Kyrgyz alphabets: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 15:21, 23 October 2021 editDimashlar (talk \| contribs)118 editsm →Arabic: Cleaned up a bitTag: Visual edit ← Previous edit		Revision as of 15:17, 24 October 2021 edit undoDimashlar (talk \| contribs)118 edits →Arabic: added more information from early days of Kasym Tynystanov's work.Tag: Visual edit Next edit →
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	\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﭙ}}</span>		\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﭙ}}</span>
	\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﭙ}}</span>		\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﭙ}}</span>
⚫	\|- align="center"
⚫	\| N n
⚫	\| {{transl\|sem\|N n}}
⚫	\| {{IPA\|}}
⚫	\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﻥ}}</span>
⚫	\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﻦ}}</span>
⚫	\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﻨ}}</span>
⚫	\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﻧ}}</span>
	\|- align="center"		\|- align="center"
	\| T t		\| T t
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	\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﻔ}}</span>		\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﻔ}}</span>
	\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﻓ}}</span>		\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﻓ}}</span>
		⚫	\|- align="center"
		⚫	\| N n
		⚫	\| {{transl\|sem\|N n}}
		⚫	\| {{IPA\|}}
		⚫	\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﻥ}}</span>
		⚫	\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﻦ}}</span>
		⚫	\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﻨ}}</span>
		⚫	\| <span style="font-size:125%;">{{lang\|ar\|ﻧ}}</span>
	\|- align="center"		\|- align="center"
	\| Q q		\| Q q
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	\| <span style="font-size:125%;"></span>		\| <span style="font-size:125%;"></span>
	\|}		\|}
			In earlier versions of of the alphabet, the sequence «ییی» was used to represent ы/и; the sequence «ېېې» was instead used to represent й. This modification was likely undone because of «ېېې»'s historic role representing the /e/ sound. Although «ېېې» was never apart of standardized Persian or Chagatai orthography, it possibly had precedent as a scribal variation of representing /e/ and it's modern day role in Pashto and Uyghur is also representing /e/. For this reason Kasym Tynystanov likely erred on the side of caution and settled on the modern scheme shown above.

	==See also==		==See also==

Revision as of 15:17, 24 October 2021

The Kyrgyz alphabets (Template:Lang-ky, قىرعىز الفابىتى, Uniform Turkic Alphabet: Qьrƣьz alfaviti, Kyrgyz pronunciation: [qɯrˈɢɯz ɑɫfɑˈviti]) are the alphabets used to write the Kyrgyz language. The Kyrgyz language uses the following alphabets:

The Cyrillic script is officially used in the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan)
The Arabic script is officially used in Afghanistan, Pakistan and the People's Republic of China (China) in the Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture, the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
Kyrgyz Braille

The Arabic script was traditionally used to write Kyrgyz before the introduction of the first Latin-based alphabets in 1927. Today an Arabic alphabet is used in China. The Uniform Turkic Alphabet was used in the USSR in the 1930s until its replacement by a Cyrillic script. The Kyrgyz Cyrillic alphabet is the alphabet used in Kyrgyzstan. It contains 36 letters: 33 from the Russian alphabet with 3 additional letters for sounds of the Kyrgyz language: Ң, Ү, Ө.

Correspondence chart

Correspondence chart of four Kyrgyz alphabets: the Kyrgyz Cyrillic and Kyrgyz Braille alphabets used in Kyrgyzstan, the Kyrgyz Latin alphabet used 1928–1938 in Kyrgyzstan and the Kyrgyz Arabic alphabet used in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Xinjiang, China.

Cyrillic	Name	Braille	Arabic	Transliteration (BGN/PCGN)	Transliteration (Developed by PAU)	Latin (1928–⁠1938)	IPA transcription
А а	а (a)	⠁	ا	A a	A a	A a	/ɑ/
Б б	бе (be)	⠃	ب	B b	B b	B ʙ	/b/
В в	ве (v)	⠺	ۋ	V v	V v, W w	V v	/v/, /w/
Г г	ге (ge)	⠛	گ غ*	G g	G g, Ğ ğ	G g, Ƣ ƣ	/ɡ/, /ʁ/, /ɢ/
Д д	де (de)	⠙	د	D d	D d	D d	/d/
Е е	e (e)	⠑	ە	E e	E e	E e	/e/
Ё ё	ё (ë)	⠡	ي+و(يو)	Yo yo	Yo yo	Jo jo	/jo/
Ж ж	же (zhe)	⠚	ج	J j	J j	Ç ç (Ƶ ƶ from 1938)	/d͡ʒ/, both /d͡ʒ/ and /ʒ/ since 1938
З з	зе (ze)	⠵	ز	Z z	Z z	Z z	/z/
И и	и (i)	⠊	ى	I i	İ i	I i	/i/
Й й	ий (iy)	⠯	ي	Y y	Y y	J j	/j/
К к	кa (ka)	⠅	ك ق*	K k	K k, Q q	K k, Q q	/k/, /q/, /χ/
Л л	эл (el)	⠇	ل	L l	L l	L l	/l/, /ɫ/
М м	эм (em)	⠍	م	M m	M m	M m	/m/
Н н	эн (en)	⠝	ن	N n	N n	N n	/n/
Ң ң	ың (yng)	⠽	ڭ	Ng ng	Ŋ ŋ	Ꞑ ꞑ	/ŋ/, /ɴ/
О о	о (o)	⠕	و	O o	O o	O o	/o/
Ө ө	ө (ö)	⠌	ۅ	Ö ö	Ö ö	Ɵ ɵ	/ø/
П п	пe (pe)	⠏	پ	P p	P p	P p	/p/
Р р	эр (er)	⠗	ر	R r	R r	R r	/r/
С с	эс (es)	⠎	س	S s	S s	S s	/s/
Т т	те (te)	⠞	ت	T t	T t	T t	/t/
У у	у (u)	⠥	ۇ	U u	U u	U u	/u/
Ү ү	ү (ü)	⠧	ۉ	Ü ü	Ü ü	Y y	/y/
Ф ф	эф (ef)	⠋	ف	F f	F f	F f	/f/
Х х	ха (kha)	⠓	ح	H h	X x	H h (X x from 1938)	/χ/, /k/
Ц ц	це (tse)	⠉	(ت+س (تس	C c	C c	Ts ts	/t͡s/
Ч ч	че (che)	⠟	چ	Ch ch	Ç ç	C c	/t͡ʃ/
Ш ш	ша (sha)	⠱	ش	Sh sh	Ş ş	Ş ş	/ʃ/
Щ щ	ща (shcha)	⠭	-	Shch shch	Şç şç	Şc şc	/ʃt͡ʃ/, /ʃː/
Ъ ъ	ажыратуу белгиси (azhyratuu belgisi)	⠷	-	”	-	-	*
Ы ы	ы (y)	⠮	ى	Y y	I ı	Ь ь	/ɯ/
Ь ь	ичкертүү белгиси (ichkertüü belgisi)	⠾	-	’	-	-	*
Э э	э (e)	⠪	ە	E e	E e	E e	/e/
Ю ю	ю (yu)	⠳	ي+ۋ(يۋ)	Yu yu	Yu yu	Ju ju	/ju/, /jy/
Я я	я (ya)	⠫	ي+ا(يا)	Ya ya	Ya ya	Ja ja	/ja/, /jɑ/

The letter H is not present in the Kyrgyz alphabet. Instead, it was replaced by a mute sound. (e.g. "Шаар (Shaar)" (city) in Kyrgyz corresponds to Şahar/Şähär/Şəhər in other Turkic languages.)

К (K) – ك changes into ق (Q) if precedes or succeeds by letters а, о, у, ы.
Г (G) – گ changes into غ (Ğ) if precedes or succeeds by letters а, о, у, ы.

Text sample

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Kyrgyz in Cyrillic script	Kyrgyz in Arabic script	Transliteration (Turkish-based, by PAU)	Kyrgyz in Latin script (1928–1938)	IPA transcription	English
Бардык адамдар өз беделинде жана укуктарында эркин жана тең укуктуу болуп жаралат. Алардын аң-сезими менен абийири бар жана бири-бирине бир туугандык мамиле кылууга тийиш.	باردىق ادامدار ۅز بەدەلىندە جانا ۇقۇقتارىندا ەركىن جانا تەڭ ۇقۇقتۇۇ بولۇپ جارالات. الاردىن اڭ-سەزىمى مەنەن ابئيىرى بار جانا بئرى-بئرىنە بئر تۇۇعاندىق مامئلە قىلۇۇعا تئيىش.	Bardıq adamdar öz bedelinde jana uquqtarında erkin jana teng uquqtuu bolup jaralat. Alardın ang-sezimi menen abiyiri bar jana biri-birine bir tuuğandıq mamile qıluuğa tiyiş.	Bardįq adamdar ɵz ʙedelinde çana uquqtarįnda erkin çana teŋ uquqtuu ʙolup çaralat. Alardьn aŋ‑sezimi menen aʙijiri ʙar çana ʙiri‑ʙirine ʙir tuuƣandьq mamile qįluuƣa tijiş.	bɑrd̪ɯχ ɑd̪ɑmd̪ɑr øz bed̪elind̪e d͡ʒɑnɑ uquχt̪ɑrɯnd̪ɑ erkin d͡ʒɑnɑ t̪eŋ uχuqt̪uː boɫup d͡ʒɑrɑɫɑt̪. ɑɫɑrd̪ɯn ɑɴ-sezimi menen ɑbijiri bɑr d͡ʒɑnɑ biri-birine bir t̪uːʁɑnd̪ɯχ mɑmilje qɯɫuːʁɑ t̪ijiʃ.	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Arabic

Name in Kyrgyz	Transliteration	IPA	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
A a	A a		ا	ﺎ		ا
B b	B b		ﺏ	ﺐ	ﺒ	ﺑ
P p	P p		پ	ﭗ	ﭙ	ﭙ
T t	T t		ﺕ	ﺖ	ﺘ	ﺗ
J j	J j / Dj dj		ﺝ	ﺞ	ﺠ	ﺟ
Ch ch	Ch ch /		ﭺ	ﭻ	ﭽ	ﭼ
H h / X x	H h (ĥ) / X x		ﺡ	ﺢ	ﺤ	ﺣ
F f	F f		ﻑ	ﻒ	ﻔ	ﻓ
N n	N n		ﻥ	ﻦ	ﻨ	ﻧ
Q q	Q q		ﻕ	ﻖ	ﻘ	ﻗ
Gh gh	Gh gh		ﻉ	ﻊ	ﻌ	ﻋ
K k	K k		ک	ﮏ	ﮑ	ﮐ
G g	G g		گ	ﮓ	ﮕ	ﮔ
Ng ng	Ng ng		ڭ	ـڭ	ـڭـ	ڭـ
L l	L l		ﻝ	ﻞ	ﻠ	ﻟ
M m	M m		ﻡ	ﻢ	ﻤ	ﻣ
O o	O o		و	ﻮ		و
Ö ö	Ö ö		ۅ	ـۅ		ۅ
U u	U u		ﯗ	ـﯗ		ﯗ
Ü ü	Ü ü		ۉ	ـۉ		ۉ
V v	V v		ﯞ	ـﯞ		ﯞ
S s	S s		ﺱ	ﺲ	ﺴ	ﺳ
Sh sh	Sh sh		ﺵ	ﺶ	ﺸ	ﺷ
D d	D d		ﺩ	ﺪ		ﺩ
R r	R r		ﺭ	ﺮ		ﺭ
Z z	Z z		ﺯ	ﺰ		ﺯ
E e	E e		ە	ﻪ		ە
I ı/ İ i	I ı/ İ i	-	ﻯ	ﻯ	ـىـ	ىـ
Y y	Y y		ي	ي	ﻴ	ﻳ
	Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help)		ء

In earlier versions of of the alphabet, the sequence «ییی» was used to represent ы/и; the sequence «ېېې» was instead used to represent й. This modification was likely undone because of «ېېې»'s historic role representing the /e/ sound. Although «ېېې» was never apart of standardized Persian or Chagatai orthography, it possibly had precedent as a scribal variation of representing /e/ and it's modern day role in Pashto and Uyghur is also representing /e/. For this reason Kasym Tynystanov likely erred on the side of caution and settled on the modern scheme shown above.

References

Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949–2002. Vol. Volume 89 of Contributions to the sociology of language (illustrated ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 149. ISBN 3-11-017896-6. Retrieved 2011-01-01. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
^ "Kyrgyz alphabet, language and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
^ no phonemic value; only found in borrowings
Kyrgyz edition of Universal Declaration of Human Rights

External links

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