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Abortion laws vary widely among countries and have changed over time. Such laws range from abortion being freely available on request, to regulation or restrictions of various kinds, to outright prohibition in all circumstances. Many countries that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for rape, incest, or socioeconomic reasons, and more for fetal impairment or threats to the woman's health or life.

Abortion continues to be a controversial subject in many societies on religious, moral, ethical, practical, and political grounds. Though it has been banned and otherwise limited by law in many jurisdictions, abortions continue to be common in many areas, even where they are illegal. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), abortion rates are similar in countries where the procedure is legal and in countries where it is not, due to unavailability of modern contraceptives in areas where abortion is illegal.

Also according to the WHO, the number of abortions worldwide is declining due to increased access to contraception. Almost two-thirds of the world's women currently reside in countries where abortion may be obtained on request for a broad range of social, economic, or personal reasons.

History

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Abortion has existed since ancient times, with natural abortifacients being found amongst a wide variety of tribal people and in most written sources. The earliest known records of abortion techniques and general reproductive regulation date as far back as 2700 BC in China and 1550 BC in Egypt. Early texts contain no mention of abortion or abortion law. When it does appear, it is entailed in concerns about male property rights, preservation of social order, and the duty to produce fit citizens for the state or community. The harshest penalties were generally reserved for a woman who procured an abortion against her husband's wishes, and for slaves who produced abortion in a woman of high status. Religious texts often contained severe condemnations of abortion, recommending penance but seldom enforcing secular punishment. As a matter of common law in England and the United States, abortion was illegal anytime after quickening—when the movements of the fetus could first be felt by the woman. Under the born alive rule, the fetus was not considered a "reasonable being" in Rerum Natura; and abortion was not treated as murder in English law.

In the 20th century, many Western countries began to codify abortion laws or place further restrictions on the practice. Anti-abortion movements, also referred to as Pro-life movements, were led by a combination of groups opposed to abortion on moral grounds, and by medical professionals who were concerned about the danger presented by the procedure and the regular involvement of non-medical personnel in performing abortions. Nevertheless, it became clear that illegal abortions continued to take place in large numbers even where abortions were rigorously restricted. It was difficult to obtain sufficient evidence to prosecute the women and abortion doctors, and judges and juries were often reluctant to convict. For example, Henry Morgentaler, a Canadian pro-choice advocate, was never convicted by a jury. He was acquitted by a jury in the 1973 court case, but the acquittal was overturned by five judges on the Quebec Court of Appeal in 1974. He went to prison, appealed, and was again acquitted. In total, he served 10 months, suffering a heart attack while in solitary confinement. Many were also outraged at the invasion of privacy and the medical problems resulting from abortions taking place illegally in medically dangerous circumstances. Political movements soon coalesced around the legalization of abortion and liberalization of existing laws.

By the mid 20th century, many countries had begun to liberalize abortion laws, at least when performed to protect the woman's life and in some cases on the woman's request. Under Vladimir Lenin, the Soviet Union legalized abortions on request in 1920. The Bolsheviks saw abortion as a social evil created by the capitalist system, which left women without the economic means to raise children, forcing them to perform abortions. The Soviet state initially preserved the tsarist ban on abortion, which treated the practice as premeditated murder. However, abortion had been practiced by Russian women for decades and its incidence skyrocketed further as a result of the Russian Civil War, which had left the country economically devastated and made it extremely difficult for many people to have children. The Soviet state recognized that banning abortion would not stop the practice because women would continue using the services of private abortionists. In rural areas, these were often old women who had no medical training, which made their services very dangerous to women's health. In November 1920 the Soviet regime legalized abortion in state hospitals. The state considered abortion as a temporary necessary evil, which would disappear in the future communist society, which would be able to provide for all the children conceived. In 1936, Joseph Stalin placed prohibitions on abortions, which restricted them to medically recommended cases only, in order to increase population growth after the enormous loss of life in World War I and the Russian Civil War. In the 1930s, several countries (Poland, Turkey, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Mexico) legalized abortion in some special cases (pregnancy from rape, threat to mother's health, fetal malformation). In 1948 abortion was legalized in Japan, 1952 in Yugoslavia (on a limited basis), and again in 1955 in the Soviet Union on request. Some Soviet allies (Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania) legalized abortion in the late 1950s under pressure from the Soviets.

In the United Kingdom, the Abortion Act of 1967 clarified and prescribed abortions as legal up to 28 weeks (later reduced to 24 weeks). Other countries soon followed, including Canada (1969), the United States (1973 in most states, pursuant to Roe v. Wade—the U.S. Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion nationwide), Tunisia (1973), Denmark (1973), Austria (1974), France (1975), Sweden (1975), New Zealand (1977), Italy (1978), the Netherlands (1984), and Belgium (1990). However, these countries vary greatly in the circumstances under which abortion was to be permitted. In 1975, the West German Supreme Court struck down a law legalizing abortion, holding that they contradict the constitution's human rights guarantees. In 1976, a law was adopted which enabled abortions up to 12 weeks. After Germany's reunification, despite the legal status of abortion in former East Germany, a compromise was reached which deemed most abortions up to 12 weeks legal, but this law was struck down by the Federal Constitutional Court and amended to only remove the punishment in such cases, without any statement to legality. In jurisdictions governed under sharia law, abortion after the 120th day from conception (19 weeks from LMP) is illegal, especially for those who follow the recommendations of the Hanafi legal school, while most jurists of the Maliki legal school "believe that ensoulment occurs at the moment of conception, and they tend to forbid abortion at any point . The other schools hold intermediate positions. The penalty prescribed for an illegal abortion varies according to particular circumstances involved. According to sharia, it should be limited to a fine that is paid to the father or heirs of the fetus". (See also: Islam and abortion).

Timeline of abortion on request

The table below lists in chronological order the UN member states that have legalized abortion on request in at least some initial part of the pregnancy, or that have fully decriminalized abortion.

Notes

Where a country has legalized abortion on request, prohibited it, and legalized it again (e.g. former Soviet Union, Romania), only the later year is included. Countries that result from the merger of states where abortion on request was legal at the moment of unification show the year when it became legal across the whole national territory (e.g. Germany, Vietnam). Similarly, countries where not all subnational jurisdictions have legalized abortion on request are not included (e.g. leading to the exclusion of Australia, Mexico and the United Kingdom). Countries are counted even if they were not yet independent at the time. The year refers to when the relevant law or judicial decision came into force, which may be different from the year when it was approved.

Year legalized	Countries	Countries per year	Cumulative countries
1950	North Korea	1	1
1955	( Armenia  Azerbaijan  Belarus  Estonia  Georgia  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Latvia  Lithuania  Moldova  Russia  Tajikistan  Turkmenistan  Ukraine  Uzbekistan as part of the Soviet Union)	15	16
1965	Cuba	1	17
1973	Denmark  Tunisia  United States	3	20
1974	Singapore  Sweden	2	22
1975	Austria  France  Vietnam	3	25
1977	( Bosnia and Herzegovina  Croatia  Montenegro  North Macedonia  Serbia  Slovenia as part of Yugoslavia)	6	31
1978	Italy  Luxembourg	2	33
1979	China  Norway	2	35
1983	Turkey	1	36
1984	Netherlands	1	37
1986	Cape Verde ( Czech Republic  Slovakia as part of Czechoslovakia)  Greece	4	41
1988	Canada	1	42
1989	Mongolia	1	43
1990	Belgium  Bulgaria  Romania	3	46
1992	Germany	1	47
1995	Albania  Guyana	2	49
1997	Cambodia  South Africa	2	51
2002	Nepal  Switzerland	2	53
2007	Portugal	1	54
2010	Spain	1	55
2012	São Tomé and Príncipe  Uruguay	2	57
2015	Mozambique	1	58
2018	Cyprus  Ireland	2	60
2019	Iceland	1	61
2020	New Zealand	1	62
2021	Argentina  South Korea  Thailand	3	65

International law

There are no international or multinational treaties that deal directly with abortion but human rights law and International criminal law touch on the issues.

The Nuremberg Military Tribunal decided the case of United States v Greifelt & others on the basis that abortion was a crime within its jurisdiction according to the law defining crimes against humanity and thus within its definition of murder and extermination.

The Catholic Church remains highly influential in Latin America, and opposes the legalisation of abortion. The American Convention on Human Rights, which in 2013 had 23 Latin American parties, declares human life as commencing with conception. In Latin America, abortion on request is only legal in Cuba (1965), Uruguay (2012), Argentina (2021), and in parts of Mexico. Abortions are completely banned in Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic and only allowed in certain restricted circumstances in most other Latin American nations.

In the 2010 case of A, B and C v Ireland, the European Court of Human Rights found that the European Convention on Human Rights did not include a right to an abortion.

In 2005, the United Nations Human Rights Committee ordered Peru to compensate a woman (known as K.L.) for denying her a medically indicated abortion; this was the first time a United Nations Committee had held any country accountable for not ensuring access to safe, legal abortion, and the first time the committee affirmed that abortion is a human right. K.L. received the compensation in 2016. In the 2016 case of Mellet v Ireland, the UN HRC found Ireland's abortion laws violated International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights because Irish law banned abortion in cases of fatal fetal abnormalities.

National laws

The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Europe and North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

While abortions are legal at least under certain conditions in almost all countries, these conditions vary widely. According to a United Nations (UN) report with data gathered up to 2019, abortion is allowed in 98% of countries in order to save a woman's life. Other commonly-accepted reasons are preserving physical (72%) or mental health (69%), in cases of rape or incest (61%), and in cases of fetal impairment (61%). Performing an abortion because of economic or social reasons is accepted in 37% of countries. Performing abortion only on the basis of a woman's request is allowed in 34% of countries, including in the United States, Canada, most European countries and China.

The exact scope of each legal ground also varies. For example, the laws of some countries cite health risks and fetal impairment as general grounds for abortion and allow a broad interpretation of such terms in practice, while other countries restrict them to a specific list of medical conditions or subcategories. Many countries that allow abortion have gestational limits for the procedure depending on the reason; with the majority being up to 12 weeks for abortion on request, up to 24 weeks for social, economic, rape, or incest reasons, and more for fetal impairment or threats to the woman's health or life.

In some countries, additional procedures must be followed before the abortion can be carried out even if the basic grounds for it are met. For example, in Finland, where abortions are not granted based merely on a woman's request, approval for each abortion must be obtained from two doctors (or one in special circumstances). The vast majority, 90% of abortions in Finland are performed for socio-economic reasons. How strictly all of the procedures dictated in the legislation are followed in practice is another matter. For example, in the United Kingdom, a Care Quality Commission's report in 2012 found that several NHS clinics were circumventing the law, using forms pre-signed by one doctor, thus allowing abortions to patients who only met with one doctor.

Summary tables

Independent countries

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in all United Nations member states and United Nations General Assembly observer states and some countries with limited recognition. This table is mostly based on data compiled by the United Nations up to 2019, with some updates, additions and clarifications citing other sources.

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in independent countries

Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Abkhazia	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Afghanistan	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Albania	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	12 weeks
Algeria	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Andorra	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Angola	permitted	permitted	16 weeks	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Antigua and Barbuda	16 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Argentina	no limit	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	14 weeks	14 weeks
Armenia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks
Artsakh	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Australia	no limit	permitted	varies	permitted	permitted	varies
Australian Capital Territory	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Christmas Island	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks
Cocos Islands	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks
Jervis Bay Territory	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New South Wales	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks
Norfolk Island	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks
Northern Territory	no limit	23 weeks	23 weeks	23 weeks	23 weeks	prohibited
Queensland	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks
South Australia	no limit	28 weeks	prohibited	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited
Tasmania	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	16 weeks
Victoria	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	24 weeks
Western Australia	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks
Austria	no limit	no limit	3 months	no limit	3 months	3 months
Azerbaijan	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks
Bahamas	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bahrain	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bangladesh	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Barbados	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	prohibited
Belarus	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	12 weeks
Belgium	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	14 weeks	14 weeks
Belize	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	permitted	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Benin	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Bhutan	180 days	180 days	180 days	180 days	prohibited	prohibited
Bolivia	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Bosnia and Herzegovina	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	10 weeks
Brčko District	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Republika Srpska	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	10 weeks
Botswana	16 weeks	16 weeks	16 weeks	16 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Brazil	22 weeks	prohibited	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Brunei	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bulgaria	no limit	20 weeks	permitted	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Burkina Faso	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Burundi	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Cambodia	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Cameroon	permitted	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Canada	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted
Alberta	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	24 weeks
British Columbia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	24 weeks and 6 days
Manitoba	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	19 weeks and 6 days
New Brunswick	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	16 weeks
Newfoundland and Labrador	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	15 weeks
Northwest Territories	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	19 weeks and 6 days
Nova Scotia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	16 weeks
Nunavut	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks
Ontario	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	24 weeks
Prince Edward Island	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks and 6 days
Quebec	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	23 weeks
Saskatchewan	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	18 weeks and 6 days
Yukon	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks and 6 days
Cape Verde	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Central African Republic	8 weeks	prohibited	8 weeks	8 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Chad	no limit	permitted	permitted	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Chile	no limit	prohibited	12 weeks	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
China	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Colombia	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Comoros	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Congo	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Costa Rica	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Croatia	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks
Cuba	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	35 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Cyprus	permitted	permitted	19 weeks	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Czech Republic	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Democratic Republic of the Congo	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Denmark	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	12 weeks
Djibouti	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Dominica	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Dominican Republic	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
East Timor	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ecuador	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Egypt	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
El Salvador	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Equatorial Guinea	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Eritrea	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Estonia	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Eswatini	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Ethiopia	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Fiji	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Finland	20 weeks	20 weeks	12 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks	prohibited
France	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	14 weeks	14 weeks
Gabon	10 weeks	prohibited	10 weeks	10 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Gambia	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Georgia	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Germany	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Ghana	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Greece	no limit	no limit	19 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Grenada	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guatemala	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guinea	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Guinea-Bissau	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guyana	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	16 weeks	8 weeks	8 weeks
Haiti	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Honduras	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Hungary	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks	20 weeks	12 weeks	prohibited
Iceland	no limit	no limit	permitted	no limit	permitted	22 weeks
India	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Indonesia	no limit	prohibited	6 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Iran	4 months	4 months	prohibited	4 months	prohibited	prohibited
Iraq	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ireland	viability	viability	12 weeks	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Israel	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Italy	no limit	viability	90 days	90 days	90 days	90 days
Ivory Coast	permitted	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Jamaica	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Japan	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	22 weeks	prohibited
Jordan	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kazakhstan	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	12 weeks
Kenya	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kiribati	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kosovo	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	10 weeks
Kuwait	permitted	4 months	prohibited	4 months	prohibited	prohibited
Kyrgyzstan	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Laos	permitted	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited
Latvia	permitted	24 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Lebanon	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Lesotho	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Liberia	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Libya	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Liechtenstein	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Lithuania	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Luxembourg	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	14 weeks	14 weeks
Madagascar	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Malawi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Malaysia	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Maldives	no limit	prohibited	120 days	120 days	prohibited	prohibited
Mali	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Malta	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Marshall Islands	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Mauritania	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Mauritius	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Mexico	varies	varies	permitted	varies	varies	varies
Aguascalientes	permitted	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Baja California	permitted	prohibited	90 days	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Baja California Sur	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Campeche	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Chiapas	permitted	prohibited	90 days	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Chihuahua	permitted	permitted	90 days	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Coahuila	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	permitted	permitted	permitted
Colima	permitted	permitted	3 months	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Durango	permitted	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guanajuato	prohibited	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guerrero	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Hidalgo	permitted	permitted	90 days	permitted	permitted	12 weeks
Jalisco	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Mexico City	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	12 weeks
Mexico State	permitted	prohibited	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Michoacán	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Morelos	permitted	prohibited	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Nayarit	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Nuevo León	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Oaxaca	permitted	permitted	3 months	permitted	permitted	12 weeks
Puebla	permitted	prohibited	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Querétaro	prohibited	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Quintana Roo	permitted	prohibited	90 days	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
San Luis Potosí	permitted	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sinaloa	permitted	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sonora	permitted	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Tabasco	permitted	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Tamaulipas	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Tlaxcala	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Veracruz	permitted	permitted	90 days	permitted	permitted	12 weeks
Yucatán	permitted	prohibited	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Zacatecas	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Micronesia	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Moldova	21 weeks	21 weeks	21 weeks	21 weeks	21 weeks	12 weeks
Monaco	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Mongolia	23 weeks	23 weeks	permitted	permitted	14 weeks	14 weeks
Montenegro	32 weeks	32 weeks	20 weeks	20 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Morocco	no limit	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Mozambique	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Myanmar	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Namibia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Nauru	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Nepal	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Netherlands	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks
New Zealand	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	20 weeks
Nicaragua	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Niger	permitted	permitted	prohibited	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Nigeria	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Abia	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Adamawa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Akwa Ibom	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Anambra	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bauchi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bayelsa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Benue	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Borno	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Cross River	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Delta	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ebonyi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Edo	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ekiti	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Enugu	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Federal Capital Territory	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Gombe	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Imo	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Jigawa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kaduna	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kano	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Katsina	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kebbi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kogi	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Kwara	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Lagos	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Nasarawa	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Niger	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ogun	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Ondo	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Osun	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Oyo	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Plateau	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Rivers	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sokoto	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Taraba	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Yobe	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Zamfara	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Northern Cyprus	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	10 weeks
North Korea	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted
North Macedonia	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Norway	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Oman	permitted	permitted	prohibited	120 days	prohibited	prohibited
Pakistan	no limit	organ formation	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Palau	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Palestine	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Panama	no limit	prohibited	8 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Papua New Guinea	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Paraguay	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Peru	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Philippines	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Poland	no limit	no limit	13 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Portugal	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	24 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Qatar	no limit	4 months	prohibited	4 months	prohibited	prohibited
Romania	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	14 weeks
Russia	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Rwanda	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	prohibited	prohibited
Saint Kitts and Nevis	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Saint Lucia	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Samoa	20 weeks	20 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
San Marino	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
São Tomé and Príncipe	no limit	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Saudi Arabia	no limit	4 months	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Senegal	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Serbia	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks
Seychelles	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Sierra Leone	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Singapore	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Slovakia	no limit	24 weeks	permitted	permitted	12 weeks	12 weeks
Slovenia	no limit	no limit	10 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks	10 weeks
Solomon Islands	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Somalia	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
South Africa	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	12 weeks
South Korea	permitted	24 weeks	24 weeks	permitted	permitted	permitted
South Sudan	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Spain	22 weeks	22 weeks	14 weeks	22 weeks	14 weeks	14 weeks
Sri Lanka	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sudan	no limit	prohibited	90 days	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Suriname	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Sweden	no limit	no limit	18 weeks	18 weeks	18 weeks	18 weeks
Switzerland	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Syria	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Taiwan	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Tajikistan	permitted	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Tanzania	no limit	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Thailand	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	12 weeks
Togo	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Tonga	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Transnistria	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	permitted	22 weeks	12 weeks
Trinidad and Tobago	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Tunisia	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Turkey	permitted	permitted	20 weeks	permitted	10 weeks	10 weeks
Turkmenistan	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	22 weeks	5 weeks
Tuvalu	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Uganda	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Ukraine	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
United Arab Emirates	no limit	prohibited	prohibited	16 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
United Kingdom	no limit	no limit	permitted	no limit	24 weeks	varies
England	no limit	no limit	permitted	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Northern Ireland	no limit	no limit	permitted	no limit	24 weeks	12 weeks
Scotland	no limit	no limit	permitted	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Wales	no limit	no limit	permitted	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
United States	no limit	no limit	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted
Alabama	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Alaska	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Arizona	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Arkansas	no limit	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
California	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Colorado	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Connecticut	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Delaware	no limit	no limit	viability	no limit	viability	viability
District of Columbia	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Florida	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Georgia	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks
Hawaii	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Idaho	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Illinois	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Indiana	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Iowa	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Kansas	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Kentucky	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Louisiana	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks
Maine	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Maryland	no limit	no limit	viability	no limit	viability	viability
Massachusetts	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks
Michigan	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Minnesota	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Mississippi	no limit	no limit	20 weeks	no limit	20 weeks	20 weeks
Missouri	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Montana	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Nebraska	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Nevada	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
New Hampshire	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New Jersey	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New Mexico	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
New York	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
North Carolina	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
North Dakota	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Ohio	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Oklahoma	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Oregon	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Pennsylvania	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Rhode Island	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
South Carolina	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks
South Dakota	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Tennessee	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Texas	no limit	no limit	heartbeat or viability	heartbeat or viability	heartbeat or viability	heartbeat or viability
Utah	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	viability	viability
Vermont	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit
Virginia	no limit	no limit	6 months	6 months	6 months	6 months
Washington	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
West Virginia	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Wisconsin	no limit	no limit	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks
Wyoming	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Uruguay	no limit	no limit	14 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	12 weeks
Uzbekistan	permitted	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	12 weeks
Vanuatu	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Vatican City	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Venezuela	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Vietnam	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	22 weeks
Yemen	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Zambia	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited
Zimbabwe	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	22 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Country	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request

Autonomous jurisdictions

The table below summarizes the legal grounds for abortion in autonomous jurisdictions not included in the previous table.

Legal grounds on which abortion is permitted in other autonomous jurisdictions

Jurisdiction	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request
Akrotiri and Dhekelia	permitted	permitted	prohibited	permitted	permitted	prohibited
American Samoa	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Anguilla	no limit	28 weeks	prohibited	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Aruba	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Bermuda	permitted	permitted	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited
British Virgin Islands	no limit	28 weeks	prohibited	28 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Cayman Islands	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Cook Islands	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Curaçao	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Falkland Islands	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Faroe Islands	no limit	no limit	16 weeks	16 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Gibraltar	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	no limit	12 weeks	prohibited
Greenland	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	no limit	12 weeks
Guam	no limit	no limit	26 weeks	26 weeks	13 weeks	13 weeks
Guernsey	permitted	permitted	prohibited	varies	varies	prohibited
Alderney	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Guernsey	no limit	no limit	prohibited	24 weeks	12 weeks	prohibited
Sark	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Hong Kong	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited
Isle of Man	no limit	no limit	23 weeks	no limit	23 weeks	14 weeks
Jersey	no limit	no limit	12 weeks	24 weeks	12 weeks	12 weeks
Macau	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	prohibited	prohibited
Montserrat	no limit	viability	prohibited	viability	prohibited	prohibited
Niue	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Northern Mariana Islands	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Pitcairn Islands	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Puerto Rico	no limit	no limit	viability	viability	viability	viability
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha	no limit	no limit	prohibited	no limit	24 weeks	prohibited
Sint Maarten	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Tokelau	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
Turks and Caicos Islands	permitted	permitted	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited	prohibited
U.S. Virgin Islands	no limit	no limit	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks	24 weeks
Jurisdiction	Risk to life	Risk to health	Rape	Fetal impairment	Economic or social	On request

Europe

Despite a wide variation in the restrictions under which it is permitted, abortion is legal in most European countries. The exceptions are the mini-state of Malta, the micro-states of Vatican City, Liechtenstein, and Andorra, and the large state of Poland, where abortion is illegal or severely restricted. The other state with existent, but less severe restrictions is Monaco. All the remaining states make abortion legal on request or for social and economic reasons during the first trimester. When it comes to later-term abortions, there are very few with laws as liberal as those of the United States. Restrictions on abortion are most stringent in a few countries that are strongly observant of the Catholic religion.

North America

Canada

United States

In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade legalized abortion nationwide. It established a minimal period during which abortion must be legal (with more or fewer restrictions throughout the pregnancy). This basic framework, modified in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), is still in effect today. In accordance with Planned Parenthood v. Casey, states cannot place legal restrictions posing an undue burden for "the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus." Although this legal framework established by the Supreme Court is very liberal (particularly with regard to the gestational age), in practice the effective availability of abortion varies significantly from state to state. On 29 June 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed abortion rights after striking down a Louisiana law limiting abortion. On September 1, 2021, the state of Texas passed one of the most restrictive abortion laws in the nation, banning most procedures after six weeks. The Supreme Court will hear a case in 2021 that challenges a Mississippi law banning abortion after 15 weeks. Roe v. Wade will also be revisited.

Countries with more restrictive laws

According to a report by Women on Waves, approximately 25% of the world's population lives in countries with "highly restrictive abortion laws"—that is, laws which either completely ban abortion, or allow it only to save the mother's life. This category includes several countries in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, the Asia-Pacific region, as well as Malta in Europe. The Centre For Reproductive Rights report that 'The inability to access safe and legal abortion care impacts 700 million women of reproductive age'

Latin America is the region with the most restrictive abortion laws. Fewer than 3% of the women in this region live in countries with liberal abortion laws—that is, where abortion is permitted either without restriction as to reason or on socioeconomic grounds. Some of the countries of Central America, notably El Salvador, have also come to international attention due to very forceful enforcement of the laws, including the incarceration of a gang-rape victim for homicide when she gave birth to a stillborn son and was accused of attempting an illegal abortion.

Beginning of pregnancy controversy

Controversy over the beginning of pregnancy occurs in different contexts, particularly in a legal context, and is particularly discussed within the abortion debate from the point of measuring the gestational age of the pregnancy. Pregnancy can be measured from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation, ovulation, fertilization, implantation and chemical detection. A common medical way to calculate gestational age is to measure pregnancy from the first day of the last menstrual cycle. However, not all legal systems use this measure for the purpose of abortion law; for example countries such as Belgium, France, Luxembourg use the term "pregnancy" in the abortion law to refer to the time elapsed from the sexual act that led to conception, which is presumed to be 2 weeks after the end of the last menstrual period.

Exceptions in abortion law

Exceptions in abortion laws occur either in countries where abortion is as a general rule illegal or in countries that have abortion on request with gestational limits (for example if a country allows abortion on request until 12 weeks, it may create exceptions to this general gestation limit for later abortions in specific circumstances).

There are a few exceptions commonly found in abortion laws. Legal domains which do not have abortion on demand will often allow it when the health of the mother is at stake. "Health of the mother" may mean something different in different areas: for example, prior to December 2018, the Republic of Ireland allowed abortion only to save the mother's life, whereas abortion opponents in the United States argue health exceptions are used so broadly as to render a ban essentially meaningless.

Laws allowing abortion in cases of rape or incest often differ. For example, before Roe v. Wade, thirteen US states allowed abortion in the case of either rape or incest, but only Mississippi permitted abortion of pregnancies due to rape, and no state permitted it for just incest.

Many countries allow for abortion only through the first or second trimester, and some may allow abortion in cases of fetal defects, e.g., Down syndrome or where the pregnancy is the result of a sexual crime.

Other related laws

Laws in some countries with liberal abortion laws protect access to abortion services. Such legislation often seeks to guard abortion clinics against obstruction, vandalism, picketing, and other actions, or to protect patients and employees of such facilities from threats and harassment. Other laws create a perimeter around a facility, known variously as a "buffer zone", "bubble zone", or "access zone", where demonstrations opposing abortion are not permitted. Protests and other displays are restricted to a certain distance from the building, which varies depending on the law. Similar zones have also been created to protect the homes of abortion providers and clinic staff. Bubble zone laws are divided into "fixed" and "floating" categories. Fixed bubble zone laws apply to the static area around the facility itself, and floating laws to objects in transit, such as people or cars. Because of conflicts between anti-abortion activists on one side and women seeking abortion and medical staff who provides abortion on the other side, some laws are quite strict: in South Africa for instance, any person who prevents the lawful termination of a pregnancy or obstructs access to a facility for the termination of a pregnancy faces up to 10 years in prison (section 10.1 (c) of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act).

On 3 November 2020, an association of 20 Kenyan charities urged the government of Kenya to withdraw from the Geneva Consensus Declaration (GCD), a US-led international accord that sought to limit access to abortion for girls and women around the world. GCD was signed by 33 nations, on 22 October 2020.

Judicial decisions

This section is in a table format that may be better if supplemented with prose. You can help by adding a prose summary of the table(s). Editing help is available. (October 2021)

Year	Jurisdiction	Description	Abortion access affirmed or expanded?
1879	Canada	Abortion trial of Emily Stowe
1938	United Kingdom	R v Bourne: Abortion in case of risk to physical and mental health included in risk to life. Decision also implemented by some British territories and their successors.	Partially
1952	Canada	Azoulay v R
1969	Australia	R v Davidson (Menhennitt ruling) [1969] VicRp 85, VR 667, Supreme Court (Vic, Australia)	Partially
1973	United States	Roe v. Wade: Supreme Court legalized abortion on demand in the entire country.	Yes
		Doe v. Bolton: Supreme Court stated that a woman may obtain an abortion after viability, if necessary to protect her health.
1975	Germany	German Federal Constitutional Court abortion decision	Law restricted
1976	Canada	Morgentaler v R	Restrictions upheld
1980	Puerto Rico	Pueblo v. Duarte: Application of Roe v. Wade to Puerto Rico.	Yes
1981	United States	H. L. v. Matheson	Restrictions upheld
1983		City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health	Yes
1988	Canada	R v Morgentaler
1989		Borowski v Canada (AG)
	United States	Webster v. Reproductive Health Services	Restrictions upheld
	Canada	Tremblay v Daigle	Yes
1990	United States	Hodgson v. Minnesota	Partially
1992	Ireland	Attorney General v. X: Supreme Court established the right to an abortion if the woman's life is at risk, including risk of suicide.
	United States	Planned Parenthood v. Casey	Yes
1993		Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic
	Canada	R v Morgentaler	Yes
1997	Poland	Abortion for economic or social reasons ruled unconstitutional.	Law restricted
1998	South Africa	Christian Lawyers Association v Minister of Health: Law allowing abortion on demand was ruled constitutional.	Legalization upheld
2000	United States	Stenberg v. Carhart: Supreme Court struck down Nebraska's partial-birth abortion ban.	Yes
2006	Australia	R v Sood (No 3) [2006] NSWSC 762, Supreme Court (NSW, Australia)
	United States	Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England
		Gonzales v. Carhart: Supreme Court upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.	Restrictions upheld
	Colombia	Constitutional Court allowed abortion in case of rape, danger to woman's health and fetal deformation.	Partially
2007	Slovakia	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion on demand constitutional.	Legalization upheld
2009	Council of Europe	A, B and C v Ireland: The court rejected the argument that article 8 conferred a right to abortion, but found that Ireland had violated the European Convention on Human Rights by failing to provide an accessible and effective procedure by which a woman can have established whether she qualifies for a legal abortion.	Partially
	Nepal	Lakshmi v. Government of Nepal: Supreme Court upheld and expanded legal abortion.	Yes
2012	Brazil	ADPF 54: Abortion allowed in case of anencephaly.	Partially
2015	Dominican Republic	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases unconstitutional.	Law restricted
2016	United States	Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt	Yes
2017	Chile	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases constitutional.	Partially
	Croatia	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion on demand constitutional.	Legalization upheld
2018	United Kingdom	Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission v Department of Justice
2019	South Korea	Abortion allowed on request. Decision took effect in 2021.	Yes
	Kenya	Abortion allowed in case of rape.	Partially
2020	Poland	Constitutional Tribunal ruled abortion in case of fetal deformity unconstitutional. Decision was implemented on 27 January 2021.	Law restricted
	Colombia	Constitutional Court ruled law allowing abortion in certain cases constitutional rejecting both total ban and legalization.	Law upheld
2021	Ecuador	Abortion allowed in case of rape.	Partially
	Mexico	Penalties for abortion ruled unconstitutional.
		Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional to set a limit for abortion in case of rape.

See also

• Abortion debate
  • Beginning of human personhood
  • Fetal rights
  • Philosophical aspects of the abortion debate
  • Prenatal perception
  • Religion and abortion
• Abortion-rights movements
• Anti-abortion movements
• Category:Abortion by country
• Conscientious objection to abortion
• History of abortion
• History of abortion law debate
• Legislation on human reproduction
• Medical law
• Paternal rights and abortion

Notes

1. ^ Year when all subnational jurisdictions legalized abortion on request.
2. ^ In Texas, a law took effect on 1 September 2021 prohibiting abortion after an embryonic or fetal heartbeat is detected, except for medical emergencies, conflicting with judicial precedent.
3. The law legalising abortion on request was approved in 1978 and came into force in 1979.
4. After a supreme court decision, the law only removes punishment for abortion on request but with no statement about its legality.
5. The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2014 and came into force in 2015.
6. The law legalizing abortion on request was approved in 2020 and came into force in 2021.
7. ^ The law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan consisted primarily of statutory law and a limited use of Islamic jurisprudence. The Afghan penal code criminalized abortion and only removed the penalty if the abortion was prescribed by a doctor to save the woman's life, but other sources said that Afghanistan also allowed abortion in case of fetal impairment, and rarely for economic reasons if accepted by a religious council. After the 2021 Taliban offensive, the new government announced its intention to implement Islamic law exclusively, and it is unclear which legal grounds for abortion it accepts.
8. The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Andorra.
9. The UN source incorrectly shows Angola as allowing abortion on request, citing a penal code draft from 2014 that did not become law. The version of the penal code enacted in 2020 and entered into force in 2021 allows abortion only in certain circumstances.
10. A UN source says that abortion may be performed after 16 weeks under very excepcional circumstances.
11. Before independence, a judicial decision in the parent country allowed abortion for this ground, but the decision has not been explicitly recognized by Antigua and Barbuda.
12. ^ In South Australia, abortion is permitted for risk to the woman's life or health and for fetal impairment, and the law says that "account may be taken of the pregnant woman's actual or reasonably foreseeable environment". A bill legalizing abortion on request up to 22 weeks and 6 days of gestation has been passed and received royal assent but still awaits a proclamation to establish the commencement date.
13. This ground is permitted in all subdivisions except South Australia and the Northern Territory.
14. Applies the laws of Western Australia.
15. Applies the laws of Western Australia.
16. Applies the laws of the Australian Capital Territory.
17. Applies the laws of New South Wales.
18. ^ If the woman was under age 14 when getting pregnant, no limit is specified.
19. ^ The penal code says that abortion is permitted for therapeutic purposes but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.
20. ^ The UN source marks it as a legal ground because the Penal Code explicitly prohibits abortion only if performed without the consent of the woman and of a medical practitioner. However, the decree regulating medical practice prohibits abortion unless the pregnancy threatens the woman's life.
21. ^ The UN source does not explicitly mark this legal ground for abortion but says that "Menstrual regulation is available on request for women with a last menstrual period of 10 weeks or less."
22. The law permits abortion for medical reasons without gestational limit, for social reasons up to 22 weeks of gestation, and on request up to 12 weeks of gestation. By regulation, fetal impairment is included as a medical reason, and rape is included as a social reason.
23. ^ Defined as 12 weeks from conception, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.
24. The penal code prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life, when the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest, or when the woman is of unsound mental condition. Guidelines for health workers mention grounds of risk to the woman's health and fetal impairment, and define a gestational limit of 180 days.
25. ^ This ground is only cited in guidelines for health workers, not by law.
26. This ground is established by a regulation implementing a judicial decision, although it is not mentioned in the decision itself or in the law.
27. ^ Continues to apply the abortion law of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
28. ^ The penal code criminalizes abortion and only removes the penalty if the abortion is done to save the woman's life or if the pregnancy is the result of rape. Due to a decision by the Supreme Federal Court, abortion is also permitted in case of anencephaly, and it may also be authorized by court order in other fatal cases of fetal impairment.
29. The penal code says that social demands are taken into account in a conviction for abortion. It is unclear if this circumstance reduces the penalty or may remove it.
30. There is no abortion law in Canada, but its subdivisions and professional bodies have regulations restricting the procedure to various grounds or gestational limits.
31. If the woman is under age 14, the gestational limit is 14 weeks.
32. Mainland China.
33. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.
34. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which is declared to be an integral part of the constitution, says that "Abortion, other than therapeutic, is prohibited and punishable by law." The UN source says that this ground is accepted as a general legal principle.
35. A judicial pardon may be granted to the woman for an abortion on this ground.
36. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle, allowed by regulation and established by treaty.
37. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by treaty, whose application is requested by the Constitutional Court.
38. If the woman is of young age or immature and so unable to care for the child in a proper way, no limit is specified.
39. The UN source says that this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle. However, other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in the Dominican Republic.
40. The UN source shows East Timor as allowing abortion also in case of risk to the woman's health or fetal impairment, citing the penal code enacted in March 2009 and entered into force in June 2009. However, the penal code was amended in July 2009 to restrict abortion only to save the woman's life.
41. This ground is explicitly mentioned in the law only in case of rape of a woman with a mental disability, but it is also established by judicial decision in case of rape of any woman.
42. ^ If the woman is under age 15 or over age 45, the gestational limit is 22 weeks.
43. Including the Åland Islands.
44. Including Overseas France.
45. ^ Defined as 12 weeks of pregnancy, considered as 14 weeks from the last menstrual period.
46. ^ Abortion for this ground is not explicitly lawful, but the criminal code specifies that abortion is not punished if the woman requests it, has obtained counselling, and it is done within 12 weeks from conception. The woman's living conditions are also taken into account in the indication of a serious risk to her health.
47. ^ If the woman is a minor or incapable of resisting, the gestational limit is 19 weeks.
48. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
49. A new penal code, published by presidential decree in July 2020, would allow abortion on request in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. The code is set to take effect in July 2022 unless modified by the parliament to be elected before then.
50. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
51. ^ Up to 18 weeks if the woman is incapacitated or did not recognize the pregnancy due to illness or medical error, or in case of failure of a health institution.
52. Up to 24 weeks in case of prolongation of the diagnostic procedure, or no limit in case of fetal abnormality incompatible with life after birth.
53. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law, but it may be included in other legal grounds if the pregnancy causes unbearable hardship, such as significant harm to mental health or risk of suicide.
54. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
55. ^ This ground is only cited in instructions to health committees, not by law.
56. ^ If the risk to life or health is immediate, no gestational limit is specified.
57. If the woman is under age 18 or over age 40, or if she is not married or the pregnancy is not from marriage.
58. ^ The UN source marks it as a legal ground but it is only established by treaty, not by law and not implemented as of 2020.
59. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle and established by judicial decision.
60. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.
61. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision. It is also mentioned in the National Guidelines on Management of Sexual Violence.
62. ^ The penal code prohibits "unlawful abortion", defined as "abortion not authorized by medical doctor commission". The penal code also lists the principles of legitimate defense and necessity to save one's life, which lead to exemption from penal liability. A decision by the Ministry of Health states that abortion is medically authorized, up to 28 weeks of gestation, due to certain medical conditions of the woman or fetus, rape, contraception failure, and certain socioeconomic conditions of the woman or her family. A WHO source also shows Laos as allowing abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation, citing guidelines for health workers from 2016, but they were issued before the penal code of 2017 defined "unlawful abortion" and are not mentioned in the decision by the Ministry of Health of 2021.
63. ^ If the woman is under age 13 or over age 49, no limit is specified.
64. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The UN source says that it is accepted as a general legal principle, but other sources say that abortion is not legally allowed under any circumstance in Madagascar.
65. The law of Maldives is a combination of statutory and Islamic law. The Maldivian penal code criminalizes abortion after 120 days of gestation, except for risk to the woman's life. The Maldivian Islamic jurisprudence allows abortion only for risk to the woman's life, without gestational limit, or in cases of rape, incest, or certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage, up to 120 days of gestation.
66. Only for certain medical conditions of a fetus conceived in marriage.
67. Law prohibits abortion without exceptions. In practice only indirect abortion is allowed under the principle of double effect.
68. This ground is permitted by law in all subdivisions except Guanajuato and Querétaro. In these two states, people who violate it may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.
69. ^ This ground is permitted by law in some states and Mexico City. In other states, people who violate it may be prosecuted but not imprisoned, and they may request judicial relief by amparo.
70. ^ Each state stipulates in its penal code a different gestational limit; namely, 90 days, 12 weeks, 3 months from conception, and some do not specify a limit. In July 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to set a limit for an abortion on this ground.
71. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.
72. In 2016, the government of Morocco proposed allowing abortion in cases of rape, incest, mental disability and fetal impairment. However, the parliament did not approve the proposal, and as of 2021 the abortion articles in the penal code remain unchanged.
73. May be permitted with no gestational limit in case the fetus is not viable.
74. Including the Caribbean Netherlands.
75. ^ The Criminal Code of the predecessor of Nigeria prohibited abortion except to save the woman's life. A judicial decision on a similar law in the parent country allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, but the West African Court of Appeal, despite applying the reasoning of the parent country's decision, affirmed only the ground to save the woman's life in Nigerian law. The Criminal Code and its judicial precedent remain in force in the southern states of Nigeria. In the states corresponding to the former Northern Region, the Penal Code replaced the Criminal Code and its judicial precedent, and it also prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life.
76. ^ The criminal law of North Korea, as amended up to 2009, does not mention abortion. In 2015 the North Korean government issued a directive prohibiting medical professionals from performing abortions but did not indicate a penalty for doing so. In 2016, the government stated that abortion was "legal" and "provided upon request by the woman concerned for reasons of risks to her life, physical and mental health and fetal malformation", but it is unclear whether these were the only permitted reasons. It has also been reported that repatriated pregnant women are forced to have abortions to prevent children of mixed ethnicity.
77. ^ May be permitted with no gestational limit in some cases.
78. Including Svalbard.
79. ^ The penal law prohibits abortion without any explicit exception, but it exempts from penal liability actions done by necessity to protect oneself or others from a severe and imminent danger, and in the practice of agreed medical activities or urgent medical intervention. The law regulating medical practice prohibits abortion except for risk to the woman's life or of unbearable illness, and in case of fetal impairment up to 120 days of gestation.
80. Different sources specify this limit as 120 days or four months of gestation.
81. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
82. ^ The law prohibits abortion except to save the woman's life. However, some sources say that abortion may also be permitted for health reasons and in cases of rape and fetal impairment, while other souces say that it is not possible to obtain an abortion in any circumstance.
83. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
84. This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 2020.
85. This ground was mentioned in the law but it was invalidated by a judicial decision in 1997.
86. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.
87. On 26 September 2021, a referendum was approved proposing to legalize abortion on request up to 12 weeks of gestation or for risk to the woman's life or health, or fetal impairment. The parliament of San Marino must still make the relevant changes to the law before the proposal can take effect.
88. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
89. ^ In some cases, abortion may be allowed up to fetal viability or 26 weeks of gestation.
90. Including Somaliland.
91. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
92. The laws of South Korea prohibited abortion except for risk to the woman's health, rape, incest, or certain medical conditions, up to 24 weeks of gestation. On 11 April 2019, the Constitutional Court ruled that the abortion restrictions were unconstitutional, giving the legislature until the end of 2020 to amend the laws to allow abortion on request with some gestational limit. In October 2020 the government proposed a limit of 14 weeks for abortion on request and 24 weeks for certain other cases, but the legislature did not approve this or any other proposal on the subject before the end of the year, so the abortion laws became automatically invalid on 1 January 2021. As of August 2021, the legislature had still not approved any of the proposals, leaving abortion decriminalized without a clear gestational limit.
93. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.
94. In some cases, no limit is specified.
95. From conception.
96. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
97. In mainland Tanzania, articles 150 to 152 of the penal code prohibit abortion done "unlawfully", and article 230 of the same law permits abortion to preserve the woman's life. Article 219 additionally prohibits "child destruction", meaning abortion after fetal viability, presumed at 28 weeks of pregnancy, but still permits it to preserve the woman's life. In Zanzibar, the penal act has equivalent articles 129 to 131, 213 and 200.
98. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision by the East African Court of Appeal, with jurisdiction over the predecessors of Tanzania, allowed abortion also to preserve the woman's health, and sources state that this decision remains binding after independence.
99. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
100. Lethal anomalies only.
101. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in a ground for preserving physical or mental health.
102. This ground is permitted only in Northern Ireland, up to 12 weeks of gestation.
103. ^ In some states, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.
104. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.
105. A state law prohibits abortion unless the mother's life is in danger, but this law is invalidated by a judicial decision. Another law prohibits abortion after an embryonic or fetal heartbeat is detected, except for medical emergencies, and ordinances in about 30 cities prohibit abortion except when the woman's life is in danger, conflicting with judicial precedent.
106. ^ A judge may also remove the penalty for abortion on this ground in the first 3 months from conception.
107. The law of Vatican City is primarily based on the canon law of the Catholic Church and applies the Italian penal code in force in 1929 with local modifications. Both sources of law prohibit abortion without explicitly mentioning any exception. Article 49 of the penal code lists the principle of necessity to save one's life, which removes punishment for any action that would otherwise be a crime, but the Church's official interpretation of canon 1398 is more restrictive, allowing in such cases only indirect abortion under the principle of double effect.
108. Depending on the capacity at each level of hospital.
109. Abortion is not permitted for rape within marriage.
110. ^ The 2014 Guidelines for Comprehensive Abortion Care says "In Zimbabwe termination of pregnancy may be permitted for HIV-positive women if they choose to do so."
111. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is accepted as a general legal principle.
112. ^ Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.
113. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is considered to be included in the ground for preserving physical or mental health.
114. ^ Although the law permits abortions on request, no medical providers in the territory perform them except to save the woman's life.
115. ^ In Alderney and Sark, this ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health. It is unclear whether Alderney and Sark apply only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
116. ^ This ground is permitted in the jurisdiction of Guernsey, but not in Alderney or Sark.
117. In July 2021, the parliament passed a law removing the gestational limit on abortion for fetal impairment and increasing it to 24 weeks for social reasons, but it still awaits royal assent and regulations to establish the commencement date.
118. ^ A law enacted by New Zealand for Niue in 1966 prohibited abortion done "unlawfully", without defining it, but a judicial decision applicable in New Zealand allowed abortion in case of risk to the woman's life or health, and a UN source states this judicial precedent probably applies to Niue as well. In 2007, New Zealand repealed the sections of law that prohibited abortion in Niue, but they remain in force in Niue as legislation enacted by New Zealand after 1974 does not apply to Niue without its consent.
119. ^ The territory's constitution prohibits abortion "except as provided by law", and the territory has no law about the subject. However, according to an opinion issued by the territory's attorney general, U.S. judicial decisions on abortion apply to the territory, thus allowing abortion on request. Yet, in practice, authorized medical providers in the territory perform abortions only to save the woman's life and possibly in case of rape.
120. Applies English law in force in 2010 unless locally modified.
121. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law but it is established by judicial decision.
122. Applies English law in force on 1 January 2006 unless locally modified, in each part of the territory. Tristan da Cunha explicitly applies the abortion law of the United Kingdom with minor modifications.
123. ^ Although illegal, the government does not prosecute abortions performed under rules similar to other countries, including on request.
124. This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. The judicial handbook says that abortion is permitted for medical reasons but is unclear whether it means only to save the woman's life or also to preserve her health.
125. ^ This ground is not explicitly mentioned in the law. A judicial decision on an identical law in the parent country clarified that the law always implicitly allowed abortion at least to save the woman's life, and the decision allowed it also to preserve her health. It is unclear whether the territory applies only the original legal principle or also the judicial decision.
126. Some examples of gestational age calculated from the first day of the last menstrual cycle:
127. For example Luxembourg abortion law states: "Avant la fin de la 12e semaine de grossesse ou avant la fin de la 14e semaine d'aménorrhée" which translates to "Before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy or before the end of the 14th week of amenorrhea".

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329. Criminal abortion in the Italian penal code, Pasquale Tuozzi, Filippo Serafini Legal Archive, 1902, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 29. "However, if you want to search for a provision in our code that covers the surgeon, in addition to article 45, in which the aforesaid reason is rooted, there is also number 3 of article 49, where it is declared the nonresponsibility of one who acts compelled by the need to save himself or others from a serious and imminent danger to the person, to which he did not voluntarily give cause, and which he could not otherwise avoid. Well, these extremes of the state of necessity all apply in the case of the surgeon, who, put in the harsh condition, not created by him, extinguishes an imperfect and perhaps uncertain existence, to save a certain and real existence, which is that of the woman in childbirth." (in Italian)
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External links

• Global Abortion Policies Database of the World Health Organization
• The World's Abortion Laws, interactive website of the Center for Reproductive Rights
• Laws on Abortion in the Second Trimesters, The International Consortium for Medical Abortion (ICMA)
• Abortion: Judicial History and Legislative Response Congressional Research Service
• "Despite overall expansion in the legal grounds for abortion, Policies remain restrictive in many countries" (PDF). Population Facts. 2014 (1). Population Division, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. August 2014.