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'''Anatoly Dneprov''' (also spelled '''Anatoly Dnieprov''', {{lang-uk|Анатолій Дніпров}}, pseudonym; real name '''Anatoliy Petrovych Mitskevitch'''<ref name="Livelib"/>) was a Soviet ], ] and ] of ] ancestry. His science fiction stories were published in the ], ] and the ] from 1961 to 1971.<ref name="Tilander2014"/> He is known best for his stories ''The Maxwell Equations'',<ref name="Dneprov1963"/> ''The Purple Mummy'',<ref name="Dneprov1966"/> and ''Crabs On The Island''.<ref name="Dneprov1968"/> '''Anatoly Dneprov''' (also spelled '''Anatoly Dnieprov''', {{lang-uk|Анатолій Дніпров}}, pseudonym; real name '''Anatoliy Petrovych Mitskevitch'''<ref name="Livelib"/>) was a Soviet ], ] and ] of ] ancestry. His science fiction stories were published in the ], ] and the ] from 1958 to 1970.<ref name="Tilander2014"/> He is known best for his stories ''Crabs On The Island'',<ref name="Dneprov1958b"/><ref name="Dneprov1968"/> ''The Maxwell Equations''<ref name="Dneprov1960"/><ref name="Dneprov1963a"/> and ''The Purple Mummy''.<ref name="Dneprov1961c"/><ref name="Dneprov1961d"/><ref name="Dneprov1966"/>


==Career== ==Career==
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] wrote of him: ] wrote of him:
{{Blockquote {{Blockquote
|text=His favourite subject is cybernetics – its amazing achievements to date and its breath-taking potentialities. Scientific authenticity is a salient feature of his writings.<ref name="Dneprov1963"/> |text=His favourite subject is cybernetics – its amazing achievements to date and its breath-taking potentialities. Scientific authenticity is a salient feature of his writings.<ref name="Dneprov1963a"/>
}} }}
] compared his short story ''The Purple Mummy'' to that of ].<ref name="budrys196809"/> Although Dneprov is not well-known in countries outside the ], his predictions about ] and ]s are uncanny. ] compared his short story ''The Purple Mummy'' to that of ].<ref name="budrys196809"/> Although Dneprov is not well-known in countries outside the ], his predictions about ] and ]s are uncanny.
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{{See also|Chinese room}} {{See also|Chinese room}}


Dneprov's short story ''The Game'' (1961)<ref name="Dneprov1961"/><ref name="MCCS"/><ref name="Dneprov1985"/> presents a scenario, the Portuguese stadium, anticipating the later ] and ] thought experiments. It concerns a stadium of people who act as switches and memory cells implementing a program to translate a sentence of Portuguese, a language that none of them knows. The plot of the story goes as follows: All 1400 delegates of the Soviet Congress of Young Mathematicians willingly agree to take part in a "purely mathematical game" proposed by Professor Zarubin. The game requires the execution of a certain set of rules given to the participants, who communicate with each other using sentences composed only of the words "zero" and "one". After several hours of playing the game, the participants have no idea of what is going on as they get progressively tired. One girl becomes too dizzy and leaves the game just before it ends. On the next day, Professor Zarubin reveals to everyone's excitement that the participants were simulating an existing 1961 Soviet computing machine named "Ural" that translated a sentence written in Portuguese "Os maiores resultados são produzidos por – pequenos mas contínuos esforços," a language that nobody from the participants understood, into the sentence in Russian "The greatest goals are achieved through minor but continuous ekkedt", a language that everyone from the participants understood. It becomes clear that the last word, which should have been "efforts", is mistranslated due to the dizzy girl leaving the simulation. Dneprov's short story ''The Game'' (1961)<ref name="Dneprov1961b"/><ref name="MCCS"/><ref name="Dneprov1985"/> presents a scenario, the Portuguese stadium, anticipating the later ] and ] thought experiments. It concerns a stadium of people who act as switches and memory cells implementing a program to translate a sentence of Portuguese, a language that none of them knows. The plot of the story goes as follows: All 1400 delegates of the Soviet Congress of Young Mathematicians willingly agree to take part in a "purely mathematical game" proposed by Professor Zarubin. The game requires the execution of a certain set of rules given to the participants, who communicate with each other using sentences composed only of the words "zero" and "one". After several hours of playing the game, the participants have no idea of what is going on as they get progressively tired. One girl becomes too dizzy and leaves the game just before it ends. On the next day, Professor Zarubin reveals to everyone's excitement that the participants were simulating an existing 1961 Soviet computing machine named "Ural" that translated a sentence written in Portuguese "Os maiores resultados são produzidos por – pequenos mas contínuos esforços," a language that nobody from the participants understood, into the sentence in Russian "The greatest goals are achieved through minor but continuous ekkedt", a language that everyone from the participants understood. It becomes clear that the last word, which should have been "efforts", is mistranslated due to the dizzy girl leaving the simulation.


The ] ] developed by Dneprov is presented in the form of ]. Consequently, the main conclusion from the Portuguese stadium is contained in the final words of the main character Professor Zarubin: "I think our game gave us the right answer to the question `Can machines think?' We have proven that even the most perfect simulation of machine thinking is not the thinking process itself." The ] ] developed by Dneprov is presented in the form of ]. Consequently, the main conclusion from the Portuguese stadium is contained in the final words of the main character Professor Zarubin: "I think our game gave us the right answer to the question `Can machines think?' We have proven that even the most perfect simulation of machine thinking is not the thinking process itself."
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==Selected works== ==Selected works==
* ''Shipwreck'' (1958)<ref name="Dneprov1958а"/>
* ''Crabs On The Island'' (Russian 1958, English 1968)
* ''Crabs On The Island'' (1958)<ref name="Dneprov1958b"/><ref name="Dneprov1968"/>
{{Quotation |"Why not? Any machine tool, a lathe, for example, makes parts for lathes like itself. So I conceived the notion of making an automatic machine that would manufacture copies of itself from start to finish. My crab is the model of such a machine." }} {{Quotation |"Why not? Any machine tool, a lathe, for example, makes parts for lathes like itself. So I conceived the notion of making an automatic machine that would manufacture copies of itself from start to finish. My crab is the model of such a machine." }}
* ''Maxwell Equations'' (Russian 1960, English 1963) * ''The Maxwell Equations'' (1960)<ref name="Dneprov1960"/><ref name="Dneprov1963a"/>
{{Quotation|"All the sensations that go to make up your spiritual ego are nothing but electrochemical impulses that travel from receptors up to the brain to be processed, and then down to effectors."}} {{Quotation|"All the sensations that go to make up your spiritual ego are nothing but electrochemical impulses that travel from receptors up to the brain to be processed, and then down to effectors."}}
* ''The World In Which I Disappeared'' (1961)<ref name="Dneprov1961a"/>
* ''The Purple Mummy'' (Russian 1961, English 1966)
* ''The Game'' (1961)<ref name="Dneprov1961b"/><ref name="MCCS"/><ref name="Dneprov1985"/>
* ''The Purple Mummy'' (1961)<ref name="Dneprov1961c"/><ref name="Dneprov1961d"/><ref name="Dneprov1966"/>
{{Quotation|'This is where the information is convolved into the model of the object. {{Quotation|'This is where the information is convolved into the model of the object.
These thin air-cooled needles are something like those used for intermuscular injections. A thin stream of plastic material is pressed through them in short spurts. The needles are synchronized with the ultra-sound needles which are at this moment feeling around the real object. Drop by drop, from point to point, the thin stream of plastic builds the model. The scale of the model may be regulated by using these levers. They may be made larger or smaller than the real object...'<br/> These thin air-cooled needles are something like those used for intermuscular injections. A thin stream of plastic material is pressed through them in short spurts. The needles are synchronized with the ultra-sound needles which are at this moment feeling around the real object. Drop by drop, from point to point, the thin stream of plastic builds the model. The scale of the model may be regulated by using these levers. They may be made larger or smaller than the real object...'<br/>
'What about the colour?'<br/> 'What about the colour?'<br/>
'That's easy. In the initial state the material is colourless, but the photocalorimeter, according to the colour information received, introduces the necessary amounts of the dyes indicated...' }} 'That's easy. In the initial state the material is colourless, but the photocalorimeter, according to the colour information received, introduces the necessary amounts of the dyes indicated...' }}
* ''The World In Which I Disappeared'' (Russian 1961, English 1968) * ''The Formula For Immortality'' (1962)<ref name="Dneprov1962"/>
* ''When Questions Are Asked'' (1963)<ref name="Dneprov1963b"/>
* ''The Game'' (Russian 1961)
* ''Prophets'' (1970)<ref name="Dneprov1970"/>
* ''The Formula For Immortality'' (Russian 1962, English 1963)
* ''When Questions Are Asked'' (Russian 1963, English 1963)
* ''Prophets'' (Russian 1971)


==See also== ==See also==
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* ] * ]
* ] * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
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}}</ref> }}</ref>


<ref name="Dneprov1961">{{cite journal <ref name="Dneprov1958а">{{cite journal
| last = Dneprov | last = Dneprov
| first = Anatoly | first = Anatoly
| title = The Game | title = Кораблекрушение
| journal = Knowledge—Power | journal = Знание—Сила
| volume = 1958
| issue = 5
| pages = 41-45
| year = 1958
| language = Russian
}}</ref>

<ref name="Dneprov1958b">{{cite journal
| last = Dneprov
| first = Anatoly
| title = Крабы идут по острову
| journal = Знание—Сила
| volume = 1958
| issue = 11
| pages = 26-30
| year = 1958
| language = Russian
}}</ref>

<ref name="Dneprov1960">{{cite book
| last = Dneprov
| first = Anatoly
| title = Уравнение Максвелла: Сборник научно-фантастических повестей и рассказов
|location = Moscow
|publisher = ]
| year = 1960
| language = Russian
}}</ref>

<ref name="Dneprov1961a">{{cite journal
| last = Dneprov
| first = Anatoly
| title = Мир, в котором я исчез
| journal = Знание—Сила
| volume = 1961
| issue = 2
| pages = 41-44
| year = 1961
| language = Russian
}}</ref>

<ref name="Dneprov1961b">{{cite journal
| last = Dneprov
| first = Anatoly
| title = Игра
| journal = Знание—Сила
| volume = 1961 | volume = 1961
| issue = 5 | issue = 5
Line 131: Line 179:
}}</ref> }}</ref>


<ref name="Dneprov1963">{{cite book <ref name="Dneprov1961c">{{cite journal
| last = Dneprov
| first = Anatoly
| title = Пурпурная мумия
| journal = Наука и Жизнь
| volume = 1961
| issue = 7
| pages = 64-70
| year = 1961
| language = Russian
}}</ref>

<ref name="Dneprov1961d">{{cite journal
| last = Dneprov
| first = Anatoly
| title = Пурпурная мумия
| journal = Наука и Жизнь
| volume = 1961
| issue = 8
| pages = 94-99
| year = 1961
| language = Russian
}}</ref>

<ref name="Dneprov1962">{{cite journal
| last = Dneprov
| first = Anatoly
| title = Формула бессмертия
| journal = Знание—Сила
| volume = 1962
| issue = 9
| pages = 34-41
| year = 1962
| language = Russian
}}</ref>

<ref name="Dneprov1963a">{{cite book
| last = Dneprov | last = Dneprov
| first = Anatoly | first = Anatoly
Line 141: Line 225:
| language = English | language = English
| url = https://archive.org/details/AnatolyDnieprovTheMaxwellEquations | url = https://archive.org/details/AnatolyDnieprovTheMaxwellEquations
}}</ref>

<ref name="Dneprov1963b">{{cite book
| last = Dneprov
| first = Anatoly
| chapter = Когда задают вопросы
| title = Фантастика, 1963 год
| editor = Kirill Andreev
| date = 1963
| publisher = ]
| location = Moscow
| pages = 233-247
| language = Russian
}}</ref> }}</ref>


Line 165: Line 262:
| language = English | language = English
| url = https://archive.org/details/AnatolyDneprovCrabsOnTheIsland | url = https://archive.org/details/AnatolyDneprovCrabsOnTheIsland
}}</ref>

<ref name="Dneprov1970">{{cite journal
| last = Dneprov
| first = Anatoly
| title = Пророки
| journal = Техника—Молодёжи <nowiki>]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
| volume = 1970
| issue = 1
| pages = 43-47
| year = 1970
| language = Russian
}}</ref> }}</ref>


Revision as of 11:23, 11 October 2021

Anatoly Dneprov
Анатолий Петрович Мицкевич
Anatoly DneprovAnatoly Dneprov
BornAnatoliy Petrovych Mitskevitch
(1919-11-17)November 17, 1919
Ekaterinoslav
DiedOctober 7, 1975(1975-10-07) (aged 55)
Moscow
NationalitySoviet Ukrainian
Alma materMoscow State University
Scientific career
Fieldsscience-fiction prose,
cybernetics

Anatoly Dneprov (also spelled Anatoly Dnieprov, Template:Lang-uk, pseudonym; real name Anatoliy Petrovych Mitskevitch) was a Soviet physicist, cyberneticist and writer of Ukrainian ancestry. His science fiction stories were published in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and the United States from 1958 to 1970. He is known best for his stories Crabs On The Island, The Maxwell Equations and The Purple Mummy.

Career

Anatoly Dneprov was a physicist who worked at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.

Significance

The Progress Publishers, Moscow wrote of him:

His favourite subject is cybernetics – its amazing achievements to date and its breath-taking potentialities. Scientific authenticity is a salient feature of his writings.

Algis Budrys compared his short story The Purple Mummy to that of Eando Binder. Although Dneprov is not well-known in countries outside the iron curtain, his predictions about artificial intelligence and self-replicating machines are uncanny.

The Game

See also: Chinese room

Dneprov's short story The Game (1961) presents a scenario, the Portuguese stadium, anticipating the later China brain and Chinese room thought experiments. It concerns a stadium of people who act as switches and memory cells implementing a program to translate a sentence of Portuguese, a language that none of them knows. The plot of the story goes as follows: All 1400 delegates of the Soviet Congress of Young Mathematicians willingly agree to take part in a "purely mathematical game" proposed by Professor Zarubin. The game requires the execution of a certain set of rules given to the participants, who communicate with each other using sentences composed only of the words "zero" and "one". After several hours of playing the game, the participants have no idea of what is going on as they get progressively tired. One girl becomes too dizzy and leaves the game just before it ends. On the next day, Professor Zarubin reveals to everyone's excitement that the participants were simulating an existing 1961 Soviet computing machine named "Ural" that translated a sentence written in Portuguese "Os maiores resultados são produzidos por – pequenos mas contínuos esforços," a language that nobody from the participants understood, into the sentence in Russian "The greatest goals are achieved through minor but continuous ekkedt", a language that everyone from the participants understood. It becomes clear that the last word, which should have been "efforts", is mistranslated due to the dizzy girl leaving the simulation.

The philosophical argument developed by Dneprov is presented in the form of Socratic dialogue. Consequently, the main conclusion from the Portuguese stadium is contained in the final words of the main character Professor Zarubin: "I think our game gave us the right answer to the question `Can machines think?' We have proven that even the most perfect simulation of machine thinking is not the thinking process itself."

The general structure of the proof constructed by Dneprov is the same as the one employed in the Chinese room argument:

  1. People are used to simulate the working of a computer machine, which translates a sentence from some unknown language A to their own language B.
  2. The people do not understand language A, neither before, nor after they perform the translation algorithm.
  3. Therefore, the mere execution of the translation algorithm does not provide understanding.

Polish science fiction writer Stanisław Lem summarizes Dneprov's argument in his book Summa Technologiae (1964) as follows:

Physicist and science fiction writer Anatoly Dneprov has described an experiment in his novella, whose aim was to debunk a thesis about “infusing with spirituality” a language-to-language translation machine by replacing the machine’s elements such as transistors and other switches with people who have been spatially distributed in a particular way. Performing the simple functions of signal transfer, this “machine” made of people translated a sentence from Portuguese into Russian, while its designer asked all the people who constituted the “elements” of that machine what this sentence meant. No one knew it, of course, because the language-to-language translation was carried out by the system as a dynamic whole. The designer (in the novella) concluded that “the machine was not intelligent.”

Selected works

  • Shipwreck (1958)
  • Crabs On The Island (1958)

"Why not? Any machine tool, a lathe, for example, makes parts for lathes like itself. So I conceived the notion of making an automatic machine that would manufacture copies of itself from start to finish. My crab is the model of such a machine."

  • The Maxwell Equations (1960)

"All the sensations that go to make up your spiritual ego are nothing but electrochemical impulses that travel from receptors up to the brain to be processed, and then down to effectors."

  • The World In Which I Disappeared (1961)
  • The Game (1961)
  • The Purple Mummy (1961)

'This is where the information is convolved into the model of the object.

These thin air-cooled needles are something like those used for intermuscular injections. A thin stream of plastic material is pressed through them in short spurts. The needles are synchronized with the ultra-sound needles which are at this moment feeling around the real object. Drop by drop, from point to point, the thin stream of plastic builds the model. The scale of the model may be regulated by using these levers. They may be made larger or smaller than the real object...'
'What about the colour?'

'That's easy. In the initial state the material is colourless, but the photocalorimeter, according to the colour information received, introduces the necessary amounts of the dyes indicated...'

  • The Formula For Immortality (1962)
  • When Questions Are Asked (1963)
  • Prophets (1970)

See also

References

  1. "Anatoly Dneprov". LiveLib.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  2. Nat Tilander (2014-09-08). "The multidimensional guide to science fiction and fantasy of the twentieth century". Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  3. ^ Dneprov, Anatoly (1958). "Крабы идут по острову ". Знание—Сила (in Russian). 1958 (11): 26–30.
  4. ^ Dneprov, Anatoly (1968). Crabs On The Island. Moscow: Mir Publishers.
  5. ^ Dneprov, Anatoly (1960). Уравнение Максвелла: Сборник научно-фантастических повестей и рассказов (in Russian). Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya.
  6. ^ Dneprov, Anatoly (1963). The Maxwell Equations. Moscow: Mir Publishers.
  7. ^ Dneprov, Anatoly (1961). "Пурпурная мумия ". Наука и Жизнь (in Russian). 1961 (7): 64–70.
  8. ^ Dneprov, Anatoly (1961). "Пурпурная мумия ". Наука и Жизнь (in Russian). 1961 (8): 94–99.
  9. ^ Dneprov, Anatoly (1966). The Purple Mummy. Moscow: Mir Publishers.
  10. Budrys, Algis (September 1968). "Galaxy Bookshelf". Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 187–193.
  11. ^ Dneprov, Anatoly (1961). "Игра [The Game]" (PDF). Знание—Сила (in Russian). 1961 (5): 39–41.
  12. ^ Vadim Vasiliev, Dmitry Volkov, Robert Howell (15 June 2018). "A Russian Chinese Room story antedating Searle's 1980 discussion". hardproblem.ru. Moscow Center for Consciousness Studies. Retrieved 13 July 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Dneprov, Anatoly (1985). "The Game (1961)". The Clay God. Stories and Short Stories. Series "Galaxy" (in Bulgarian). Vol. 66. Varna: Georgi Bakalov.
  14. Lem, Stanisław (1964). "Chapter 8. A Lampoon of Evolution". Summa Technologiae. Translated by Joanna Zylinska. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-8907-1. JSTOR 10.5749/j.ctt32bctc.
  15. Dneprov, Anatoly (1958). "Кораблекрушение ". Знание—Сила (in Russian). 1958 (5): 41–45.
  16. Dneprov, Anatoly (1961). "Мир, в котором я исчез ". Знание—Сила (in Russian). 1961 (2): 41–44.
  17. Dneprov, Anatoly (1962). "Формула бессмертия ". Знание—Сила (in Russian). 1962 (9): 34–41.
  18. Dneprov, Anatoly (1963). "Когда задают вопросы ". In Kirill Andreev (ed.). Фантастика, 1963 год (in Russian). Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya. pp. 233–247.
  19. Dneprov, Anatoly (1970). "Пророки ". Техника—Молодёжи (in Russian). 1970 (1): 43–47.


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