bauhaus style. In the 1950s and 1960s, brutalist style architecture was exemplified by the Tamar cinema built inside the historic Solel Boneh building on Allenby Street.
Late Ottoman period
The Templers built homes with tiled roofs like those in the German countryside.
Mandate period
Housing built during the British Mandate was urban in character, with flat roofs, rectangular doorways and painted floor tiles.
Municipal laws in Jerusalem require that all buildings be faced with local Jerusalem stone. The ordinance dates back to the ]British Mandate and the governorship of Sir Ronald Storrs and was part of a master plan for the city drawn up in 1918 by Sir William McLean, then city engineer of Alexandria.
State of Israel, first decades
In the early years of statehood, Israel built rows of concrete tenements to accommodate the masses of new immigrants to replace the huts, tents and packing crates of the maabarot.
From 1948, architecture in Israel was dominated by the need to house masses of new immigrants. The Brutalist concrete style suited Israel's harsh climate and paucity of natural building materials.
Recent developments
First named the "White City" in 1984, the White City of Tel Aviv has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
As property values have risen, skyscrapers are going up around the country. The Azrieli Sarona Tower in Tel Aviv is the tallest building in Israel to date.
Ephraim Henry Pavie [fr] has evolved from organic architecture towards biomorphism. The Pavie House in Neve Daniel is a rare case of non-geometric, futuristic blobitecture in Israel.
Museums and archives
A small Bauhaus Museum was established in Tel Aviv in 2008. The Munio Gitai Weinraub Museum of Architecture opened in Haifa in 2012.
Gallery
-
Old Town Hall, Tel Aviv
-
Mugrabi cinema, 1930
-
Yad Kennedy memorial, Jerusalem Forest
-
Moshe Aviv Tower, Ramat Gan
-
The Pavie House, 2011
"Architecture of Israel" journal
 | It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article titled Architecture of Israel (journal). (discuss) (February 2021) |
Architecture of Israel (AI) is a bilingual quarterly dealing with architecture, interior design and the environment. Published every three months, since January 1988, the aims of the journal, as stated on its website air.co.il: are to "promote climate and environmental awareness, creative and feasible architecture" . Providing a stage for Israeli architecture in an international context, the magazine is funded by subscriptions, sales in bookshops and advertising in the field of architecture and design. Each year, the journal conducts an international competition together with the European Union, titled "Project of the Year". The judges for this competition consist of worldwide known academics and architects. The journal has a number of permanent sections:
- Food for Thought that deals with how other fields of life impact architecture.
- Curiosity - covering events, competitions and exhibitions.
- Interviews with Israeli and international architects.
- House of the Season that presents a different perspective on the residential issue.
- Guest of the Season - featuring the professional profile of a selected architect.
- Architects Telling - providing a personal perspective on behind the scenes stories about well-known buildings.
See also
- Architecture of Palestine, which overlaps in countless regards with the architecture of Israel and vice versa
- List of Jewish architects
References
- ^ Heritage Conservation in Israel
- Shmuel Mestechkin at GreyScape. Accessed 10 May 2021.
- Lucjan Korngold at GreyScape. Accessed 10 May 2021.
- Anna Cymer, Lucjan Korngold at culture.pl. Accessed 10 May 2021.
- The Rubinsky House, Amnon Bar Or – Tal Gazit Architects Ltd. Accessed 10 May 2021.
- Elsa Mandelstamm Gidoni at Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Accessed 10 May 2021.
- ^ A Concrete Life, Noam Dvir, Haaretz Magazine, October 17, 2008
- Dora Gad's private sanctuary
- Encyclopedia Judaica, 2008, as quoted by Jewish Virtual Library, retrieved September 13, 2012
- Brittain-Catlin, Timothy, "Israel Goldstein Synagogue, Givat Ram campus of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Heinz Rau and David Reznik", Building of the Month, Twentieth Century Society, June 2010, retrieved September 13, 2012
- Dvir, Noam, "A mixed modernist message," Haaretz, February 2, 2012, retrieved September 13, 2012
- Architectural milestones
- PAUL GOLDBERGERPublished: September 10, 1995 (1995-09-10). "Passion Set in Stone, New York Times, Sept. 10, 1995". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-08-28.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - "Jerusalem Architecture Since 1948". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2012-08-28.
- The British Mandate from "Jerusalem: Life Throughout the Ages in a Holy City". Online course material from the Ingeborg Rennert Center for Jerusalem Studies, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, edited by Raphael Patai, Herzl Press, McGraw, New York, 1971 "Architecture and Town Planning in Israel," Vol. 1, pp. 71-76
- Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture
- "Futuristic House Biomorphism by Ephraim Henry Pavie Architects and Design". Tuvie. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- Kanti, Yonatan (2 April 2012). השראה למכירה: המקרה המוזר של הבית בגוש עציון [Inspiration for sale: The curious case of the house in Gush Etzion]. Nrg Maariv (in Hebrew). Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- Hecht, Esther. "Bauhaus Museum Opens in Tel Aviv's White City". Architectural Record. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
- Amos Gitai sets up Israel's first architecture museum in memory of his father, Haaretz
- "the 2020 competition" (https://www.aiq.co.il/reg_competition.php). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- "For example, issue no. 108" (https://www.aiq.co.il/pages/108/). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- "Tigran in KHT webpage" (https://www.kth.se/profile/Tigran). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- "Oxman's personal site" (http://rivkaoxman.wix.com/rivkaoxman#!/). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
 | This article may require cleanup to meet Misplaced Pages's quality standards. The specific problem is: These references need to be moved inline. Please help improve this article if you can. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
- 6. "Turkienicz's webpage at the university" (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Benamy_Turkienicz2). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- 7. "Carmon's professional details" (https://muchanut.haifa.ac.il/index.php/en/about-eng/first-row/researchers/item/18-carmon-naomi). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- 8. "Stav's business webpage" (https://www.osvaldo-stav.com/about-us). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- 9. "Meir's webpage at the university" (https://in.bgu.ac.il/en/engn/struct/pages/staff/Sakis.aspx). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- 10. "Grobman's webpage at the institute" (https://grobman.net.technion.ac.il/). Retrieved 2020-07-25.
External links
- JewishVirtualLibrary.org: Archaeology
- Arzaworld.com: Historical Architecture and Design in Israel
- A little modesty goes a long way by David Kroyanker
- Fifty Years of Israeli Architecture as Reflected in Jerusalem's Buildings, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 26 May 1999
- Israel Architect Design
- Architecture of Israel Quarterly
- "Jerusalem: Architecture in the late Ottoman Period" by Lili Eylon
