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This article is about the autonomous region; for its capital city see Nakhichevan City

Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası
Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic

Flag of Nakhichevan
Location of Nakhichevan in the South Caucasus region.
Administration type	Autonomous republic of Azerbaijan
Capital and largest city	Nakhichevan City
Official language	Azerbaijani
Parliamentary Chairman	Vasif Talibov
Area  - Total  - % water	5,500 km² negligible
Population  - Total	372,900 (2005 est.)
Time zone  - in summer	EET (UTC+4) EEST (UTC+5)

The Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası, Armenian: Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Հանրապետություն, Russian: Нахичеванская Автономная Республика, Persian:جمهوری خودمختار نخجوان, Turkish: Nahçıvan Özerk Cumhuriyeti), known simply as Nakhichevan, is a landlocked exclave of Azerbaijan. The 5,500 km² region borders Armenia (221 km), Turkey (9 km) and Iran (179 km). Its capital is Nakhichevan City, home to the Nakhichevan State University.

Etymology

Since it has been under the rule of many different kingdoms, empires, sultanates, and khanates, the name of Nakhichevan was altered many times. According to the nineteenth-century language scholar, Heinrich Hubschmann, the name "Nakhichavan" in Armenian literally means "the place of descent", a Biblical reference to the descent of Noah's Ark on the adjacent Mount Ararat. Hubschmann notes, however, that it was not known by that name in antiquity. Instead, he states the present-day name evolved to "Nakhichevan" from "Naxcavan". The prefix "Naxc" was a name and "avan" is Armenian for "town". Nakhichevan was also mentioned in Ptolemy's "Geography" and by other classical writers as Naxuana. According to other versions, the name Nakhchivan derived from Persian Nagsh-e-Jahan, i.e. "image of the world", which is a reference to the beauty of the area. The medieval Arab chronicles referred to the area as Nashava. According to the Azerbaijani ethymology, Naxcivan derives its name from "Nuhchihan", literally -- "where Noah came out from". Noah's link to the name of Naxcivan is further strengthened by the nineteenth-century Azerbaijani chronicler, Mirza Jemal Jevanshir Karabaghi.

History

Early history

According to the local tradition, Nakhichevan was founded by Noah, of the Abrahamic religions. The oldest material culture artifacts found in the region date back to the Neolithic Age. The region was part of the states of Mannae, Urartu and Media, and later Atropatena. It became part of the Persian Satrapy of Armenia under Achaemenid Persia circa 521 BC. After Alexander the Great's death (323 BC) various Macedonian generals such as Neoptolemus tried to take control of the region but ultimately failed and the Persian dynasty of Orontids flourished until Armenia was conquered by Antiochus III the Great.

In 189 BC, Nakhichevan was part of the new Kingdom of Armenia established by a Parthian named Artaxias I. Within the kingdom, the region of present-day Nakhichevan was part of the Ayrarat, Vaspurakan and Syunik provinces. Sassanid King Shapur II (310-380), during the Persian invasion of Armenia, removed according to historian Faustus of Byzantium (4th century), 2,000 Armenian and 16,000 Jewish families in 360-370. In 428, the Armenian Arshakuni monarchy was abolished and Nakhichevan was annexed by Sassanid Persians, and in 623 by the Byzantine Empire. From 640 on, Arabs invaded Nakhichevan and undertook many campaigns in the area crushing all resistance. It was finally conquered by the Arabs thirteen years later and became part of the autonomous Principality of Armenia under Arab rule. In 8th century, Nakhichevan was one of the scenes of Babak Khorramdin's uprising against the Arabs. Nakhichevan was finally liberated from Arab rule in the 10th century by Bagratid King Smbat I and handed over to the princes of Syunik. By the 11th century, however, it was conquered by the Seljuq Turks.

In 12th century, the city of Nakhichevan became the capital of the state of Atabegs of Azerbaijan, also known as Ildegizid state, which included most of Iranian Azerbaijan and significant part of South Caucasus. The magnificent 12th century mausoleum of Momine khatun, the wife of Ildegizid ruler, Great Atabeg Jahan Pehlevan, is the main attraction of modern Nakhichevan. At its heydays, the Ildegizid authority in Nakhichevan and some other areas of South Caucasus was contested by the Kingdom of Georgia. The Armeno-Georgian princely house of Zacharids frequently raided the region when the Atabeg state was in decline in the early years of the 13th century. It was then plundered by invading Mongols in 1220 and Khwarezmians in 1225 and became part of Mongol Empire in 1236 when the Caucasus was invaded by Chormaqan. In the 15th century, the territory of Nakhichevan became part of the states of Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu.

Second Persian rule

In the 16th century, control of Nakhichevan passed to the Safavid dynasty of Persia. Because of its geographic position, it frequently suffered during the wars between Persia and the Ottoman Empire in 14th – 18th centuries. In 1604, Shah Abbas I Safavi, concerned that the lands of Nakhichevan and the surrounding areas would pass into Ottoman hands, decided to institute a scorched earth policy. He forced the Armenian population to leave their homes and move deeper into Persia, there are sources which support the contention that the Muslim population were deported too, but in some extent allowed back under Shah Abbas II to repopulate the frontier region of his realm. Many of the deportees were settled in a neighborhood of Isfahan that was named New Julfa since most of the residents were from the original Julfa (a predominantly Armenian town which was looted and burned). The Nakhichevan khanate emerged in the region in 1747 after the death of Nadir Shah Afshar, the ruler of Persia. "All the young people gradually became Muhammadan," historian Arakel de Tauriz wrote of the end result of the depopulation. "And today it would be difficult to find two Armenian Christians in all these beautiful plains where their fathers were sent to farm." Some scholars believe that because of Shah Abbas the Armenians became a minority in parts of their homeland, the Armenian plateau which included Nakhichevan. "Due to mass deportations of the Armenian population by Shah Abbas in the seventeenth century, most Armenian place names had already been replaced by Turkic toponyms when Armenia became a part of the USSR in 1921," wrote historian Arseny Saparov in his research on the alternation of Armenian names. There are sources that support the contention that prior to the Gulistan Treaty of 1813 which was followed by the repopulation of Nakhichevan with Muslims, the Armenians still constituted a majority.

Russian rule

After the two Russo-Persian wars and the Treaty of Turkmanchai, the Nakhichevan khanate passed into Russian possession in 1828. With the onset of Russian rule, the Tsarist authorities encouraged resettlement of Armenians to Nakhichevan and other areas of the Caucasus from the Persian and Ottoman Empires. Special clauses of the Turkmanchai and Adrianople treaties allowed for this. Alexandr Griboyedov, the Russian envoy to Persia, stated that by the time Nakhichevan came under Russian rule, only 17% of its residents were Armenians, while the remainder of the population (83%) were Muslims. After the resettlement initiative, the number of Armenians had increased to 45% while Muslims remained the majority at 55%. With such a dramatic increase in population, Griboyedov noted friction arising between the Armenian and Muslim populations. He requested Russian army commander Count Ivan Paskevich to give orders on resettlement of some of the arriving people further to the region of Daralayaz to quiet the tensions. The Nakhichevan khanate was dissolved in 1828, its territory was merged with the territory of the Erivan khanate and the area became the Nakhichevan uyezd of the new Armenian oblast, which later became the Erivan guberniya in 1849. According to official statistics of the Russian Empire, by the turn of the 20th century Azerbaijanis made up 57% of the uyezd's population, while Armenians constituted 42%. At the same time in the Sharur-Daralagez uyezd, the territory of which would form part of modern-day Nakhichevan, Azeris constituted 70.5% of the population, while Armenians made up 27.5%. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, conflict erupted between the Armenians and the Azeris, culminating in the Armenian-Tatar massacres which saw violence in Nakhichevan in May of that year.

War and revolution

Around the time of World War I, Nakhichevan was the scene of more bloodshed between Armenia and Azerbaijan who both held claims to the area. At the time the war broke out in 1914, the Armenian population had decreased slightly to 40% while the Azeri population increased to roughly 60%. After the February Revolution, the region was under the authority of Special Transcaucasian Committee of the Russian Provisional Government and subsequently the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. When the TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Nakhichevan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Zangezur (today the Armenian province of Syunik), and Qazakh were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation. Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull its troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for the forthcoming British military presence.

Under British occupation, Sir John Oliver Wardrop, British Chief Commissioner in the South Caucasus, made a border proposal to solve the conflict. According to Wardrop, Armenian claims against Azerbaijan should not go beyond the administrative borders of the former Erivan guberniya (which under prior Imperial Russian rule encompassed Nakhichevan), while Azerbaijan was to be limited to the guberniyas of Baku and Elisavetpol. This proposal was rejected by both Armenians (who did not wish to give up their claims to Qazakh, Zangezur and Karabakh) and Azeris (who found it unacceptable to give up their claims to Nakhichevan). As disputes between both countries continued, it soon became apparent that the fragile peace under British occupation would not last.

In December 1918, with the support of Azerbaijan's Musavat Party, Jafar Kuli Khan Nakhichevanski declared the Republic of Aras in the Nakhichevan uyezd of the former Erivan guberniya assigned to Armenia by Wardrop. The Armenian government did not recognize the new state and sent its troops into the region to take control of it. The conflict soon erupted into the violent Aras War. British journalist C.E. Bechhofer described the situation in April 1920:

You cannot persuade a party of frenzied nationalists that two blacks do not make a white; consequently, no day went by without a catalogue of complaints from both sides, Armenians and Tartars , of unprovoked attacks, murders, village burnings and the like. Specifically, the situation was a series of vicious cycles.

By mid-June 1919, Armenia succeeded in establishing control over Nakhichevan and the whole territory of the self-proclaimed republic. The fall of the Aras republic triggered an invasion by regular Azerbaijani army and by the end of July, Armenian troops were forced to leave Nakhichevan City to the Azeris. Meanwhile, feeling the situation to be hopeless and unable to maintain any control over the area, the British decided to withdraw from the region in mid-1919. Still, fighting between Armenians and Azeris continued and after a series of skirmishes that took place throughout the Nakhichevan district, a cease-fire agreement was concluded. However, the cease-fire lasted briefly and by early March 1920, more fighting broke out, primarily in Karabakh between Karabakh Armenians and Azerbaijan's regular army. This triggered conflicts in other areas with mixed populations, including Nakhichevan. In mid-March 1920, Armenian forces launched an offensive on all of the disputed territories and by the end of the month, both the Nakhichevan and Zangezur regions came under stable but temporary Armenian control.

Sovietization

In July 1920, the 11th Soviet Red Army invaded and occupied the region and on July 28, declared the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with "close ties" to the Azerbaijan SSR. In November, on the verge of taking over Armenia, the Bolsheviks in order to attract public support, promised they would allot Nakhichevan to Armenia, along with Karabakh and Zangezur. This was fulfilled when Nariman Narimanov, leader of Bolshevik Azerbaijan issued a declaration celebrating the "victory of Soviet power in Armenia," proclaimed that both Nakhichevan and Zangezur should be awarded to the Armenian people as a sign of the Azerbaijani people's support for Armenia's fight against the former Dashnak government :

As of today, the old frontiers between Armenia and Azerbaijan are declared to be non-existent. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur and Nakhichevan are recognised to be integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia.

Vladimir Lenin, although welcoming this act of "great Soviet fraternalism" where "boundaries had no meaning among the family of Soviet peoples," did not agree with the motion and instead called for the people of Nakhichevan to be consulted in a referendum. According to the formal figures of this referendum, held at the beginning of 1921, 90% of Nakhichevan's population wanted to be included in the Azerbaijan SSR "with the rights of an autonomous republic." The decision to make Nakhichevan a part of modern-day Azerbaijan was cemented March 16, 1921 in the Treaty of Moscow between the Soviet Union and the newly-founded Republic of Turkey. The agreement between the USSR and Turkey also called for attachment of the former Sharur-Daralagez uyezd (which had a solid Azeri majority) to Nakhichevan, thus allowing Turkey to share a border with the Azerbaijan SSR. This deal was reaffirmed on October 23, in the Treaty of Kars. Article V of the treaty stated the following:

The Turkish Government and the Soviet Governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan are agreed that the region of Nakhichevan, within the limits specified by Annex III to the present Treaty, constitutes an autonomous territory under the protection of Azerbaijan.

So, on February 9, 1924, the Soviet Union officially established the Nakhichevan ASSR. Its consititution was adopted on April 18, 1926.

Nakhichevan in the Soviet Union

As a constituent part of the Soviet Union, tensions lessened over the ethnic composition of Nakhichevan or any territorial claims regarding it. Instead, it became an important point of industrial production with particular emphasis on the mining of minerals such as salt. Under Soviet rule, it was once a major junction on the Moscow-Tehran railway line as well as the Baku-Yerevan railway. It also served as an important strategic area during the Cold War, sharing borders with both Turkey (a NATO member) and Iran (a close ally of the west until the 1979 Iranian Revolution).

Facilities improved during Soviet times. Education and public health especially began to see some major changes. In 1913, Nakhichevan only had two hospitals with a total of 20 beds. The region was plagued by widespread diseases including trachoma and typhus. Malaria, which mostly came from the adjoining Aras River brought serious harm to the region. 70–85% of Nakhichevan's population was infected with malaria, and in the region of Norashen (present-day Sharur) almost 100% were struck with the disease. This pattern improved drastically under Soviet rule. Malaria was sharply reduced and trachoma, typhus, and relapsing fever were completely eliminated.

Although the Armenians and the Azeris managed to put aside their differences and get along during the Soviet years, their numbers changed dramatically. Nakhichevan's Armenian population gradually decreased as many emigrated to the Armenian SSR. In 1926, 15% of region's population was Armenian, but by 1979 this number had shrunk to 1.4%. The Azeri population, meanwhile increased substantially with both a higher birth rate and immigration (going from 85% in 1926 to 96% by 1979 ).

Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh noted similar though slower demographic trends and feared an eventual "de-Armenianization" of the area. Thus, tensions between Armenians and Azeris were reignited in the late-1980s by the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. In the summer of 1989, Azerbaijan's Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a partial railway and air blockade against Armenia, effectively crippling Armenia's economy, as 85% of the cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. In response, Armenia closed the railway to Nakhichevan, thereby strangling the exclave's only link to the rest of the Soviet Union.

December 1989 saw unrest in Nakhichevan as its Azeri inhabitants moved to physically dismantle the Soviet border with Iran to flee the area and meet their ethnic Azeri cousins in northern Iran. This action was angrily denounced by the Soviet leadership and the Soviet media accused the Azeris of "embracing Islamic fundamentalism". In January 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Nakhichevan ASSR issued a declaration stating the intention for Nakhichevan to secede from the USSR to protest the Soviet Union's actions during Black January. It was the first part of the Soviet Union to declare independence, preceding Lithuania's declaration by only a few weeks.

Heydar Aliyev and the post-Soviet era

Heydar Aliyev, the future president of Azerbaijan returned to his birth place of Nakhichevan in 1990, after being ousted from his position in the Politburo by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987. Soon after returning to Nakhichevan, Aliyev was elected to the Supreme Soviet by an overwhelming majority. Aliyev subsequently resigned from the CPSU and after the failed August 1991 coup against Gorbachev, he called for complete independence for Azerbaijan and denounced Ayaz Mütallibov for supporting the coup. In late 1991, Aliyev consolidated his power base as chairman of the Nakhichevan Supreme Soviet and asserted Nachichevan's near-total independence from Baku.

Nakhichevan became a scene of conflict during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. On May 4, Armenian forces shelled the area's Sadarak rayon. The Armenians claimed that the attack was in response to cross-border shellings of Armenian villages by Azeri forces from Nakhichevan. David Zadoyan, a 42-year-old Armenian physicist and mayor of the region said that the Armenians lost patience after months of firing by the Azeris. "If they were sitting on our hilltops and harassing us with gunfire, what do you think our response should be?" he asked. The government of Nakhichevan denied these charges and instead asserted that the Armenian assault was unprovoked and specfically targeted the site of a bridge between Turkey and Nakhichevan. "The Armenians do not react to diplomatic pressure," Nakhichevan foreign minister Rza Ibadov told the ITAR-Tass news agency, "It's vital to speak to them in a language they understand." Speaking to the agency from the Turkish capital Ankara, Ibadov said that Armenia's aim in the region was to seize control of Nakhichevan.

The heaviest fighting took place on May 18, when the Armenians had captured the Nakhichevan's exclave of Karki, a tiny territory through which Armenia's main North-South highway passes. The exclave presently remains under Armenian control. After the fall of Shusha, the Mütallibov government of Azerbaijan accused Armenia of moving to take the whole of Nakhichevan (a claim that was denied by Armenian government officials). However, Heydar Aliyev declared a unilateral ceasefire on May 23 and sought to conclude a separate peace with Armenia. Armenian President Levon Ter-Petrossian expressed his willingness to sign a cooperation treaty with Nakhichevan to end the fighting and subsequently a cease-fire was agreed upon.

The conflict in the area caused a harsh reaction from Turkey, which together with Russia is a guarantor of Nakhichevan's status in accordance with the Treaty of Kars. Turkish Prime Minister Tansu Çiller announced that any Armenian advance on the main territory of Nakhichevan would result in a declaration of war against Armenia. Russian military leaders declared that "third party intervention into the dispute could trigger a Third World War." Thousands of Turkish troops were sent to the border between Turkey and Armenia in early September. Russian military forces in Armenia countered their movements by increasing troop levels along Armenia's Turkish frontier and bolstering defenses in a tense period where war between the two seemed inevitable. Iran also reacted to Armenia's attacks by conducting military manueuvers along its border with Nakhichevan in a move widely interpreted as a warning to Armenia. However, Armenia did not launch any further attacks on Nakhichevan and the presence of Russia's military warded off any possibility that Turkey might play a military role in the conflict.

After a period of political instability, the parliament of Azerbaijan turned to Heydar Aliyev and invited him to return from exile in Nakhichevan to lead the country in 1993. Today, Nakhichevan retains its autonomy as the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic and is internationally recognized as a constituent part of Azerbaijan governed by its own elected parliament. Despite this, however, the republic remains isolated, not only from Azerbaijan, but practically from the entire South Caucasus region. Economic hardships and energy shortages (due to Armenia's continued blockade of the region in response to Azeri and Turkish blockade of Armenia) plague the area. When speaking to British writer Thomas de Waal, the mayor of Nakhichevan City, Veli Shakhverdiev, spoke warmly of a peaceful solution to the Karabakh conflict and of Armenian-Azeri relations during Soviet times. "I can tell you that our relations with the Armenians were very close, they were excellent," he said. "I went to university in Moscow and I didn't travel to Moscow once via Baku. I took a bus, it was one hour to Yerevan, then went by plane to Moscow and the same thing on the way back." However, the future, especially in regards to Nakhichevan's energy problems, looks more hopeful, especially with recent deals to obtain more gas exports from Iran.

Administrative subdivisions

Nakhichevan is subdivided into eight administrative divisions. Seven of these are rayons. Its capital, the city (şəhər) of Nakhichevan City is treated separately.

Demographics

As of 2005, Nakhichevan's population was estimated to be 372,900. 98% of the population are Azeris. Ethnic Russians and a minority of Kurds constitute the remainder of the population. The remaining Armenians were expelled by Azerbaijani forces during the Nagorno-Karabakh War as part of the forceful exchange of population between Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Geography

Nakhichevan is an atmospheric, semi-desert region that is separated from the main portion of Azerbaijan by Armenia. The Zangezur Mountains make up its border with Armenia while the Aras River defines its border with Iran. It is extremely arid and mountainous. Nakhichevan's highest peak is Mount Kapydzhik (3904 m) and its most distinctive is Ilandag (Snake Mountain) (2415 m) which is visible from Nakhichevan City. According to legend, the cleft in its summit was formed by the keel of Noah's Ark as the floodwaters abated.

Industry

Nakhichevan's major industries include the mining of minerals such as salt, molybdenum, and lead. Although dry, irrigation, developed during the Soviet years has allowed the region to expand into the growing of wheat (mostly grown on the plains of the Aras River), barely, cotton, tobacco, orchard fruits, mulberries, and grapes for producing wine. Other industries include cotton ginning/cleaning, silk spinning, fruit canning, meat packing, and, in the dryer regions, sheep farming. In terms of services, Nakhichevan offers very basic facilities and lacks heating fuel during the winter.

International disputes

• The Armenian Revolutionary Federation claims that Nakhichevan belongs to Armenia. The programme of the party states: The borders of United Armenia shall include all territories designated as Armenia by the Treaty of Sèvres as well as the regions of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), Javakhk, and Nakhichevan. The area, however, is not claimed by the government of Armenia. Armenian Foreign Minister Vartan Oskanian reaffirmed this on December 13, 2006 by openly stating that Armenia, as a legal successor to the Armenian SSR, is loyal to the Treaty of Kars and all agreements inherited by the former Soviet Armenian government.

• Nakhichevan's parliament issued a non-binding declaration in the late 1990's recognizing the sovereignty of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) and calling upon Azerbaijan to do so. While sympathetic to the TRNC, Azerbaijan has not followed suit because of Greek Cypriot declarations to recognize the also self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

• Armenia has accused the government of Azerbaijan of destroying historic Armenian headstones (khachkars) at a medieval cemetery in Julfa, presenting photos and video in support of these accusations. The European Parliament has formally called on Azerbaijan to stop the demolition as a breach of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. Despite a confirmation by the IWPR, Azerbaijani authorities have denied the charges, stating that the video presented by the Armenian side does not clearly show the nature of the destroyed objects or the nationality of the persons involved in the destruction. In March 2006, Azerbaijan barred the European Parliament from inspecting and examining the ancient burial site.

Culture

Music and the arts are abound in Nakhichevan. In 1923, a musical subgroup was organized at the State Drama Theater (renamed the Dzh. Mamedkulizade Music and Drama Theater in 1962). The Aras Song and Dance Ensemble (established in 1959) is another famous group. Dramatic performances staged by an amateur dance troupe were held in Nakhichiven in the late 19th century. Theatrical art also greatly contributed to Nakhichevan's culture. The creative work of Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, M.S. Gulubekov, and G. Arablinskii (the first Azerbaijani film director) are just a few of the names that have enriched Nakhichevan's cultural heritage. The region has also produced noteworthy Armenian artists too such as Soviet actress Hasmik Agopyan. Nakhichevan has also at times been mentioned in works of literature. Nezami, considered a master of Persian literature once wrote:

که تا جایگه یافتی نخچوان

Oh Nakhichevan, respect you've attained,

بدین شاه شد بخت پیرت جوان

With this King in luck you'll remain.

Famous people from Nakhichevan

Throughout history, Nakhichevan has brought up many prominent people. These include:

• Hasmik Agopyan, Soviet Armenian actress
• Heydar Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan (1993–2003)
• Abülfaz Elçibay, President of Azerbaijan (1992–1993)
• Rasul Quliyev, human rights activist and speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan (1993-6)
• Alexander Jughaetsi (Alexander I of Jugha), Armenian Catholicos (1706–1714)
• Hakob Jughaetsi (Jacob IV of Jugha), Armenian Catholicos (1655–1680)
• Azaria I Jughaetsi, Armenian Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia (1584–1601)
• Simeon Jughaetsi, philosopher
• Aram Merangulyan, director and composer
• Kristapor Mikaelyan, founding member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation
• Ajami Nakhchivani, architect and founder of the Nakhichevan school of architecture
• Ekmouladdin Nakhichevani
• Hindushah ibn Nakhichevani
• Ehsan Khan Nakhichevanski, Russian military general
• Hussein Khan Nakhichevanski, Russian cavalry general and the only Muslim to serve as General-Adjutant of the Russian Tsar
• Ismail Khan Nakhichevanski, Russian military general
• Jafar Kuli Khan Nakhichevanski, khan of the Nakhichevan khanate and the founder of the short-lived Republic of Aras
• Kelbali Khan Nakhichevanski, Russian military general
• Jamshid Khan Nakhichevanski, Soviet military general
• Abdurrakhman en Neshevi
• Gaik Ovakimian, Soviet spy
• Garegin Ter-Harutiunian (Garegin Njdeh), Armenian politician
• Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, writer
• Hussein Javid, poet
• Mamed Seid Ordubadi, writer

Photographs of Nakhichevan

Footnotes

1. Noah's Ark: It's Final Berth by Bill Crouse
2. ^ Template:Ru icon Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. "Nakhichevan". St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890-1907
3. "Nakhichevan", Volume V19, Page 156 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
4. Template:Ru icon Hamdollah Mostowfi. Nozhat al-Gholub
5. Template:Ru icon Evliya Chelebi. Seyahatname
6. Ibn Khordadbeh. Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Kitab al-Masalik w’al-Mamalik)
7. V.H.Aliyev. "Naxcivan". Baku: XXI - Yeni Nesrler Evi, 2002, p. 19.
8. M.C.Cavansir. "Qarabag tarixi", Baku, 1959, p. 11
9. ^ Richard Plunkett and Tom Masters. Lonely Planet: Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, p. 243. ISBN 1-74059-138-0
10. ^ Template:Ru icon Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
11. Armenia: The Yervanduni Dynasty
12. ^ Argam Ayvazian. The Historical Monuments Of Nakhichevan, p. 10. ISBN 0-8143-1896-7
13. Map of the Kingdom of Armenia: 363-387
14. ARMENIA, by Richard Gottheil, Herman Rosenthal, Louis Ginzberg
15. Elisabeth Bauer. Armenia: Past and Present, p. 99. ISBN B0006EXQ9C
16. Mark Whittow. The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025, p. 210. ISBN 0-520-20497-2
17. Encyclopedia Iranica, "Atabakan-e Adarbayjan", Saljuq rulers of Azerbaijan, 12th–13th, Luther, K. pp. 890-894.
18. The Status of Religious Minorities in Safavid Iran 1617-61, Vera B. Moreen, Journal of Near Eastern Studies Vol. 40, No. 2 (Apr., 1981), pp.128-129
19. Encyclopedia Iranica. Kangarlu.
20. Arakel de Tauriz, Livre d'Histoires, translated from Armenian by Marie-Félicité Brosset, in Collections d'Historiens Arméniens (St. Petersburg, 1874), vol. I.
21. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires by James S. Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas C. J. Pappas. Greenwood Press 1994, p. 44
22. Arseny Saparov, The alteration of place names and the construction of national identity in Soviet Armenia, Cahiers du monde russe, 44/1, 2003
23. Alexander the First, a Reappraisal: The Country, Book Two by Ludmila Evreinov ISBN: 14010-2953-1 Publisher: Xlibris Corp Publish Date: March, 2002 p. 252
24. Template:Ru icon Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Treaty of Turkmanchai.
25. Template:Ru icon A.S. Griboyedov. Letter to Count I.F.Paskevich.
26. Template:Ru icon Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. "Sharur-Daralagez uyezd". St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890-1907
27. Michael P. Croissant. The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications, p. 9. ISBN 0-275-96241-5
28. Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras. New States, New Politics: Building Post-Soviet Nations, p. 484. ISBN 0-521-57799-3
29. Croissant. Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict, p. 15.
30. ^ Dr. Andrew Andersen, Ph. D. Atlas of Conflicts: Armenia: Nation Building and Territorial Disputes: 1918-1920
31. De Waal. Black Garden: Armenia And Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press, pp. 128-129. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7
32. Croissant. Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict, p. 16.
33. De Waal. Black Garden, p. 129.
34. ^ Tim Potier. Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia: A Legal Appraisal, p. 4. ISBN 90-411-1477-7
35. Croissant. Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict, p. 18.
36. ^ Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras. New States, New Politics: Building Post-Soviet Nations, p. 444. ISBN 0-521-57799-3
37. Text of the Treaty of Kars
38. ^ De Waal. Black Garden, p. 271.
39. ^ Armenia: A Country Study: The New Nationalism, The Library of Congress
40. De Waal, Black Garden, p. 88-89.
41. Azerbaijan: A Country Study: Aliyev and the Presidential Election of October 1993, The Library of Congress
42. ^ Overview of Areas of Armed Conflict in the former Soviet Union, Human Rights Watch, Helsinki Report
43. Contested Borders in the Caucasus: Chapter VII: Iran's Role as Mediator in the Nagorno-Karabakh Crisis by Abdollah Ramezanzadeh
44. Russia Plans Leaner, More Open Military. The Washington Post. May 23 1992
45. Background Paper on the Nagorno-Karabak Conflict. Copuncil of Europe.
46. The Toronto Star. May 20 1992
47. ^ US Department of State Daily Briefing #78: Tuesday, 5/19/92
48. Armenian Siege of Azeri Town Threatens Turkey, Russia, Iran. The Baltimore Sun. June 3 1992
49. Reuters News Agency, wire carried by the Globe and Mail (Canada) on May 20, 1992. pg. A.10
50. Azerbaijan: Seven Years Of Conflict In Nagorno-Karabakh, Human Rights Watch, Helsinki Report
51. ^ Turkey Orders Armenians to Leave Azerbaijan, Moves Troops to the Border. The Salt Lake Tribune. September 4 1993. pg. A1.
52. Azerbaijan: A Country Study: Efforts to Resolve the Nagorno-Karabakh Crisis, 1993, The Library of Congress
53. Iran To Boost Gas Export To Nakhichevan, IranMania News. July 202006
54. Plunkett and Masters. Lonely Planet, p. 246.
55. Programme of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation
56. All Armenian Mass Media Association: In Vartan Oskanian's Words, Turkey Casts Doubt On The Treaty Of Kars With Its Actions
57. Overview - Cyprus Country Guide - World Travel Guide
58. World Watches In Silence As Azerbaijan Wipes Out Armenian Culture
59. Armenica.org: Destruction of Armenian Khatchkars in Old Jougha (Nakhichevan)
60. European Parliament Resolution on the European Neighbourhood Policy - January 2006
61. IWPR: Azerbaijan: Famous Medieval Cemetery Vanishes
62. Regnum News Agency Report
63. European Parliament: Azeri Authorities Committed Flagrant Vandalism Act

External links

• Official website of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic
• Armenian History and Presence in Nakhichevan

Template:Azerbaijan Template:Dependent, autonomous, and other territories of Europe

39°20′N 45°30′E / 39.333°N 45.500°E / 39.333; 45.500

• Subdivisions of Azerbaijan
• Geography of Azerbaijan
• Exclaves
• Caucasus
• Nakhichevan