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| '''Heliopolis''', fully "Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana" (] for the "Fortunate Julian Augustan Colony in the City of the ]"), was a ] of the ]. It was also known as {{nowrap|'''Heliopolis in Phoenicia'''}} to distinguish it from ] in ]. It was known to locals as ] and it has since regained its historic name. Its ruins are a ]<ref></ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| Ancient Baalbek (under its Hellenic name ''Heliopolis'') formed part of the ] kingdoms of ] & ]. It was annexed by the ] during their eastern wars. The ] settlers of the ] "Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana" may have arrived as early as the time of ] but were more probably the ] of two Roman Legions under ], during which time it hosted a Roman garrison. | |||
| ] of Heliopolis]] | |||
| ] ] ornamenting the ]]] | |||
| Indeed the veterans of two ]s were established in the city (and region) of ] by emperor ]: the ] and the ].,<ref></ref> and Heliopolis from 15 BC to 193 AD formed part of the territory of Berytus. The population was mainly local in the second century under ] with a few descendants of the Roman colonists and likely varied seasonally with market fairs and the schedules of the ] to the coast and interior. | |||
| During ], the city's ] to ] & ] was ] first with the worship of the ] ] ]<ref>Cook Arthur </ref> and then with the Greek and ] ] under the name "]" or "]". The present ] presumably replaced an earlier one using the same foundation. The presence of a huge quarry was one of the reasons for the Roman decision to create a huge "Great Court" of a big pagan temple complex in this mountain site, located at nearly 1100 meters of altitude and on the eastern ]: it took three centuries to create this colossal ]'s temple complex, called ''Sanctuary'' of Heliopolis.<ref>Video-Panoramas of the Sanctuary temples at </ref> | |||
| ==Monoliths== | |||
| Heliopolis contains some of the biggest monoliths of ], inccuding the ] and the ]: | |||
| {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1px; border:1px solid #cccccc; " | |||
| |----- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="cccccc" | |||
| ! width="10%" | Date | |||
| ! width="20%" | Building / Object | |||
| ! width="20%" | Monolith | |||
| ! width="10%" | Weight <br />(in ]) | |||
| ! width="20%" | Comment | |||
| |- | |||
| | {{Sort|100|1st–2nd c.}} | |||
| | ] <ref>{{harvnb|Ruprechtsberger|1999|p=15}}</ref> | |||
| | Block in quarry | |||
| | {{Sort|100000.12|{{0|~}}1000.12}} | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | {{Sort|100|?}} | |||
| | ] <ref>{{harvnb|Ruprechtsberger|1999|p=17}}</ref> | |||
| | Block in quarry | |||
| | {{Sort|124200|{{0|~}}1242}} | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | {{Sort|100|?}} | |||
| | ] | |||
| | Block in quarry | |||
| | {{Sort|124200|{{0|~}}1650}} | |||
| | Biggest monolith in the world | |||
| |- | |||
| | {{Sort|100|1st–2nd c.}} | |||
| | Layer beneath ] <ref name="Adam 1977, 52"/>/ | |||
| | Blocks, several | |||
| | {{Sort|035000|{{0|~}}]350}} | |||
| | Podium of Jupiter temple | |||
| |- | |||
| | {{Sort|100|1st–2nd c.}} | |||
| | ] <ref name="Adam 1977, 52">{{cite journal|last = Adam | |||
| | first = Jean-Pierre | |||
| | title = À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes | |||
| | journal = Syria | |||
| | volume = 54 | |||
| | issue = 1/2 | |||
| | year = 1977 | |||
| | pages = 31–63 | |||
| | url = http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/syria_0039-7946_1977_num_54_1_6623 | |||
| | language = French | |||
| | doi=10.3406/syria.1977.6623 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| | Blocks, three | |||
| | {{Sort|080000|{{0|~}}]800}} | |||
| | Podium of Jupiter temple | |||
| |- | |||
| | {{Sort|100|1st–2nd c.}} | |||
| | ] | |||
| | ], lower | |||
| | {{Sort|004850|{{0|~11}}48.5}} | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | {{Sort|100|1st–2nd c.}} | |||
| | ] | |||
| | ]-], central | |||
| | {{Sort|006300|{{0|~11}}63}} | |||
| | Lifted by ] to height of 19 m<ref name="Coulton 1974, 16, 19">{{cite journal|last=Coulton |first=J.J. |title=Lifting in Early Greek Architecture |journal=Journal of Hellenic Studies |volume=Vol. 94 |date=1974 }}</ref> | |||
| |- | |||
| | {{Sort|100|1st–2nd c.}} | |||
| | ] | |||
| | ], corner | |||
| | {{Sort|010800|{{0|~1}}108}} | |||
| | Lifted by ] to height of 19 m<ref name="Coulton 1974, 16, 19"/> | |||
| |- | |||
| |} | |||
| ])]] | |||
| ] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <references/> | |||
| ==Bibliography== | |||
| * Alouf, Michael. ''History of Baalbek'' Publisher American Press. Beirut, 1998 () | |||
| * {{citation |last=Cook |first=Arthur Bernard |title=Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion |url=http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0011 |volume= |location=] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1914 }}. | |||
| * Lohmann, Daniel (2010). ''Giant Strides towards Monumentality: The architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/Heliopolis''. Bolletino di Archeologia , Special Volume, pp. 29–30. | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Portal|Ancient Rome|Lebanon}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{Roman colonies in ancient Levant}} | |||
| {{Archaeological sites in Lebanon}} | |||
| {{Roman Archaeological sites in Beirut & Lebanon}} | |||
| ] | |||
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