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How Does Technology Affect Your Health? The Good, the Bad, and Tips for Use
Medically reviewed by Karen Gill, M.D. — Written by Ann Pietrangelo on May 23, 2019
Eye strain
Musculoskeletal health
Sleep health
Mental health
Effects in kids
Positive effects
How to use technology
Takeaway
All manner of technology surrounds us. From our personal laptops, tablets, and phones to behind-the-scenes technology that furthers medicine, science, and education.

Technology is here to stay, but it’s always morphing and expanding. As each new technology enters the scene, it has the potential to improve lives. But, in some cases, it also has the potential to negatively affect physical and emotional health.

Read on as we take a look at a few possible negative effects of technology and provide tips on healthier ways to use it.

Digital eye strain
According to the American Optometric Association (AOA), prolonged use of computers, tablets, and cellphones can lead to digital eye strain.

Symptoms of digital eye strain may include:

blurred vision
dry eyes
headaches
neck and shoulder pain
Contributing factors are screen glare, bad lighting, and improper viewing distance.

The AOA recommends the 20-20-20 rule to ease eye strain. To follow this rule, try to take a 20-second break every 20 minutes to look at something that’s 20 feet away.

Musculoskeletal problems
When you use a smartphone, the chances are that you’re holding your head in an unnatural forward-leaning position. This position puts a lot of stress on your neck, shoulders, and spine.

A small 2017 studyTrusted Source found a clear association between self-reported addiction to smartphone use and neck problems.

An earlier study found that among teens, neck-shoulder pain and low back pain rose during the 1990s at the same time that the use of information and communication technology was increasing.

Overuse of technology can also lead to repetitive strain injuries of the fingers, thumbs, and wrists.

If you’re feeling the pain of technology, you can take the following steps to reduce these issues:

take frequent breaks to stretch
create an ergonomic workspace
maintain proper posture while using your devices
If pain persists, see a doctor.

Sleep problems
Technology in the bedroom can interfere with sleep in a number of ways.

A 2015 study demonstrated that exposure to the blue light that devices emit can suppress melatonin and interrupt your circadian clock. Both of these effects can make it harder to fall asleep and result in you being less alert in the morning.

Having electronic devices in the bedroom places temptation at your fingertips, and it can make switching off more difficult. That, in turn, can make it harder to drift off when you try to sleep.

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Emotional problems
Using social media can make you feel more connected to the world. But, comparing yourself to others can leave you feeling inadequate or left out.

A recent study looked at the social media use of more than 1,700 people between the ages of 19 and 32. The researchers found that those with high social media use felt more socially isolated than those who spent less time on social media.

A 2011 cross-sectional surveyTrusted Source of high school students in Connecticut found that internet use was problematic for about 4 percent of the participants.

The researchers said that there might be an association between problematic internet use and depression, substance use, and aggressive behavior. They also noted that high school boys, who, according to the researchers, tend to be heavier users of the internet, may be less aware of these problems.

A 2016 systematic reviewTrusted Source produced mixed findings on the relationship that social networks have with depression and anxiety. The evidence suggests that social network use correlates with mental illness and well-being.

However, the researchers noted that whether it has a beneficial or detrimental effect depends on the quality of social factors in the social network environment.

More research is necessary to make conclusions on cause and effect.

If social media use makes you feel anxious or depressed, try cutting back to see if doing so makes a difference.

Negative effects of technology on kids
The findings of a 2014 studyTrusted Source suggest that even after factoring out junk food and exercise, technology appears to affect the health of children and teens.

The researchers used a broad definition of screen time that included:

television
video games
phones
tech toys
They conducted the simple correlational study using an anonymous online survey. The study authors concluded that parents and caregivers should help children learn to reduce overall screen time.

According to the Mayo Clinic, unstructured playtime is better for a child’s developing brain than electronic media. At 2 years old, children can benefit from some screen time, but it shouldn’t replace other important learning opportunities, including playtime.

Research has linked too much screen time or low-quality screen time to:

behavioral problems
less time for play and loss of social skills
obesity
sleep problems
violence
Like adults, children who spend a lot of time on digital devices can experience symptoms of eye strain. The AOA advises parents and caregivers to watch for signs of digital eye strain in children and to encourage frequent visual breaks.

A 2018 study of adolescents ages 15 and 16 found an association between frequent use of digital media and the development of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

The study involved a longitudinal cohort of students who self-reported their use of 14 digital media activities, and it included a 24-month follow-up period. More research is necessary to confirm whether it’s a causal association.

What are the recommendations for screen time by age?
The American Academy of Pediatrics (APA) makes the following recommendations for screen time:

Younger than 18 months Avoid screen time other than video chatting.
18 to 24 months Parents and caregivers can offer high-quality programs and watch them with their children.
2 to 5 years Limit to one hour per day of supervised high-quality programming.
6 years and above Place consistent limits on time and types of media. Media shouldn’t interfere with adequate sleep, exercise, or other behaviors that affect health.
The APA also recommends that parents and caregivers designate media-free times, such as dinner time, as well as media-free zones within the home.

Positive effects of technology
Technology plays a role in virtually every part of our lives, whether we’re aware of it or not. These are just a few of the ways in which technology may positively affect our physical and mental health:

health apps to track chronic illnesses and communicate vital information to doctors
health apps that help you track diet, exercise, and mental health information
online medical records that give you access to test results and allow you to fill prescriptions
virtual doctor visits
online education and ease of research
enhanced communication with others, which can improve the feeling of connection
Ways to make the most of technology
With each new advance in technology, it gets a bit easier to go overboard. When we get too caught up in it, we can feel it in our minds and bodies. So, how much is too much?

The answer is as individual as you are. Here are some signs that you might be leaning too heavily on technology:

Your family or friends complain about your tech use.
You’ve neglected relationships in favor of technology, which people sometimes refer to as phubbing.
It has interfered with your work.
You’re losing sleep or skipping physical activities due to technology use.
It’s causing you stress or anxiety, or you’re noticing physical side effects, such as tension headaches, eye strain, muscle pain, or overuse injuries.
You can’t seem to stop.
If that sounds familiar, here are some ways to cut back on screen time:

Clear your phone of unessential apps to keep you from constantly checking it for updates. Carve out a specific, limited amount of time to use your devices.
Turn some television time into physical activity time.
Keep electronic devices out of the bedroom. Charge them in another room. Turn clocks and other glowing devices toward the wall at bedtime.
Make mealtime gadget-free time.
Prioritize real-world relationships over online relationships.
If you’re responsible for children:

Limit their screen time, allowing it only at certain times of the day and restricting it during activities like meals and just before bedtime.
Know what they’re doing. Review their programs, games, and apps, and encourage the engaging ones over those that are passive.
Play games and explore technology together.
Take advantage of parental controls.
Make sure that children have regular, unstructured, tech-free playtime.
Encourage face time over online friendships.
Takeaway
Technology is a part of our lives. It can have some negative effects, but it can also offer many positive benefits and play an important role in education, health, and general welfare.

Knowing the possible negative effects can help you take steps to identify and minimize them so that you can still enjoy the positive aspects of technology.

Last medically reviewed on May 23, 2019

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HEALTH NEWS
Step Away from the Smartphone: How to Do a Digital Detox
Written by Kimberly Holland — Updated on June 16, 2017
Experts say there are some simple things you can do during your day to reduce your exposure to digital technology.

You open an app on your smartphone to clear an alert.

And look! A friend posted a picture from her vacation in Bora Bora.

The next thing you know you’ve clicked through the entirety of her 43-photo album.

You’ve also opened three browser windows to scope out the best time to travel to the Pacific island, how to get a deal on four-star resorts, and what bathing suit is best for your body type.

The bathing suit site prompts you to see its latest look on Instagram, where you have three new messages and 15 new likes to see.

An hour later, you remembered you were just trying to plan your meals for the week, and now you’re following Bora Bora natives and pinning a new straw hat for the beach to your “Dream Trip” board.

This digital time drain is real.

Having our phones, laptops, smart watches, and tablets constantly within reach has made us hyperconnected — and hyperdistracted.

We feel attached to the people and lives on our phones, but disconnected from our real life storylines.

Tom Kersting, PhD, is a licensed psychotherapist, and author of “Disconnected: How to Reconnect Our Digitally Distracted Kids.”

“No matter where you look, it seems that everyone is disengaged from the moment and instead staring at a device,” he told Healthline. “This is causing family issues, work issues, etcetera, as we become more disconnected from each other. These are classic signs of addiction.”

Think addiction is too strong a word for the constant need to check, and check again, everything from Instagram likes to work emails?

Perhaps not.

“Technology becomes a problem when it begins interfering with your daily life, leading to addiction,” Kimberly Hershenson, LMSW, a therapist practicing in New York, told Healthline.

Hershenson treats individuals with social media and technology addiction.

“Social media in particular is addictive given the validation factor. Getting ‘likes’ on pictures or ‘follows’ on newsfeeds affirms our existence similar to someone smiling at you in real life,” she said. “Quite simply, being acknowledged makes us feel good. Due to the constant availability of social media, this validation is available at our fingertips.”

Read more: Digital detox to cleanse yourself of the internet »

The push to disconnect
It might be hard to remember a time without a smartphone, but keep in mind that the iPhone is only a decade old.

The internet as we know it is 25 years old.

Cell phones 15 years ago did little more than send SMS messages and make calls, and connecting to people 4,000 miles away with the click of a button was talk left for futuristic sci-fi movies.

Our digital addiction is new in the course of human history, and as it goes with most mainstream phenomena, a counterculture has cropped up to try to stymie it.

Restaurants have started banning phones from tables. One chicken restaurant incentivizes phone-free dining by offering families who put their phones in a “cell phone coop” free ice cream cones at the end of the meal.

Some tech companies encourage their employees to take a Digital Sabbath, a day (or at least a portion of a day) where they completely unplug and reconnect with a nondigital reality.

Even new technology is popping up to answer the need for less technology.

The Light Phone is a credit card sized phone that can only make calls, stores nine numbers, and displays the time. The cost is $150 for the phone and $5 in monthly phone charges. You can forward calls from your smartphone to the new phone, and leave behind the constant pings of social media and apps as often (or as little) as you’d like.

The demand for basic phones is growing, too. Sales of smartphones have slipped in recent years, and streamlined phones are gaining market share.

All of these trends point to a slow but deliberate shift to stop — or at least better control — our digital exposure every day.

Read more: What it means to have a technology addiction »

How to do a digital detox
Your time and your attention are two of your greatest resources.

Companies will — and do — pay big money to grab as much of that as they can.

Learning to take back those resources and curate your day in a more healthful, productive way starts with taking an audit of where your day is going.

“I’m at a computer all day, every day, as part of a distributed organization,” Kate Sullivan, content director for a publishing agency, told Healthline. “While we try to be reasonable with our expectations, I work with a lot of people around the world, and that means I’m often working beyond ‘normal’ hours. That takes a toll. We need downtime to recharge our batteries, especially working in a creative profession.”

Sullivan takes part in a digital detox every day. She instituted three “unreachable” periods: first thing in the morning, on her midday break, and again at the end of the day.

“I don’t use any electronic equipment at the start and end of the day, and I control my midday use carefully,” Sullivan said. “This gives me the space and time to step away from constant pings and updates and daily life — and to let my eyes and hands rest and relax instead of encouraging eyestrain and repetitive motion syndrome.”

Collectively, we know how to stop a digital addiction — just stop looking at your phone so much. Realistically though, that answer isn’t simple.

“The sympathetic nervous system, the body’s natural alarm-stress response, kicks in when our devices are removed,” Kersting said. “It’s a physical withdrawal much like alcohol withdrawal.”

The idyllic way to do a digital detox involves a glamorous retreat to a no-signal oasis with beach huts and mixed drinks, but that’s not realistic, and it might not break your habit long-term.

Instead, look for ways to carve out tech-free times every day. Here are seven steps that can help you digitally detox as little or as much as you’d like:

Leave the phone behind: Try turning your phone or tablet on airplane mode or leaving it in another room while you’re working or playing with the kids. Just a few hours without the phone and the constant nag to check it can help break the cycle.

Stop the pings: “I turned off all notifications on my phone,” Susan Mahon, a digital web editor told Healthline. “Not having the constant pings begging for my attention helped reduce my mental stress and made me feel more in control of my day.”

Hershenson suggested turning off notifications as a first step, too.

“Schedule times in which you check technology, such as only during your lunch break,” she said.

Give yourself a curfew: If you find yourself spending an hour or two swiping through Instagram or Flipbook before bed, set a phone or device cutoff time. After 9 p.m. the device goes into a drawer until you’re ready to leave for the office the next day.

Don’t wake up with your phone: If the first thing you reach for is your phone, break the habit by leaving it in another room when you go to bed. Invest in an alarm clock, and don’t touch your phone for the first hour after you wake up. If an hour seems too long, start with 15 minutes and work your way up.

Establish tech-free zones: Create rules around events or places, and enforce them with every family member or guest. For example, don’t bring your phone to the table, and don’t take it out of your pocket or purse when you’re dining with friends. If you have family movie nights, phones and tablets must stay in bedrooms. The break may feel like a fight at first, but soon, everyone will appreciate the opportunity to withdraw.

Step away during the day: “In the middle of the day, instead of taking a typical lunch break, I take an hour mini-detox,” Sullivan said. “When the weather’s nice, I go outside for a walk or a run. If the weather’s crappy, I use the elliptical instead. I’ll occasionally listen to a podcast during this time, but my phone goes on ‘do not disturb,’ and I shut down my computer. When I’m constantly pinging back and forth between various requests and tasks, I can’t settle into a creative flow, and I start feeling burned out.”

Reward yourself with tech-free times: Each day, give yourself an hour of “you time.” Treat yourself to a new magazine or a few chapters of your favorite podcast (with your phone on airplane mode). Take a hike, and leave the phone behind. You can even unwind in the bathtub with your favorite tunes on a Bluetooth speaker. Just make sure the phone isn’t in the room with you. You just might be tempted to start pinning new recipes or weekend projects. That’s adding to your to-do list, and that’s no fun at all.

Read more: Is technology creating a lifetime of pain for millennials? »

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'''SWOT analysis''' (or '''SWOT matrix''') is a ] technique used to help a person or organization identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to ] competition or project planning.<ref>{{cite web|title=SWOT Analysis: Discover New Opportunities, Manage and Eliminate Threats '''SWOT analysis''' (or '''SWOT matrix''') is a ] technique used to help a person or organization identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to ] competition or project planning.<ref>{{cite web|title=SWOT Analysis: Discover New Opportunities, Manage and Eliminate Threats

Revision as of 15:02, 20 June 2021

Business planning and analysis technique For other uses, see SWOT.

Part of a series on
Strategy
Strategy topics
Analysis methods
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Frameworks and tools
A SWOT analysis, with its four elements in a 2×2 matrix.

SWOT analysis (or SWOT matrix) is a strategic planning technique used to help a person or organization identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to business competition or project planning.

This technique, which operates by 'peeling back layers of the company' is designed for use in the preliminary stages of decision-making processes and can be used as a tool for evaluation of the strategic position of organizations of many kinds (for-profit enterprises, local and national governments, NGOs, etc.). It is intended to specify the objectives of the business venture or project and identify the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving those objectives. Users of a SWOT analysis often ask and answer questions to generate meaningful information for each category to make the tool useful and identify their competitive advantage. SWOT has been described as the tried-and-true tool of strategic analysis, but has also been criticized for its limitations (see § Limitations and alternatives).

Overview

SWOT assumes that strengths and weaknesses are frequently internal, while opportunities and threats are more commonly external. The name is an acronym for the four parameters the technique examines:

  • Strengths: characteristics of the business or project that give it an advantage over others.
  • Weaknesses: characteristics that place the business or project at a disadvantage relative to others.
  • Opportunities: elements in the environment that the business or project could exploit to its advantage.
  • Threats: elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the business or project.

The degree to which the internal environment of the firm matches with the external environment is expressed by the concept of strategic fit. Identification of SWOTs is important because they can inform later steps in planning to achieve the objective. First, decision-makers should consider whether the objective is attainable, given the SWOTs. If the objective is not attainable, they must select a different objective and repeat the process.

Some authors attribute SWOT analysis to Albert Humphrey, who led a convention at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) in the 1960s and 1970s using data from Fortune 500 companies. However, Humphrey himself did not claim the creation of SWOT, and the origins remain obscure.

Internal and external factors

Internal factors are viewed as strengths or weaknesses depending upon their effect on the organization's objectives. What may represent strengths with respect to one objective may be weaknesses (distractions, competition) for another objective. The factors may include personnel, finance, manufacturing capabilities, and all of the marketing mix's 4Ps.

External factors include macroeconomics, technological change, legislation, and sociocultural changes, as well as changes in the marketplace. Results are often presented in the form of a matrix.

SWOT analysis is a method of categorization for which lists are compiled, uncritically and without prioritization, rather than seeking important factors to achieving objectives; weak opportunities may appear to balance strong threats.

Use

SWOT analysis can be used in any decision-making situation when a desired end-state (objective) is defined, not just profit-seeking organizations. Examples include non-profit organizations, governmental units, and individuals. SWOT analysis may also be used in pre-crisis planning and preventive crisis management. SWOT analysis may also be used in creating a recommendation during a viability study/survey.

Strategy building

SWOT analysis can be used to build organizational or personal strategy. Steps necessary to execute strategy-oriented analysis involve identification of internal and external factors (using the popular 2x2 matrix), selection and evaluation of the most important factors, and identification of relations existing between internal and external features.

For instance, strong relations between strengths and opportunities can suggest good conditions in the company and allow using an aggressive strategy. On the other hand, strong interactions between weaknesses and threats could be analyzed as a potential warning and advice for using a defensive strategy.

Matching and converting

One way of using SWOT is matching and converting. Matching is used to find competitive advantage by matching the strengths to opportunities. Another tactic is to convert weaknesses or threats into strengths or opportunities. An example of a conversion strategy is to find new markets. If the threats or weaknesses cannot be converted, a company should try to minimize or avoid them.

Corporate planning

As part of the development of strategies and plans to enable the organization to achieve its objectives, that organization will use a systematic/rigorous process known as corporate planning. SWOT alongside PEST/PESTLE can be used as a basis for the analysis of business and environmental factors.

  • Set objectives—defining what the organization is going to do
  • Environmental scanning
    • Internal appraisals of the organization's SWOT—this needs to include an assessment of the present situation as well as a portfolio of products/services and an analysis of the product/service lifecycle
  • Analysis of existing strategies—this should determine relevance from the results of an internal/external appraisal. This may include gap analysis of environmental factors
  • Strategic Issues defined—key factors in the development of a corporate plan that the organization must address
  • Develop new/revised strategies—revised analysis of strategic issues may mean the objectives need to change
  • Establish critical success factors—the achievement of objectives and strategy implementation
  • Preparation of operational, resource, projects plans for strategy implementation
  • Monitoring all results—mapping against plans, taking corrective action, which may mean amending objectives/strategies

Marketing

Main article: Marketing management

In many competitor analysis, marketers build detailed profiles of each competitor in the market, focusing especially on their relative competitive strengths and weaknesses using SWOT analysis. Marketing managers will examine each competitor's cost structure, sources of profits, resources and competencies, competitive positioning and product differentiation, degree of vertical integration, historical responses to industry developments, and other factors.

Marketing management often finds it necessary to invest in research to collect the data required to perform accurate marketing analysis. Accordingly, management often conducts market research (alternately marketing research) to obtain this information. Marketers employ a variety of techniques to conduct market research, but some of the more common include:

  • Qualitative marketing research such as focus groups
  • Quantitative marketing research such as statistical surveys
  • Experimental techniques such as test markets
  • Observational techniques such as ethnographic (on-site) observation
  • Marketing managers may also design and oversee various environmental scanning and competitive intelligence processes to help identify trends and inform the company's marketing analysis.

Below is an example SWOT analysis of a market position of a small management consultancy with specialism in human resource management (HRM).

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
Reputation in marketplace Shortage of consultants at operating level rather than partner level Well established position with a well-defined market niche Large consultancies operating at a minor level
Expertise at partner level in HRM consultancy Unable to deal with multidisciplinary assignments because of size or lack of ability Identified market for consultancy in areas other than HRM Other small consultancies looking to invade the marketplace

In community organizations

The SWOT analysis has been used in community work as a tool to identify positive and negative factors within organizations, communities, and the broader society that promote or inhibit successful implementation of social services and social change efforts. It is used as a preliminary resource, assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a community served by a nonprofit or community organization.

Although SWOT analysis is a part of the planning, it will not provide a strategic plan if used by itself, but a SWOT list can becomes a series of recommendations.

one example of a SWOT Analysis used in community organizing
A simple SWOT Analysis used in Community Organizing

Strengths and weaknesses (internal factors within an organization):

  • Human resources—staff, volunteers, board members, target population
  • Physical resources—your location, building, equipment
  • Financial—grants, funding agencies, other sources of income
  • Activities and processes—programs you run, systems you employ
  • Past experiences—building blocks for learning and success, your reputation in the community

Opportunities and threats (external factors stemming from community or societal forces):

  • Future trends in your field or the culture
  • The economy—local, national, or international
  • Funding sources—foundations, donors, legislatures
  • Demographics—changes in the age, race, gender, culture of those you serve or in your area
  • The physical environment —is your building in a growing part of town? Is the bus company cutting routes?
  • Legislation—do new federal requirements make your job harder...or easier?
  • Local, national, or international events

Although the SWOT analysis was originally designed as an organizational method for business and industries, it has been replicated in various community work as a tool for identifying external and internal support to combat internal and external opposition. The SWOT analysis is necessary to provide direction to the next stages of the change process. It has been used by community organizers and community members to further social justice in the context of Social Work practice.

Preliminaries in community organization

A city can spend a year weighing the Risk-benefits before they even vote on it. Understanding the particular community can be helped via public forums, listening campaigns, and informational interviews and other data collection.

Deciding whether or not an objective is attainable enables organizations to set achievable goals and then produce practical, efficient and long-lasting outcomes.

Limitations and alternatives

SWOT is intended as a starting point for discussion and cannot, in itself, show managers how to achieve a competitive advantage, particularly in a rapidly changing environment.

Menon et al. (1999) and Hill and Westbrook (1997) suggested "no-one subsequently used the outputs within the later stages of the strategy". Others have critiqued hastily designed SWOT lists. Preoccupation with a single strength, such as cost control, they can neglect their weaknesses, such as product quality. Domineering by one or two community workers devalues the possible contributions of community members.

Michael Porter developed the five forces framework as a reaction to SWOT, which he found lacking in rigor and ad hoc. Other names include WOTS-UP (Gray and Smeltzer, 1989) and TOWS (reversing the emphasis, with external first).

The SVOR alternative

In project management, the alternative to SWOT known by the acronym SVOR (Strengths, Vulnerabilities, Opportunities, and Risks) compares the project elements along two axes: internal and external, and positive and negative. It takes into account the mathematical link that exists between these various elements, considering also the role of infrastructures. The SVOR table provides an intricate understanding of the elements at play in a given project:

Forces Internal Mathematical link External
Positive Total Forces Total Forces given constraints = Infrastructures / Opportunities Opportunities
Mathematical link Vulnerabilities given constraints = 1 / Total Forces constant k Opportunities given constraints = 1 / Risks
Negative Vulnerabilities Risks given constraints = k / Vulnerabilities Risks

Constraints consist of: calendar of tasks and activities, costs, and norms of quality. The "k" constant varies with each project (for example, it may be valued at 1.3).

SWOT analysis in popular culture

  • Ads: Coca-Cola has used SWOT analysis in targeting television ads
  • Television shows: In the Silicon Valley episode "Homicide" (Season 2, Episode 6), Jared Dunn (Zach Woods) introduces the Pied Piper team to SWOT analysis. Later in that episode Dinesh (Kumail Nanjiani) and Gilfoyle (Martin Starr) employ the method when deciding whether or not to inform a stunt driver that the calculations for his upcoming jump were performed incorrectly.

See also

References

  1. "SWOT Analysis: Discover New Opportunities, Manage and Eliminate Threats". www.mindtools.com. 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  2. ^ "History of SWOT Analysis".
  3. Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 653. ISBN 978-0415862875.
  4. ^ Dess, Gregory (2018). Strategic Management. United States: McGraw-Hill. p. 73. ISBN 9781259927621.
  5. Humphrey, Albert (December 2005). "SWOT Analysis for Management Consulting" (PDF). SRI Alumni Newsletter. SRI International.
  6. "Albert Humphrey The "Father" of TAM". TAM UK. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
  7. Blake, Martin; Wijetilaka, Shehan (26 February 2015). "5 tips to grow your start-up using SWOT analysis". Sydney. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  8. Osita, Christian; Onyebuchi, Idoko; Justina, Nzekwe (31 January 2014). "Organization's stability and productivity: the role of SWOT analysis" (PDF). 2 (9). International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research (2014): 23–32. Retrieved 17 March 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. See for instance: Mehta, S. (2000) Marketing Strategy
  10. Armstrong, M. A handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (10th edition) 2006, Kogan Page, London ISBN 0-7494-4631-5
  11. ^ Armstrong.M Management Processes and Functions, 1996, London CIPD ISBN 0-85292-438-0
  12. ^ "Community Toolbox: Section 14. SWOT analysis". Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  13. Westhues, Anne; Jean Lafrance; Glen Schmidt (2001). "A SWOT analysis of social work education in Canada". Social Work Education: The International Journal. 20 (1): 35–56. doi:10.1080/02615470020028364. S2CID 143892190.
  14. "Our Community". Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  15. Birkenmaier, Julie (2001). The Practice of Generalist Social Work. New York, NY: Routledge.
  16. Pittsburg, California tried this out recently with the BART program. Citation: (Document). Pittsburg City, California, www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid.
  17. "Urban Analysis of Urmia, Iran" (PDF). Reviste.
  18. ^ Quincy, Ronald. "SWOT Analysis: Raising capacity of your organization". Rutgers School of Social Work. Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  19. "Campaigners Toolkit: Strategy". The Change Agency. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  20. Menon, A.; et al. (1999). "Antecedents and Consequences of Marketing Strategy Making". Journal of Marketing. 63 (2). American Marketing Association: 18–40. doi:10.2307/1251943. JSTOR 1251943.
  21. Hill, T. & R. Westbrook (1997). "SWOT Analysis: It's Time for a Product Recall". Long Range Planning. 30 (1): 46–52. doi:10.1016/S0024-6301(96)00095-7.
  22. Koch, Adam (2000). "SWOT does not need to be recalled: It needs to be enhanced". Swineburne University of Technology.
  23. Chermack, Thomas J.; Bernadette K. Kasshanna (December 2007). "The Use of and Misuse of SWOT analysis and implications for HRD professionals". Human Resource Development International. 10 (4): 383–399. doi:10.1080/13678860701718760. S2CID 145098663.
  24. Porter, Michael; Argyres, Nicholas; McGahan, Anita M. (2002). "An Interview with Michael Porter". The Academy of Management Executive (1993-2005). 16 (2): 43–52. JSTOR 4165839.
  25. Mesly, Olivier (2017). Project feasibility – Tools for uncovering points of vulnerability. New York, NY:Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 546 pages, 9 ISBN 9781498757911.
  26. "Value Line - The Most Trusted Name in Investment Research". www.valueline.com. Value Line Publishing.
  27. "Synopsis: Silicon Valley - 'Homicide'". HBO.

Bibliography

  • Dag Øivind Madsen, "SWOT Analysis: A Management Fashion Perspective", International Journal of Business Research 16:1:39–56 (2016) full text

External links

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