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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Redirect|Sea Viper|the steel roller coaster at Sea World in Australia|Sea Viper (roller coaster)}} {{Redirect|Sea Viper|the steel roller coaster at Sea World in Australia|Sea Viper (roller coaster)}}
], equipped with the PAAMS(E) integrated anti-aircraft warfare system]] ]
The '''Principal Anti Air Missile System''' ('''PAAMS''') is a joint programme developed by ], ] and the ] for an integrated anti-aircraft warfare system. The prime contractor is EUROPAAMS, a joint venture between ] (66%) and ] subsidiary ] (33%). In the United Kingdom PAAMS has been given the designation '''Sea Viper'''.<ref name="seaviper">{{cite press release |title=Who dares wins - Royal Navy's newest warship arrives at her Portsmouth home |url=http://www.bvtsurfacefleet.com/bvt/media/releases/2009pr/2009-01-28/ |publisher=BVT Surface Fleet |date=28 January 2009 |access-date=2009-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615112926/http://www.bvtsurfacefleet.com/bvt/media/releases/2009pr/2009-01-28/ |archive-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The '''Principal Anti Air Missile System''' ('''PAAMS''') is a joint programme developed by ], ] and the ] for an integrated anti-aircraft warfare system. The prime contractor is EUROPAAMS, a joint venture between ] (66%) and ] subsidiary ] (33%). In the United Kingdom PAAMS has been given the designation '''Sea Viper'''.<ref name="seaviper">{{cite press release |title=Who dares wins - Royal Navy's newest warship arrives at her Portsmouth home |url=http://www.bvtsurfacefleet.com/bvt/media/releases/2009pr/2009-01-28/ |publisher=BVT Surface Fleet |date=28 January 2009 |access-date=28 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615112926/http://www.bvtsurfacefleet.com/bvt/media/releases/2009pr/2009-01-28/ |archive-date=15 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


The system is in service with the ], ] and the ]. The system is in service with the ], ] and the ].
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{{Further|Aster (missile family)|SAMPSON|S1850M}} {{Further|Aster (missile family)|SAMPSON|S1850M}}
] aboard HMS ''Daring'', 2009]] ] aboard HMS ''Daring'', 2009]]
PAAMS was originally intended to be deployed in the 'Common New Generation Frigate' (also known as the ]) for the navies of the United Kingdom, France and Italy.<ref name="ftscupper">{{cite news|first=Alexander |last=Nicoll|title= National differences scupper frigate project|work= Financial Times |date=1999-04-27}}</ref> The French ] placed a contract with EUROPAAMS on 11 August 1999 for the development and initial production of the PAAMS warfare system along with the associated Long Range Radar (LRR) system. The contract included one PAAMS system and one LRR for each of the first British, French and Italian new class of warships. Irreconcilable differences in the design requirements led to the United Kingdom leaving the 'Common New Generation Frigate' project in October 1999. After withdrawing, Britain instead decided to pursue a national warship design, designated the ']'. The United Kingdom remained committed to the PAAMS project.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sampson flexes its muscles |newspaper=Electronics Times |date=1999-06-07}}</ref> As a result of efforts to achieve economies of scale, the PAAMS command and control system shares common architecture between the ''Horizon''-class and Type 45 destroyers. On 28 January 2009, the PAAMS was given its official designation of Sea Viper by the Royal Navy.<ref name="seaviper"/> PAAMS was originally intended to be deployed in the 'Common New Generation Frigate' (also known as the {{sclass2|Horizon|frigate|1}}) for the navies of the United Kingdom, France and Italy.<ref name="ftscupper">{{cite news|first=Alexander |last=Nicoll|title= National differences scupper frigate project|work= Financial Times |date=27 April 1999}}</ref> The French ] placed a contract with EUROPAAMS on 11 August 1999 for the development and initial production of the PAAMS warfare system along with the associated Long Range Radar (LRR) system. The contract included one PAAMS system and one LRR for each of the first British, French and Italian new class of warships. Irreconcilable differences in the design requirements led to the United Kingdom leaving the 'Common New Generation Frigate' project in October 1999. After withdrawing, Britain instead decided to pursue a national warship design, designated the ]. The United Kingdom remained committed to the PAAMS project.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sampson flexes its muscles |newspaper=Electronics Times |date=7 June 1999}}</ref> As a result of efforts to achieve economies of scale, the PAAMS command and control system shares common architecture between the Horizon class and Type 45 destroyers. On 28 January 2009, the PAAMS was given its official designation of Sea Viper by the Royal Navy.<ref name="seaviper"/>


===PAAMS components=== ===PAAMS components===
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*] *]
*] missiles: *] missiles:
**Aster 15, range; 1.7&ndash;30&nbsp;km **Aster 15, range; {{cvt|1.7|-|30|km}}
**Aster 30, range; 3&ndash;120&nbsp;km **Aster 30, range; {{cvt|3|-|120|km}}
Both variants of the PAAMS operate in conjunction with the ] Long Range Early Warning Radar. Both variants of the PAAMS operate in conjunction with the ] Long Range Early Warning Radar.


==Capabilities== ==Capabilities==
] ]
] ]
PAAMS is designed to track, target and destroy a variety of high performance air threats, including ]s of ], supersonic ]s, ] and ]s. PAAMS can launch 8 missiles in under 10 seconds with its Sylver Vertical Launching System, and simultaneously guide up to 16 missiles at once.<ref name="eurosam.com"> (Official Eurosam website), Retrieved February 2014.</ref> The PAAMS(S) variant consists of both the SAMPSON and S1850M long range radars and is capable of tracking in excess of 1,000 targets at ranges of up-to 400&nbsp;km. ] also claims that its SAMPSON radar has "excellent detection of stealth aircraft and missiles".<ref>{{cite news|title=Sampson Next Generation Multi-function Radar|url=http://www.baesystems.com/en/download-en/20151124115534/1434555682228.pdf|access-date=5 August 2016|publisher=BAE Systems|date=2011}}</ref> ] the editor-in-chief of ] was quoted as saying the Type 45 is "certainly one of the most advanced air defence ships in the world. The US ] is similar, but Sea Viper is more advanced as it can engage multiple targets simultaneously."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/02/03/hms-dauntless-royal-navy-falklands_n_1252548.html|title=PICTURES: The Royal Navy's £1bn Falklands Deterrent|first1=Paul Vale Front Page|last1=Editor|first2=The Huffington|last2=Post|date=3 February 2012|work=huffingtonpost.co.uk|access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref> PAAMS is designed to track, target and destroy a variety of high performance air threats, including ]s of ], supersonic ]s, ] and ]s. PAAMS can launch eight missiles in under ten seconds with its Sylver Vertical Launching System, and simultaneously guide up to 16 missiles at once.<ref name="eurosam.com"> (Official Eurosam website), Retrieved February 2014.</ref> The PAAMS(S) variant consists of both the SAMPSON and S1850M long range radars and is capable of tracking in excess of 1,000 targets at ranges of up-to 400&nbsp;km. ] also claims that its SAMPSON radar has "excellent detection of stealth aircraft and missiles".<ref>{{cite news|title=Sampson Next Generation Multi-function Radar|url=http://www.baesystems.com/en/download-en/20151124115534/1434555682228.pdf|access-date=5 August 2016|publisher=BAE Systems|date=2011}}</ref> ] the editor-in-chief of ] was quoted as saying the Type 45 is "certainly one of the most advanced air defence ships in the world. The US ] is similar, but Sea Viper is more advanced as it can engage multiple targets simultaneously."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/02/03/hms-dauntless-royal-navy-falklands_n_1252548.html|title=PICTURES: The Royal Navy's £1bn Falklands Deterrent|editor-first=Paul |editor-last=Vale|date=3 February 2012|work=huffingtonpost.co.uk|access-date=4 August 2016}}</ref>


===Testing=== ===Testing===
*During its first major warfare sea exercise aboard ] the ship's Combat Management System crashed while under simulated air attack due to a power failure and the ship lost use of its combat management system; the ship's crew reverted to use of binoculars to spot incoming airborne threats until the CMS had been restarted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/building-britains-ultimate-warship/episode-guide/series-1/episode-1|title=Building Britain's Ultimate Warship - Episode Guide - All 4|work=channel4.com|access-date=4 August 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021}}</ref> *During its first major warfare sea exercise aboard {{HMS|Daring|D32|6}} the ship's Combat Management System crashed while under simulated air attack due to a power failure and the ship lost use of its combat management system; the ship's crew reverted to use of binoculars to spot incoming airborne threats until the CMS had been restarted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/building-britains-ultimate-warship/episode-guide/series-1/episode-1|title=Building Britain's Ultimate Warship - Episode Guide - All 4|work=channel4.com|access-date=4 August 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021}}</ref>
*In 2009, two test firings of PAAMS in the British configuration from the Longbow trials barge failed due to "failures in the terminal phase of the engagement." It was believed that "production weaknesses" in a batch of Aster 30 missiles imported from France were to blame.<ref name="vipertesting">{{cite news |title=MBDA Prepares For Further Sea Viper Testing |first=Douglas |last=Barrie |newspaper=Aerospace Daily & Defense Report |date=2010-05-07}}</ref> *In 2009, two test firings of PAAMS in the British configuration from the Longbow trials barge failed due to "failures in the terminal phase of the engagement." It was believed that "production weaknesses" in a batch of Aster 30 missiles imported from France were to blame.<ref name="vipertesting">{{cite news |title=MBDA Prepares For Further Sea Viper Testing |first=Douglas |last=Barrie |newspaper=Aerospace Daily & Defense Report |date=7 May 2010}}</ref>
*Beginning with ] in September 2010, all of the ]'s Type 45 destroyers have successfully intercepted ] drones with Aster missiles at the ] ranges off the ], Scotland. Mirach is a 13&nbsp;ft jet which flies at speeds of up to 600&nbsp;mph (966&nbsp;km/h) at altitudes as low as 10&nbsp;ft (3m) or as high as 14,000&nbsp;ft (4&nbsp;km).<ref>{{cite news|title=HMS Daring fires Sea Viper for first time|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-daring-fires-sea-viper-for-first-time|access-date=5 August 2016|agency=Ministry of Defence|publisher=www.gov.uk|date=19 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HMS Diamond fires Sea Viper missile for first time|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-diamond-fires-sea-viper-missile-for-first-time|access-date=5 August 2016|agency=Ministry of Defence|publisher=www.gov.uk|date=1 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Defender ready to live up to her name after successful first Sea Viper firing|url=https://navynews.co.uk/archive/news/item/10525|access-date=5 August 2016|agency=Navy News|publisher=navynews.co.uk|date=16 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017202909/https://navynews.co.uk/archive/news/item/10525|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Beginning with {{HMS|Dauntless|D33|6}} in September 2010, all of the ]'s Type 45 destroyers have successfully intercepted ] drones with Aster missiles at the ] ranges off the ], Scotland. Mirach is a {{cvt|13|ft}} jet which flies at speeds of up to {{cvt|600|mph}} at altitudes as low as {{cvt|10|ft}} or as high as {{cvt|14,000|ft|km}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=HMS Daring fires Sea Viper for first time|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-daring-fires-sea-viper-for-first-time|access-date=5 August 2016|agency=Ministry of Defence|publisher=www.gov.uk|date=19 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HMS Diamond fires Sea Viper missile for first time|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/hms-diamond-fires-sea-viper-missile-for-first-time|access-date=5 August 2016|agency=Ministry of Defence|publisher=www.gov.uk|date=1 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Defender ready to live up to her name after successful first Sea Viper firing|url=https://navynews.co.uk/archive/news/item/10525|access-date=5 August 2016|agency=Navy News|publisher=navynews.co.uk|date=16 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017202909/https://navynews.co.uk/archive/news/item/10525|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*In April 2012, the ] frigate, ], of the ] downed an American ] target simulating a sea-skimming supersonic anti-ship cruise missile traveling at Mach 2.5 (3000&nbsp;km/h) with an altitude of less than 5 metres. It was the first time a European missile defence system destroyed a supersonic sea-skimming "missile". The trial was described as a "complex operational scenario".<ref name="Aster 30 hits sea-skimming target at supersonic speeds">{{cite news|title=Interception d’une cible supersonique évoluant au ras de l’eau.|url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/articles/interception-d-une-cible-supersonique-evoluant-au-ras-de-l-eau.|access-date=31 July 2016|agency=French Ministry of Defence|publisher=defense.gouv.fr|date=5 April 2012}}</ref> *In April 2012, the {{sclass2|Horizon|frigate|1}} {{ship|French frigate|Forbin||2}}, of the ], downed an American ] target simulating a sea-skimming supersonic anti-ship cruise missile traveling at Mach 2.5 ({{cvt|3000|kph|disp=comma}}) with an altitude of less than {{convert|5|m}}. It was the first time a European missile defence system destroyed a supersonic sea-skimming "missile". The trial was described as a "complex operational scenario".<ref name="Aster 30 hits sea-skimming target at supersonic speeds">{{cite news|title=Interception d’une cible supersonique évoluant au ras de l’eau.|url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/actualites/articles/interception-d-une-cible-supersonique-evoluant-au-ras-de-l-eau.|access-date=31 July 2016|agency=French Ministry of Defence|publisher=defense.gouv.fr|date=5 April 2012}}</ref>
*In 2013, ] of the Royal Navy, demonstrated the ability of her Sea Viper system to detect and track at considerable range two medium range ]s at the ], in the ], US.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/improving-the-type-45-destroyer/ |title=Improving the Type 45 Destroyer - Missile Armament |website=ukdefencejournal.org.uk |access-date=April 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/uk-complex-weapons/sea-viper-aster/ |title=Sea Viper (ASTER) |website=thinkdefence.co.uk |access-date=April 6, 2020}}</ref> *In 2013, HMS ''Daring'' of the Royal Navy, demonstrated the ability of her Sea Viper system to detect and track at considerable range two medium range ]s at the ], in the ], US.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/improving-the-type-45-destroyer/ |title=Improving the Type 45 Destroyer - Missile Armament |website=ukdefencejournal.org.uk |access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/uk-complex-weapons/sea-viper-aster/ |title=Sea Viper (ASTER) |website=thinkdefence.co.uk |access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref>
*In May 2019, ] successfully used her Sea Viper system to destroy an incoming drone target as part of Exercise Formidable Shield.<ref |name="Defender launch">{{cite web |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2019/may/20/190520-defender-sea-viper |title="HMS DEFENDER SHOWS HER POWER WITH MISSILE FIRING" |date=2019-05-20 |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |publisher=Royal Navy |access-date=21 May 2019 }}</ref> *In May 2019, {{HMS|Defender|D36|6}} successfully used her Sea Viper system to destroy an incoming drone target as part of Exercise Formidable Shield.<ref |name="Defender launch">{{cite web |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/news/2019/may/20/190520-defender-sea-viper |title="HMS DEFENDER SHOWS HER POWER WITH MISSILE FIRING" |date=20 May 2019 |website=royalnavy.mod.uk |publisher=Royal Navy |access-date=21 May 2019 }}</ref>
*In May 2019, French frigate FS Bretagne destroyed a supersonic missile going to more than Mach 2 (2400&nbsp;km/h) with one of her Aster 15s during exercise Formidable Shield.<ref>https://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/actu-marine/tir-aster-15-la-fremm-bretagne-intercepte-une-cible-supersonique</ref> *In May 2019, the French frigate ''Bretagne'' destroyed a supersonic missile going to more than Mach 2 ({{cvt|2400|km/h|disp=comma}}) with one of her Aster 15s during exercise Formidable Shield.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gouv.fr/marine/actu-marine/tir-aster-15-la-fremm-bretagne-intercepte-une-cible-supersonique |title=Tir Aster 15 : la FREMM Bretagne intercepte une cible supersonique |publisher=Marine Nationale |date=16 May 2019 |access-date=18 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>


==Operators== ==Operators==
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;{{flag|France}} ;{{flag|France}}
* {{navy|FRA}} * {{navy|FRA}}
** ] - two ships ** {{sclass2|Horizon|frigate|1}}s - two ships
** ]s- eight ships ** ]s- eight ships
;{{flag|Italy}} ;{{flag|Italy}}
* {{navy|ITA}} * {{navy|ITA}}
** ''Horizon''-class frigates - two ships ** Horizon-class frigates - two ships
** FREMM multipurpose frigates - ten ships ** FREMM multipurpose frigates - ten ships
;{{flag|United Kingdom}} ;{{flag|United Kingdom}}
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==See also== ==See also==
*]
*] *]


Revision as of 16:23, 18 June 2021

"Sea Viper" redirects here. For the steel roller coaster at Sea World in Australia, see Sea Viper (roller coaster).
Italian Horizon-class destroyer, Caio Duilio, equipped with the PAAMS(E) integrated anti-aircraft warfare system

The Principal Anti Air Missile System (PAAMS) is a joint programme developed by France, Italy and the United Kingdom for an integrated anti-aircraft warfare system. The prime contractor is EUROPAAMS, a joint venture between Eurosam (66%) and MBDA subsidiary UKAMS (33%). In the United Kingdom PAAMS has been given the designation Sea Viper.

The system is in service with the Royal Navy, French Navy and the Italian Navy.

Background

Further information: Aster (missile family), SAMPSON, and S1850M
The Action Information Centre aboard HMS Daring, 2009

PAAMS was originally intended to be deployed in the 'Common New Generation Frigate' (also known as the Horizon-class frigate) for the navies of the United Kingdom, France and Italy. The French DGA placed a contract with EUROPAAMS on 11 August 1999 for the development and initial production of the PAAMS warfare system along with the associated Long Range Radar (LRR) system. The contract included one PAAMS system and one LRR for each of the first British, French and Italian new class of warships. Irreconcilable differences in the design requirements led to the United Kingdom leaving the 'Common New Generation Frigate' project in October 1999. After withdrawing, Britain instead decided to pursue a national warship design, designated the Type 45 destroyer. The United Kingdom remained committed to the PAAMS project. As a result of efforts to achieve economies of scale, the PAAMS command and control system shares common architecture between the Horizon class and Type 45 destroyers. On 28 January 2009, the PAAMS was given its official designation of Sea Viper by the Royal Navy.

PAAMS components

Both variants of the PAAMS operate in conjunction with the S1850M Long Range Early Warning Radar.

Capabilities

HMS Diamond firing Sea Viper surface-to-air missile for the first time
HMS Defender firing an Aster missile.

PAAMS is designed to track, target and destroy a variety of high performance air threats, including saturation attacks of very low altitude, supersonic cruise missiles, fighter aircraft and UAVs. PAAMS can launch eight missiles in under ten seconds with its Sylver Vertical Launching System, and simultaneously guide up to 16 missiles at once. The PAAMS(S) variant consists of both the SAMPSON and S1850M long range radars and is capable of tracking in excess of 1,000 targets at ranges of up-to 400 km. BAE Systems also claims that its SAMPSON radar has "excellent detection of stealth aircraft and missiles". Nick Brown the editor-in-chief of Jane's International Defence Review was quoted as saying the Type 45 is "certainly one of the most advanced air defence ships in the world. The US Aegis system is similar, but Sea Viper is more advanced as it can engage multiple targets simultaneously."

Testing

  • During its first major warfare sea exercise aboard HMS Daring the ship's Combat Management System crashed while under simulated air attack due to a power failure and the ship lost use of its combat management system; the ship's crew reverted to use of binoculars to spot incoming airborne threats until the CMS had been restarted.
  • In 2009, two test firings of PAAMS in the British configuration from the Longbow trials barge failed due to "failures in the terminal phase of the engagement." It was believed that "production weaknesses" in a batch of Aster 30 missiles imported from France were to blame.
  • Beginning with HMS Dauntless in September 2010, all of the Royal Navy's Type 45 destroyers have successfully intercepted Mirach drones with Aster missiles at the Benbecula ranges off the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Mirach is a 13 ft (4.0 m) jet which flies at speeds of up to 600 mph (970 km/h) at altitudes as low as 10 ft (3.0 m) or as high as 14,000 ft (4.3 km).
  • In April 2012, the Horizon-class frigate Forbin, of the French Navy, downed an American GQM-163 Coyote target simulating a sea-skimming supersonic anti-ship cruise missile traveling at Mach 2.5 (3,000 km/h, 1,900 mph) with an altitude of less than 5 metres (16 ft). It was the first time a European missile defence system destroyed a supersonic sea-skimming "missile". The trial was described as a "complex operational scenario".
  • In 2013, HMS Daring of the Royal Navy, demonstrated the ability of her Sea Viper system to detect and track at considerable range two medium range ballistic missiles at the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site, in the Marshall Islands, US.
  • In May 2019, HMS Defender successfully used her Sea Viper system to destroy an incoming drone target as part of Exercise Formidable Shield.
  • In May 2019, the French frigate Bretagne destroyed a supersonic missile going to more than Mach 2 (2,400 km/h, 1,500 mph) with one of her Aster 15s during exercise Formidable Shield.

Operators

Current operators

Map with PAAMS operators in blue
 France
 Italy
  •  Italian Navy
    • Horizon-class frigates - two ships
    • FREMM multipurpose frigates - ten ships
 United Kingdom

See also

References

  1. ^ "Who dares wins - Royal Navy's newest warship arrives at her Portsmouth home" (Press release). BVT Surface Fleet. 28 January 2009. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  2. Nicoll, Alexander (27 April 1999). "National differences scupper frigate project". Financial Times.
  3. "Sampson flexes its muscles". Electronics Times. 7 June 1999.
  4. Eurosam: Naval Systems - Aster 15 & 30/PAAMS (Official Eurosam website), Retrieved February 2014.
  5. "Sampson Next Generation Multi-function Radar" (PDF). BAE Systems. 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  6. Vale, Paul, ed. (3 February 2012). "PICTURES: The Royal Navy's £1bn Falklands Deterrent". huffingtonpost.co.uk. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  7. "Building Britain's Ultimate Warship - Episode Guide - All 4". channel4.com. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  8. Barrie, Douglas (7 May 2010). "MBDA Prepares For Further Sea Viper Testing". Aerospace Daily & Defense Report.
  9. "HMS Daring fires Sea Viper for first time". www.gov.uk. Ministry of Defence. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  10. "HMS Diamond fires Sea Viper missile for first time". www.gov.uk. Ministry of Defence. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  11. "Defender ready to live up to her name after successful first Sea Viper firing". navynews.co.uk. Navy News. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  12. "Interception d'une cible supersonique évoluant au ras de l'eau". defense.gouv.fr. French Ministry of Defence. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  13. "Improving the Type 45 Destroyer - Missile Armament". ukdefencejournal.org.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  14. "Sea Viper (ASTER)". thinkdefence.co.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  15. ""HMS DEFENDER SHOWS HER POWER WITH MISSILE FIRING"". royalnavy.mod.uk. Royal Navy. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  16. "Tir Aster 15 : la FREMM Bretagne intercepte une cible supersonique". Marine Nationale. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

External links

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