| Revision as of 09:06, 2 June 2021 editInterestGather (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers2,451 editsm Reverted edits by 91.224.203.70 (talk): unexplained content removal (HG) (3.4.10)Tags: Rollback Reverted← Previous edit | Revision as of 09:09, 2 June 2021 edit undoEricLewan (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users863 edits Rewrote the article so it now describes the term, not the history of OUN-B or UPA. There are separate articles for that.Tag: RevertedNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| ] | |||
| ] (], 1 January 2018)]] | |||
| The '''Banderites''' ({{lang-uk|бандерівці}}, ''banderivtsi'') was a common name for the members of the ] (]), led by ] from 1940 to 1959.<ref>Малий словник історії України / Відповідальний редактор Валерій Смолій. — К.: Либідь, 1997.</ref> | |||
| The '''Banderivtsi''' ({{lang-uk|Бандерівці}}, Bandе́rivtsi or bandе́rovtsy, {{lang-pl|banderowcy}}, {{lang-ru|Бандеровцы}}) are members of an assortment of right-wing organizations in ]. | |||
| ==Origin== | |||
| The term derives from the name of ] (1909-1959), head of the ] that formed in 1929.<ref name="Rudling3">{{cite journal |title=The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths |first1=Per A. |last1=Rudling |author-link=Per Anders Rudling |journal=The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies |location=University of Pittsburgh |volume=Number 2107 |date=November 2011 |at=p. 3 (6 of 76 in PDF) |url=http://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/viewFile/164/160 |issn=0889-275X}}</ref><ref name="Cooke">{{cite book |title=Hitler's Europe Ablaze: Occupation, Resistance, and Rebellion during World War II |first1=Philip |last1=Cooke |first2=Ben |last2=Shepherd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDpgBgAAQBAJ&q=OUN+fascist |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=978-1632201591 |page=336}}</ref> The union, known as ], had been engaged in various atrocities, including murder of civilians, most of whom were ethnic ]. This was the result of the organization's extreme '''],''' but the victims also included other minorities such as the ] and ] people.<ref name="Lower">{{cite book |title=Lessons and Legacies XII: New Directions in Holocaust Research and Education |first1=Wendy |last1=Lower |author-link1=Wendy Lower |first2=Lauren |last2=Faulkner Rossi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rswZDgAAQBAJ&q=Banderites |publisher=Northwestern University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0810134508 |pages=170–171, 174 |quote=The victims of the Holocaust had a difficult time identifying precisely who intended to murder them; the usual terminology was "Banderites," which indicated adherents of a particular political tendency, or "Bulbas," which indicated the insurgent force initiated by ].<sup></sup>}}</ref><ref name="Risch">{{cite book |title=The Ukrainian West: Culture and the Fate of Empire in Soviet Lviv |first=William Jay |last=Risch |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0674061262 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zo9t6NS-YCwC&q=Banderites |pages=55, 65, 69}}</ref> The term "Banderites" was used by the Bandera followers themselves, by others during ], and during the ] by ] from 1943–1944. These massacres resulted in the deaths of 80,000-100,000 Poles and 10,000-15,000 Ukrainians.<ref name="Liebe">{{cite web |url=http://www.aapjstudies.org/index.php?id=217 |title=Stepan Bandera, Dr. Andrii Portnov, and the Holocaust: Is the Bandera Myth Detached from the Person? |last=Rossoliński-Liebe |first=Grzegorz |author-link=Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe |publisher=The American Association for Polish-Jewish Studies |access-date=2016-04-23 |date=2016 |quote= informs the readers about the use of the term Banderites in Soviet propaganda, but he forgets to mention that the OUN members did call themselves such and regarded Bandera as their leader when they were murdering Jews during the pogroms in summer 1941 and when they, in the uniforms of the Ukrainian police, were helping the Germans to shoot Jews in 1942 and 1943. He also ignores the fact that Ukrainian nationalists perceived themselves as Banderites and were perceived as such by others during the ethnic cleansings of the Polish population in Volhynia and eastern Galicia. Finally, he does not inform the readers that Bandera never condemned the atrocities committed by the OUN and UPA.}}</ref> | |||
| The term derives from the name of Stepan Bandera, a Ukrainian ] independence activist and politician. The term ''Banderites'' ({{lang-ru|бандеровцы}}, ''banderovtsy'') was used in the ] to describe all nationalistic underground movements in Ukraine before and after ], regardless of their affiliation with OUN-B.{{sfn|Частий|2007}}{{sfn|Сергійчук|2004}}{{sfn|Посівнич|2008}} It also became a ] for any ] that were fighting for independence from the ]. After the 1940s, in the Soviet and ] the term ''Banderite'' almost completely replaced ], ], or ] as the main slur for a person involved in Ukrainian independence movements. | |||
| According to ], the term continues to be used (often pejoratively) to describe ] who sympathize with nationalistic ideology and consider themselves followers of the ] myth in modern Ukraine.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2010/02/24/a-fascist-hero-in-democratic-kiev/|title=A Fascist Hero in Democratic Kiev|last=Snyder|first=Timothy|date=February 24, 2010|magazine=The New York Review of Books|author-link=Timothy Snyder}}</ref> | |||
| ==History== | |||
| ] (standing, third from the right) with members of the ''Chervona kalyna'' Zahin, Lwow, 1928. Bandera was enlisted to OUN organization by Stepan Okrimovich (Охрімович, sitting, first from the left)]] | |||
| The first murder operation carried out by the ] (OUN) with the active participation of the then 25-year-old Bandera was the June 1934 ], Poland's Minister of the Interior. Bandera personally provided the assassin with the murder weapon, a 7.65 mm caliber pistol.<ref name="Żeleński">{{cite book |trans-title=Zabòjstwo ministra Pierackiego |title=The Assassination of Minister Pieracki |first=Władysław |last=Żeleński |publisher=Institut Literacki |year=1973 |location=Poland |pages=20–22, 72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07EbAAAAMAAJ&q=rewolwer |id=Biblioteka "Kultury" volume 233.}}</ref> His subsequent arrest and conviction turned Bandera into an instant legend among the militant Ukrainian nationalists of the ]. Bandera, who escaped from prison after the ] in September 1939, offered his services to Nazi Germany in exchange for ongoing financial and logistical support.{{r|Encycl40}} | |||
| On February 10, 1941, a conference for OUN leadership was held in ], Poland. Since 1939, ], a founder of the OUN, had been placed at its head. He had been chosen for his more moderate and pragmatic stance; his supporters admired Mussolini's fascism but condemned Nazism. However, a younger and more radical Nazism-supporting faction of the OUN were dissatisfied. It was at this conference that the schism solidified. This radical Nazism-supporting contingent of the OUN refused to accept ] as head of the OUN and instead named Bandera. This led to the split of the OUN in the spring of 1941 into two groups: OUN-B (Banderites), who were more militant, younger and supported Bandera, and OUN-M (Melnykites), who were generally older and more ideological. In February 1941, several months before the ], Bandera became the leader (''Providnyk'') of the OUN-B faction, or the Banderivtsi. Five months later, in July 1941, Bandera himself was arrested and sent to a concentration camp in Germany. He was imprisoned there until 1944. | |||
| The OUN-B formed Ukrainian death squads that carried out ] and massacres both independently and with support from the Germans.<ref name="GRoss12">{{cite book |title=Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist: Fascism, Genocide, and Cult |first=Grzegorz |last=Rossolinski |author-link=Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-3838266848 |year=2014 |pages=112, 234–235, 236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFH_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA235 |quote=The OUN-B organized a militia, which both collaborated with the Germans and killed Jews independently.}}</ref><ref name="Encycl40">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism |volume=Two-Volume Set |publisher=Elsevier, Academic Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvHRNNk9hHEC&pg=PA40 |year=2000 |page=40 |isbn=0080545246 |first=Alexander J. |last=Motyl |id=With over one hundred contributors |quote=On February 10, 1941, Bandera called a conference of radicals in ], Poland. The conference refused to accept Melnyk as leader, and named Bandera head of the OUN. This led to the split of the OUN in the spring of 1941 into two groups: OUN-B (Banderites), who were more militant, younger and supported Bandera, and OUN-M (Melnykites), who were generally older, more ideological.}}</ref> | |||
| ==Modern usage== | |||
| To ensure maximum impact of the systematic ethnic cleansing campaign in the contested territory, OUN-B faction spread antisemitic, racist, and fascist propaganda among the ordinary peasants and other Ukrainians.{{r|GRoss12|p=235-236}} Aided by ], ], and Lenkavskyi (OUN-B propaganda chief), Bandera wrote a manifesto entitled "Ukrainian National Revolution" that called for the annihilation of so-called ethnic enemies. The manifesto informed the locals how to behave and included specific instructions about the killing of Jews, Poles, and Ukrainian opponents of fascism.{{r|GRoss12|p=237}}<ref name="TPiot209">{{cite book |last=Piotrowski |first=Tadeusz |author-link=Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) |year=1998 |title=Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=] |isbn=0-7864-0371-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBbnrEMswbUC&q=Exterminate+enemies+National+Revolution!+leaflets |oclc=37195289 |page=209 |quote=OUN leaflets appeared on the city streets. They read: "Exterminate the Poles, Jews and communists without mercy. Do not pity the enemies of the Ukrainian National Revolution!"}}</ref> | |||
| ] in Kyiv, January 2014]] | |||
| Certain Ukrainian political organizations emphasize their ideological connection with Stepan Bandera. For example, ], the leader of the nationalistic ] party is calling himself and his supporters the Banderites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLBG-qmwMZE#t=11m59s|title=Виступ О.Тягнибока у рідному селі Степана Бандери 2013|accessdate=2014-06-25}}</ref> | |||
| "OUN leaflets appeared on the city streets. They read: "Exterminate the Poles, Jews and communists without mercy. Do not pity the enemies of the Ukrainian National Revolution!" <ref name="TPiot209" /> | |||
| After the ] in 2014, the term has gained significant usage in the ]. The Russian president ] in his ] has said that "power in Ukraine belongs to modern followers of Bandera" and that ] "will never be Banderite".<ref> // glavred.info (18 марта 2014 года)</ref><ref> // ], 18 марта 2014 года.</ref> | |||
| Bandera coordinated the pogroms from behind. He did not participate in them; he remained in the area of occupied ''Kholmshchyna'' (Polish ]) further north-west.{{r|GRoss12|p=237}} | |||
| The vast majority of pogroms carried out by the Banderites occurred in Eastern Galicia and Volhynia, but also in Bukovina.{{r|GRoss12|p=237}} The most deadly of them was perpetrated in the city of Lviv by the ] with direct participation of civilians, at the moment of the German arrival in ].<ref name="John-Paul Himka2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2013/02/25/114048/view_print/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092336/http://www.istpravda.com.ua/columns/2013/02/25/114048/view_print/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |trans-title=Ще кілька слів про львівський погром |title=A few more words about the Lviv pogrom | publisher=Історична правда |work=IstPravda.com.ua | date=25 February 2013 |author=Prof. ] |id=With links to relevant articles. For the English original, see: {{cite journal |author=John-Paul Himka |title=The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers |volume=53 |issue=2–4 |year=2011 |pages=209–243 |doi=10.1080/00085006.2011.11092673 |s2cid=159577084 |issn=0008-5006}}.}}</ref> There were two ], carried out in a one-month span, both lasting for several days; the first one from 30 June to 2 July 1941, and the second one from 25 to 29 July 1941.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Himka |first=John-Paul |year=2011 |title=The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd |journal=Canadian Slavonic Papers |volume=Vol. 53 (2–4): 209–243 |issn=0008-5006}}</ref> The first pogrom took the lives of at least 4,000 Jews.<ref name="USHMM">{{cite encyclopedia |author=USHMM |title=Lwów |format=Internet Archive |encyclopedia=The ] |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005171 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307103305/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005171 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-03-07 }}</ref> It was followed by the killing of 2,500 to 3,000 Jews by the '']'',<ref name="NMT543">{{cite journal |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-IV.pdf |title=Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals |publisher=Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10 |journal=Volume IV : "The Einsatzgruppen Case" Complete, 1210 Pages |date=1945 |author=N.M.T. |pages=542–543 in PDF (518–519 in original document) |via=PDF direct download |quote=With N.M.T. commentary to testimony of ] (p. 543 in PDF).}}</ref> and the "Petlura Days" massacre of more than 2,000 Polish Jews by the Ukrainian militants.<ref name="USHMM"/><ref name="Longerich194">{{cite book |last=Longerich |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Longerich |title=Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford; New York |isbn=978-0-19-280436-5 |page=194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cxYqYIn73SgC&q=Petljura+Days}}</ref> During the pogrom, on June 30, 1941 Bandera declared a sovereign Ukrainian state in Lviv, and a few days later was arrested by the Germans who opposed it. Bandera was sent to detention in Germany. His supporters took over the command of the ] two years later, in November 1943.{{r|Cooke}}{{r|Encycl40}} | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
| == Further reading == | |||
| {{Commons category|Stepan Bandera commemoration}} | |||
| * Valeriy Smoliy (1997), "Small dictionary of Ukrainian history" — Lybid. | |||
| * G. Demyian — "Banderivtsi" — Ternopil dictionary encyclopedia – G. Iavorskiy — "Zbruch", 2004-2010, 696p. {{ISBN|966-528-197-6}}. | |||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 09:09, 2 June 2021
The Banderites (Template:Lang-uk, banderivtsi) was a common name for the members of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN-B), led by Stepan Bandera from 1940 to 1959.
Origin
The term derives from the name of Stepan Bandera, a Ukrainian radical independence activist and politician. The term Banderites (Template:Lang-ru, banderovtsy) was used in the Soviet propaganda to describe all nationalistic underground movements in Ukraine before and after World War II, regardless of their affiliation with OUN-B. It also became a pejorative for any Ukrainians that were fighting for independence from the Soviet Union. After the 1940s, in the Soviet and Russian propaganda the term Banderite almost completely replaced Mazepist, Petlurite, or Makhnovets as the main slur for a person involved in Ukrainian independence movements.
Modern usage
Certain Ukrainian political organizations emphasize their ideological connection with Stepan Bandera. For example, Oleh Tyahnybok, the leader of the nationalistic Svoboda party is calling himself and his supporters the Banderites.
After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2014, the term has gained significant usage in the Russian propaganda. The Russian president Vladimir Putin in his speech after the annexation of Crimea has said that "power in Ukraine belongs to modern followers of Bandera" and that Crimea "will never be Banderite".
References
- Малий словник історії України / Відповідальний редактор Валерій Смолій. — К.: Либідь, 1997.
- Частий 2007. sfn error: no target: CITEREFЧастий2007 (help)
- Сергійчук 2004. sfn error: no target: CITEREFСергійчук2004 (help)
- Посівнич 2008. sfn error: no target: CITEREFПосівнич2008 (help)
- "Виступ О.Тягнибока у рідному селі Степана Бандери 2013". Retrieved 2014-06-25.
- «Путин снова вспомнил Бандеру и „боевиков“ Майдана». // glavred.info (18 марта 2014 года)
- «Крым никогда не будет бандеровским», — заявил Путин. // РИА «Новости», 18 марта 2014 года.